CIHM 
Microfiche 


(IMonograplis) 


ICIMH 

Collection  de 
microfiches 
(monographies) 


Canadian  Institute  for  Historical  Microraproductions  /  Institut 


Canadian  do  microroproductions  historiquas 


m^'^-l 


'  i^?m:jffmm9J^SMm^Y:^^ 


Technical  and  Bibliographic  Notes  /  Notes  techniques  et  bibliographiques 


The  Institute  has  attempted  to  obtain  the  best  original 
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the  Images  in  the  reproduction,  or  which  may 
significantly  change  the  usual  method  of  filming  are 
checked  below. 


D 


Coloured  covers  / 
Couverture  de  couleur 


□   Covers  damaged  / 
Couverture  endommag^e 

□   Covers  restored  and/or  laminated  / 
Couverture  restauree  et/ou  pelliculde 

I I   Cover  title  missing  /  Le  titre  de  couverture  manque 

I I   Coloured  maps  /  Cartes  g^ographiques  en  couleur 

□   Coloured  ink  (i.e.  other  than  blue  or  black)  / 
Encre  de  couleur  (i.e.  autre  que  bleue  ou  noire) 

j      I    Coloured  plates  and/or  illustrations  / 


D 
D 

n 


n 


n 


Planches  et/ou  illustrations  en  couleur 

Bound  with  other  material  / 
Reli6  avec  d'autres  documents 

Only  edition  available  / 
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I'ombre  ou  de  la  distorsion  le  long  de  la  marge 
int^rieure. 

Blank  leaves  added  during  restorations  may  appear 
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plaire qui  sont  peut-etre  uniques  du  point  de  vue  bibli- 
ographique,  qui  peuvent  modifier  une  image  reproduite, 
ou  qui  peuvent  exiger  une  modification  dans  la  m6tho- 
de  normale  de  filmage  sont  indiqu6s  ci-dessous. 

j I  Coloured  pages  /  Pages  de  couleur 

I I   Pages  damaged  /  Pages  endommagees 


D 


Pages  restored  and/or  laminated  / 
Pages  restaur6es  et/ou  pellicul6es 


0   Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxed  / 
Pages  ddcolor^es,  tachet6es  ou  piquees 

I     I  Pages  detached  /  Pages  detach6es 

I  / 1   Showrthrough  /  Transparence 

j      I   Quality  of  print  varies  / 


D 
D 


D 


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Includes  supplementary  material  / 
Comprend  du  materiel  suppl^mentaire 

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possible  image  /  Les  pages  totalement  ou 
partiellement  obscurcies  par  un  feuillet  d'errata,  une 
pelure,  etc.,  ont  6t6  film^es  k  nouveau  de  fafon  k 
obtenir  la  meilleure  image  possible. 

Opposing  pages  with  varying  colouration  or 
discolourations  are  filmed  twice  to  ensure  the  be^t 
possible  image  /  Les  pages  s'opposant  ayant  des 
colorations  variables  ou  des  decolorations  sont 
film^es  deux  fois  afin  d'obtenir  la  meilleure  image 
possible. 


This  item  Is  filmed  at  th«  reduction  ritio  cheeked  below  / 
Ce  document  est  film*  au  taui  da  fiductlen  indiqu*  e!-det«8i 

t 

lOx                             i4x                            i8x 

22x 

26x                              30x 

"T 

12x                               16x                             20x 

24x 

' 1 ■ i 1 1        1 1         1 

28x                              32x 

^ 

'-  W*  •'  <t^»^%!l'-^aJi!S&C:'t4£t3R-^Jtt  «^>.-tfe»  11 


f  :2^[m^}SBSi^^issiJM:s^^g^mr9?m7^5S^^^^Ka^'^m 


The  copy  filmed  h«r«  has  ba«n  raprodMCcd  thanks 
to  tha  ganarosity  of: 

National  Library  of  Canada 


L'axamplaira  film*  fut  raproduit  graca  i  la 
ginirositi  da: 

Bibliotheque  nationale  du  Canada 


Tha  imagas  appaaring  hara  ara  tha  bast  quality 
possibia  considaring  tha  condition  and  lagibility 
of  tha  original  copy  and  in  kaaping  with  tha 
filming  conuact  spacif ications. 


Las  imagas  suivantas  ont  *t4  raproduitas  avac  la 
plus  grand  soin.  compta  tanu  da  la  condition  at 
da  la  nanati  da  l'axamplaira  film*,  at  an 
conformity  avac  las  conditions  du  contrat  da 
filmaga. 


Original  copias  in  printad  papar  covars  ara  filmad 
baginning  with  tha  front  covar  and  anding  on 
tha  last  paga  with  a  printad  or  illustratad  impras- 
sion.  or  tha  back  covar  whan  appropriata.  All 
othar  original  copias  mr9  filmad  beginning  on  tha 
first  paga  with  a  printad  or  illustratad  impras- 
sion,  and  anding  on  tha  last  paga  with  a  printad 
or  illuatratad  impression. 


Tha  last  recorded  frame  on  each  microfiche 
shall  conuin  the  symbol  «^  (meaning  "CON- 
TINUED"), or  the  symbol  V  (meaning  "END"). 
whichever  applies. 

Maps,  plates,  charu,  etc.,  may  be  filmed  at 
different  reduction  ratios.  Those  too  large  to  be 
entirely  included  in  one  exposure  »f  filmed 
beginning  in  the  upper  left  hand  corner,  left  to 
right  and  top  to  bottom,  as  many  frames  as 
required.  The  following  diagrams  illustrate  the 
method: 


Lea  exemplaires  originaux  dont  la  couv  jrture  an 
papier  est  ImprimAe  sont  filmas  en  commencant 
par  la  premier  plat  at  en  terminant  soit  par  la 
derniAre  paga  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'iilustration,  soit  par  la  second 
plat,  selon  le  cas.  Tous  les  autres  exemplaires 
originaux  sont  filmte  en  commen^ant  par  la 
premiere  page  qui  compone  une  emprsinte 
d'impression  ou  d'iilustration  at  an  terminant  par 
la  darniAre  paga  qui  comporte  une  telle 
empreinte. 

Un  des  symboles  suivants  apparaitra  sur  la 
darniire  image  de  cheque  microfiche,  selon  le 
cas:  la  symbols  — ^signifie  "A  SUIVRE ',  le 
symbols  ▼  signifio  "FIN '. 

Las  cartas,  planches,  tableaux,  etc.,  peuvent  atra 
film*s  i  das  taux  da  reduction  diff^rants. 
Lorsque  le  document  est  trop  grand  pour  atre 
raproduit  en  un  seul  clich*,  il  est  filmi  A  partir 
de  Tangle  supirieur  gauche,  de  gauche  A  droita. 
at  de  haut  an  bas,  an  prenant  la  nombra 
d'images  nteessaire.  Les  diagrammes  suivants 
illustrent  le  m«thode. 


1 

2 

3 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

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MICROCOPY    RISOIUTION    TEST   CHART 

'ANSI  ond  ISO  TEST  CHART  No    2; 


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1.25 


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2.5 
2.2 


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^     APPLIED  IM^GE 


The  Treaties  of  1785,  1799  and  1828 

between  the 

United  States  and  Prussia 


Carnegie  Endowment  for  International   Peace 

DIVISION  OF  IN  J  EHNATIONAL  LAW 


THE    TREATIES    OF    1785,    1799 

AND    1828   BETWEEN   THE 

UNITED   STATES  AND 

PRUSSIA 


As  Interpreted  in  Opinions  of  Attorneys  General,  Decisions  of 
Courts,  and  Diplomatic  Correspondence 


EDITED   BV 

JAMES  BROWN  SCOTT 

DIRECTOR 


NEW  YORK 

OXFORD  UMVF.RSITY  PRESS 

AMERICAN  BRANni     j.  W.st  3«d  Si.iii 
LONDON    TORONTO    MELBOURNE    AND  BOMBAV 

1918 


tOI'VKU.Ill     IVI^ 

b  V     I  H  t 

<KNtl,lt    hM)Ol\MtST    H)R     l\Tt KX Al  IIJN AI.    PcALE 

J   JACKIUN    Hi  ACK 

Washington.  L)    C 


HKHSsc.h  Hyron  S.  Adams 
VVASHINlifON,    U.   (.'. 


Prefatory  Note 

On  January  .^1.  1917,  tlu-  C.-rman  Government  informed  the  United 
States  that 

f.om  February  1,  1917.  all  sea  traffic  will  he  stopped  with  every 
available  weapon  and  without  further  notice  in  the  following' 
blockade  zones  [descnbinK  them  in  detail]  around  (ireat  Britain"' 
France,  Italy  and  in  the  Eastern  Mediterranean. 

(In  the  third  day  of  February,  the  President  of  the  Tnited  Stat.^s 
addressed  both  Houses  of  Con-ress  in  joint  session,  and,  after  stating 
in  detail  the  relations  between  Germany  atid  the  L'nited  States  and  the 
:il)pnrent  intention  on  the  part  of  the  (k-rman  (iovernment  to  deprive 
the  L'nited  States  of  the  rights  which  neutrals  jrossessed  upon  the  hi-li 
seas,  he  informed  the  Congress  that  he  had 

directed  the  Secretary  of  State  to  announce  to  his  Excellencv 
the  (.eriiian  Ambassador  that  all  diplomatic  relations  between  the 
I  nited  States  and  the  German  Empire  are  severed,  and  that  the 
American  Ambassador  at  I'.erlin  will  immediate! v  be  withdrawn- 
and,  in  accordance  with  this  decision,  to  hand  to  his  Excellencv 
his  passports. 

The  passports  were  accordingly  handed  to  his  Excellency  the  Ger- 
man Ambassador  the  same  day.  and  diplomatic  relations  between  the 
two  countries  were  thus  severed. 

There  are  three  treaties  which  in  whole  or  in  part  in  the  opinion  of 
the  German  Empire  and  of  the  United  .States  affected  their  internat-onal 
relations.  The  treaties  in  question  are:  First,  the  treaty  of  amitv  an.l 
commerce  concluded  between  rnissia  and  the  United  States  of  \merici 
on  September  10.  17.S.^:  secondly,  the  treaty  of  amitv  and  commerce 
concluded  between  Prussia  and  the  United  States  of  America  on  July 
11,  1799;  and.  thirdly,  the  treaty  of  commerce  and  navigation  concluded 
between  Prussia  and  the  United  States  of  America  on  May  1    1828 

These  treaties  have  been  held  by  the  Governments  of  the  contracting 
parties  to  apply  not  only  to  Prussia,  but  to  the  North  German  Con- 
federation, of  which  Prussia  was  the  leading  member,  and  also  to  the 


VI 


PKEFATOKV  NOTE 


(icrman  Empire,  of  which  the  Kiiifj  of  Prussia  is  the  (lernian  Emperor. 
The  opinions  of  the  Attorneys  (leneral  of  the  United  States,  the  cJeci- 
sions  of  Eederal  Courts  and  the  correspondence  between  the  German 
Empire  on  the  one  hand  and  the  United  States  on  the  other,  relating  to 
the  nature  and  binding  effect  of  the  treaties,  were  collected  from  official 
sources  and  issued  in  pamphlet  form  in  March,  1917. 

War  was  then  imminent  and,  as  the  conduct  whereof  the  United  States 
complained  was  not  stopped,  on  .\pril  2  the  President  advised  the  Con- 
gress to  declare  the  existence  of  a  state  of  war  l^tween  the  United 
States  and  the  Imi)erial  ( "lerman  (lovernmenl,  which  the  Coimress  did 
on  .April  6,  191".  The  treaties,  with  the  exception  of  .Articles  XXIII 
and  XXIV  of  that  of  \7')9,  were,  in  so  far  as  binding,  suspended  or 
abrogated  by  the  outbreak  of  the  war.  They  have,  however,  a  distinct 
place  in  international  law  as  well  as  in  the  relations  of  the  two  contract- 
ing countries.  The  pamphlet  containing  thent  is  therefore  reissued  in 
revised  and  permanent  form. 

Ja.mks  Rkown  Scott, 
Director  of  the  Divisiuii  of  International  Law. 

W.ASHINT.IO.V,  D.  C, 

March  i,  igiS. 


Contents 


1  KXIs   UK    THK     TriATIK     ' 

Triah  of  Amity  ,,n.|  Commn.r  ci.n.luHc.l  Vf|itoMil.cr  10    178^  ? 

rrraty  of  Amity  and  (.-.immirvr  coiu-liKird    liih    11     17w  26 

1  rcaty  of  tnmmcriT  and  N'aviRaiion  onirhidiMJ  May  1,  18.'8,  ..'.'.'.'..'..'.     50 

riF.riSIO.NS    OK    l-K.nh.RAL   CoiRTS: 

The   Hark-   lilztvr  Krcflin,  4   Rcni'.ll.t,   41. i  ^7 

1  he   /:/:.■,»,•  Krcrliii.  ''   niatchford,   4.;,><.  .                 7j 

Kx   Parte  Xewman,   14  Wallace.   15i                           o, 

United  State.  V.   Diekelman,  92   r    S    =;'!)            (,j 

North  Cermati  Mnyd  S.  S.  C.  v.  Heddm,  c;,!!;  ,t,  V.  r,  I,',!    R,.,, '  \y"    '  i(» 

Terlmden  v   Ames,  184  U.  S.  .'7(1 .  >v  i  .  i/ .  .  ,  ,  ir) 

niscnnto  Ce-.ellschaft  v.   irmhreit.  21)8  V    S    V() t7 

\  lie  SliMMiship  .  //'/•fTxt,  24.?   I'.   S.   124 '.'  .  .W    \\\ 

OPIMUN.   „F   ,\n„RNKY.-;  (iKNHR.M.  ( M     111!     r.MTKIl    ^^T  XTF-- ' 

"K,a;;,S".v^.r''' '" ""  •^^''  ■"  '"^ "-""-  f-" "-  ,„ 

Opinion   of   September   19,    1885.  on   Tonnage' Dmv: \fx 

Opmio.,  of  Novemhrr  U.  1894,  on  the  Duty  on  Imported' Salt! !  i.;.' "^  '    142 

^Ve^^T   '"'  ""'   ^'"''""■"■^  "''  ^"^-  '-'^■'""   ?^'^T...,   Af,.fsT  22.  1870 

147 

I  )lI'Ln.MATir   CoRRESl'ONriENTE  : 

Claims  relative  to  tonnage  dues: 

The  German  Minister  to  the  Secretary  of  Stp.te.  August  ,?,  1885.         1^1 
The  Secretary  of  State  to  the  (ierman  Minister,  Xovember  7,  1885 '     152 

yo.*;mreri7^i^r "'  '-'■'^''"'"  •-  "^^  ■'^^"^->-  ^^  ■"*=«'^',,, 

The  S'"''"  ^^'f^'  '"  »'"■,  ^^'f  ctary  of  Staie.' K.  r>n>a;;'l6.' i886:'.   154 

The  Secretary  of  State  to  the  German   Minister.  March -4,   188fi  136 

Ihe  German  Minister  to  the  Secretary  of  State.  August  1.  1886.!..  157 
Case  of  the  William  P.  Fryc: 

The  Secretary  of  State  to  Ambassador  Gerard,  March  M,  1915.  160 

.Amb.nssador  Gerard  to  the  Secretary  of  .State,  April  5    191 S  61 

Ihe  Secretary  of  State  to  Ambassadc.r  Gerard.  April  28    1915 16? 

Ambass.ador  (.erard  to  the  Secretary  of  State.  June  7.  1915     \% 

The  Secretary  of  State  to  Ambassador  Geranl.  Tune  24.  1915.  y'  66 

Ambassad.ir  Gerard  to  the  Secretary  of  State,   Tulv  .10.  191 :;  70 

he  Secretary  of  State  to  Ambassad,.r  Gerard."  Ai'iKust   10    igjs""  7? 

Ambassador  (.erard  to  the  Secretary  of  State.  Septembe    20     9i5-  75 

T  u   Secr,.,,-,rv  of  .State  to  .Ambassador  Clerard.  October  12.  1915  Vy 

.\.tibassa<lor  Gerard  t..  the  .Secretary  of  State,  Oecemher  2    1915  79 


V11I 


CONTENTS 

Case  of  the  .f/Tuiri. 

The  (ierman  Anibas.ulor  In  the  Secretary  of  Stale.    ;e hruary  ..    <)  6  m 

The  Secretary  of  State  to  the  Bnt.sh    \mhas^a.!or.      elm.ary  3,  1016  84 

Memorandum  fmrn  the  Rritish  Kmhas^y,  '■^■'"•"■"•y-'-'/"^'  •„;,,;.  ^ 

MemoranMum  frc^ti  the  Gcrmati  I-.nihassy   received  ^ebriiary  8,  \m  X6 

Memoran.Ui.n   from  the  Hritish   Emhas^y.      ebruary     2,     9  6 N. 

Memoran.h.m  from  the  Hntish   Kmha-v.   l-,hmarv  1^.  mu  ^/ 

The  German  Amhas.ador  to  ,l,e  Secretary  ,.f  State.  1-ehruary  J.'     016  «7 

The  Secrctarv  of  Stale  to  the  Cerm.n  Amh.^s.dor.  March   '.        6   .  » 

The  German  Amhassador  to  the  Secrelar>  -f  State.  March    4,        o. .  0. 

The  Ge-  nan  Amhassad..r  to  the  Secretary  ntM.u,  March  16.       1    . .  U 

The  British  Amhassador  to  the  Secretary  of  State.  ^  ^'",\-^';       '''   '  \^1 

The  Secrctarv  of  State  to  the  Hntish  .\mhas^ador,  .\prd  4_,         '•■    ■  ^^ 

The  Secretary  of  State  to  the  German  Ambassador.    Mini  ,    1  fl6.  . . .  1« 

Ambassador  Gerard  to  the  Secretary  of  State.  May  -'-^  '''l''  y     „  y  '  f*! 

Inclosure-JitdBment  of  the  German  Tn  e  ^  oiirt.  May  11.  1016.  >m 

Proposal  of  the  German  Government   for  an  A.lditi.m  to  tlic  Treaty  of 
1799: 

The    MtniMer  "f    Switzerland   to   the    Secretary   of   State,    lehruary    ^^^ 

Tl!e''Secmaryof  StatVto  ,l,e  MinMcrnrSw,i;e;iand.March  20,'i'M7  2..4 


i^isr^^^vv^i 


Texts  of  the  Treaties 


-^r.^^-^'^zw 


Text  of  the  Treaty  of  1785' 


A  Treatv  of  Amity  and  Com- 
merce 
Betzeeen  his  Majesty  the  King  of 

Prussia  and  the  United  States 

of  Ameriea. 

Mis  Majesty  the  King  of  I'rus- 
sia  and  the  Lrnited  States  of 
America,  desiring  to  tix.  in  a  per- 
manent and  ecjuitable  manner,  the 
rules  to  be  observed  in  the  inter- 
course and  commerce  they  desire 
to  establish  between  their  respec- 
tive Cdiiniries,  His  Majestv  and 
the  L'nitcd  States  have  judged 
that  the  said  end  can  not  be  better 
obtained  than  by  taking  the  most 
perfect  etjuality  and  reciprocity 
for  the  basis  of  their  agreement. 

U  ith  this  view.  His  Majesty  the 
King  of  Prussia  has  non-inaied 
and  constituted  as  his  l'Ienii)()ttn- 
tiary,  the  P.aron  IVederick  Wil- 
liam de  'Ihulenieier.  his  I'rivy 
Coimsellor  of   i'mbassv.  and  Fui- 


I'kaitk    d'Amitih    it    m.    Com- 
merce 
lintre  sa  Majeste  le  Roi  de  Prusse 
et  les  PJats-Unis  de  I'Ameriqiie. 

Sa  Majescte  le  Roi  de  Prusse 
&c.  &c.,  et  les  Etats  Unis  de 
lAmeriiiue  desirant  de  fixer 
d'une  maniere  permanente  et  equi- 
table les  regies  qui  doivent  itre 
observees  relativement  a  la  corres- 
pondance  et  au  commerce  a  etablir 
entre  les  fitats  respectifs  des  deux 
parties,  sa  Majeste  et  les  ICtats 
Unis  ont  cu  ne  pouvoir  niieux 
remplir  ce  but,  quVn  posant  pour 
base  de  leurs  engagemens  la  plus 
parfaite  egalite  et  reciprocite. 

Dans  cette  vue  Sa  Majeste  le 
roi  de  Prusse  a  nomme  et  cons- 
titue  pour  sm  PleniiK.tentiaire  le 
Maron  Frederic  (luillaume  de 
'rinilemeier  son  t^onstijlcr  prive 
d'.\iiiba->a(ie  et    I'.iivove  fxtraor- 

fi,.'„', ",'"''"'",'  ^'''""r''",'".  '7«;:  ratilUnI  l,y  the  T.mnre.s  Mav  17.  I7K^,;  rati- 
m'«  r  'V'''""'''''  '^'•""■•'•..17H"  Tl,i^  treaty,  a.  «vll  as  thn,.-  ,.f  \Tn  ,.  ,„l 
on..;,,  l'"  l\  ^''.'"'''f''  ""'I  'i'l'  '•■"Kli-h  ai„l  I-rcnd.  texts  ,-f  thr  „tl,aal 
.>r«,„.,  -    ,,„    (,..    „,    ,l„.    n,Tart"uni    ,.f    .State,    which    s,,„rc,.    th,T.'f„r,.    i      t   ,' 

I      S    Si.uut.-s  „t   /.„r,„.    v„t  H.  |.    H4.  an,l  n„1.   1H.  ,,t.  .'.  ,..  Ml;  an,l  ni    Malh-y-s 
T'l     ,;.■'■""/,""■"  ''"'■'■:■   '""-"^'"^  (  Washinu't,,.,,   I'MOi.p    1477 


4      TREATIKS  BETWEKX  THE  UNITED  STATES  AND  TKUSSIA 


voy     Extraordinary     with     their 
High  Mightinesses  tiie  Stales  Gen^ 
eral  of   the   United   Netherlands ; 
and   the    United    States   have    on 
their   part    given    full    powers   to 
John  Adams,  Esquire,  late  one  of 
their  .Ministers  Plenipotentiary  for 
negotiating  a  peace,  heretofore  a 
Delegate    in    Congress    from    the 
State  of  -Massachusetts,  and  Chief 
Justice  of  the  same,  and  now  Min- 
ister I'lenipotentiary  of  the  United 
States   with   His    Hritannic    Maj- 
esty; Doctor  Benjamin  Franklin, 
late    Minister    I'lenipotentiary    at 
the  Court  of   \  ersailles,  and  an- 
other of  tlieir  Ministers  i'lenipo- 
tentiary  for  negouating  a  peace ; 
and  Thomas  Jefferson,  heretofore 
a  Delegate  in  Congress  from  the 
State  of    \'irginia,  and  (iovernor 
of  the  said  State,  and  now  Min- 
ister I'lenipotentiary  of  the  United 
States  at  the  Court  of  His  Most 
Christian  Majesty  ;  which  respec- 
tive   rienipotentiaries,  after   hav- 
ing  exclianged   their   lull   i)()wers, 
and  on  mature  deliheration,  have 
cumluded.  settled,  and  >igned  thi' 
lulldv.  in''  articles : 


dinaire   aupres   de   L.    11.    1'.    les 
fitats    Geiicrau.x    des    I'rovinces- 
Uiiies;  Et  les  Etats-Unis  ont  de 
leur  cote  pourvu  de  leurs  I'lein- 
pouvoirs  le  Sieur  John  .\danis  ci- 
devant     I'un    de    leurs    Ministres 
I'lenipo    a.    i.es   pour   traiter   de 
la  pai.x,  Delegue  au  Congres  de  la 
part  lie  I'Etat  de  Massachusetts  et 
chef  de  Justice  du  dit  litat,  actu- 
ellenient  Ministre  I'lenipotentiaire 
des  £tats  Unis  pres  sa  Majeste  le 
Roi  de  la  Grande  Hritagne,  le  Doc- 
teur   Benjamin   Franklin   en   der- 
nier lieu  leur  Ministre  I'lenipoten- 
tiare  a  la  Cour  de  S.  M.   1 .  C.  et 
aussi  I'un  de  leurs  Ministres  Ple- 
nipotentiaires   pour   traiter   de   la 
pai.x;  Et  le  Sieur  Thomas  JetTcr- 
son,  ci-devant  delegue  au  Congres 
de  la  part  de  I'l'tat  de  \irginie  et 
gouverneur  du  dit   l'".tat,  actuelle- 
ment    Ministre    I'lenipotentiaire  a 
la  cour  de  S.   M.    T.  C.  lesquels 
Plenipotentiaires  respectifs.  apres 
avoir  echange  leurs  iileiniimi"  iiir>. 
et  en  con'^ecjuence  d'une  mure  de- 
liberation,    ont    conchl.    arrete    et 
-u-ne  les  articles  suivans  : 


.\rtu  I  r   1 

T'  -hall  he  a  firm,  in\  iolahle, 

;ii.  iT-al   jjeace   and   sincere 

friend-liip  liitwi'en  His  Majesty 
the  Isinj;  of  i'rns-.ia.  his  heirs,  snc- 
fcs'-or-.  and  ^nhjict'..  or  the  one 
Tiart,  and  the  ', 'nited  S(.!tc-  of 
.\merica  and  tlu'ir  citi/en--  on  ilic 


.Artki.i-    1 

II  y  aura  une  I'aix  ferine  in- 
violable et  univer-flle  it  une  ami- 
tie  ^inrere.  enlni  S.i  Majeste  le 
Riii  di'  I'rns^e,  '-<'^  hrritier>i.  Suc- 
cesseurs  et  Sujet--,  (I'nnc  nart.  et 
les  f-Inl';  Uili<  d'  \meni|tie  et 
leur-   Cito\eiis.  d'untie  |iait.  -ans 


TREATY  OF  AMITY  AND  COMMKFiCE,  1785  5 

otiier.   without  exception  of  per-      exception    de    personnes    ou    de 
sons  or  places.  lieux. 


Article  2 

'I  he    >iihjects    of    His    Majoly 
the  Kuv^  (,t   I'russia  niay  frequent 
all  the  coasts  and  countries  of  the 
Tnited  States  of  America,  and  re- 
side and  trade  there  in  all  sorts  of 
produce,  manufactures,  and  mer- 
chandize: and  shall  pay  within  the 
said    I'nited    States    no   other   or 
greater   duties,    charjjes.    or    fees 
whatsoever,    than    the    i:iost    fav- 
oured   nations    are    or    vhall     f)e 
obliijcd    to    pay:    and    they    ^hall 
enjoy  all  the  ritrhts.  priviles,'es,  and 
exemptions  in  ravi^ation  and  com- 
merce  which   the   most    favoured 
nation   df>es  or  shall  enjov:  suh- 
mittins:  themselves  nevertheless  to 
the  laws  and  nsau'ts  there  estab- 
lished, and  to  which  are  submitted 
the  citizens  of  the  ( 'nited  States, 
and   the  citizens  and   subjects  of 
the  most  favoured  nations. 


Artklk  2 

r.es  Sujets  de  Sa  Majestc  le  Roi 
de     I'russe     i)oiirront     frequenter 
toutes    les   cotes   et   tons    ies   pays 
des    f^ats-l  nis   de   I'Amerique,   y 
resider  et  traliquer  en  toutes  sor- 
les  de  I'ro'luctions,  manufactures 
et    -Marchandises,   et   ne   payeront 
d'autres  ni  de  plus   forts  impots. 
'  har^'es   ou    droits   dans    les   dits 
£tats-Unis,  que  ceux  que  les  Na- 
tions  les  plus    favorisees   sont  ou 
seronl    ohlifjees    de    payer;    et    ils 
jouiront  de  tons  les  droits    privi- 
lei;es  et  exemptions  dans  ja  N'avi- 
iration  et  le  commerce,  rlont  jouit 
on  jouira  la   .Nation  la  plus  favo- 
risee :    se    somnettant    neanmoin> 
aux   r^oix  et  l'sa,L,'es  y  etablis.  et 
aux  quels  sont  soumis  les  ("itoyens 
des  Etats   L'nis  et  les  citoyens  et 
Sujets  des  nations  les  jjIus   favo- 
risees. 


ARTin  E  3 

In  like  manner  the  citizens  of 
the  Cnited  States  of  .\merica  mav 
frequent  all  the  c<ia<ts  and  coun- 
tries ,,i  ir,-.;  ^rajeMv  the  Kin-  of 
r'rnssi;!,  ;,„d  rc-idc  anri  trade 
there  in  ;ill  sort-  of  i)roduce.  man- 


.\l?Tirr,';  .^ 

I'areillenient  les  Citoyens  des 
F.taiN  L  nis  d<-  TAmeriquf  )ioin- 
rotu  frequcnt<r  tonics  le<  Cote-  et 
tons  h-  I '.ay.  fie  sa  .Majeste  le  R,,j 
de  rVusse,  y  re-ider  et  traliquer 
en    toutes   sortes    de    FVoductions 


mactnres,  ,,„,!  nurcbandize  :  and  ^ranufactures  et  Marchandi.es  et 

^li..I  p.ay  „i  the  .lonnnion.  .,f  h,s  „e  pavenmt  d'autres  ni  plu-  f,,n. 

■•aid   Mate.ty  no  other  or  •^rv:iXrr  impot,,  eliaru',..  on  droits  dan<  les 

dnt,e<.   char.;es,    or   fees    whatso-  Doniaines  de  >a  .lite  Majeste   que 


6      TRKATIHS  BKTWEKN  THE  UNITP:D  STAT'-.S  AND  PRUSSIA 


cviT  tliaii  tlic  most  favoured  na- 
tion is  or  shall  be  obliged  to  pay : 
and  they  shall  enjoy  all  the  rights, 
privileges,  and  exemptions  in  navi- 
L;atioii  and  commerce  which  the 
most  favoured  nation  does  or  shall 
enjoy  ;  submitting  themselves  nev- 
ertheless to  the  laws  and  usages 
there  established,  and  to  which  are 
submitted  the  subjects  of  His  Maj- 
esty the  King  of  Prussia,  and  the 
subjects  and  citizens  of  the  most 
favoured  nations. 


ceux  que  la  Nation  la  plus  favo- 
risee  est  ou  sera  obligee  de 
payer ;  et  ils  jouiront  des  tous  les 
droits  privileges  et  exemptions 
dans  la  navigation  et  le  commerce, 
dont  jouit  ou  jouira  la  nation  la 
plus  favorisee ;  se  suumettant 
neannijins  aux  Loix  et  L"  sages  y 
etablis.  et  aux  quels  sont  soumis 
les  Sujets  de  Sa  Majeste  le  Roi  de 
I'russe;  et  les  Sujets  et  t'itoyens 
des  nations  les  plus  favorise^-s 


Artici.k  4 

More  especially  each  party  shall 
have  a  right  to  carry  their  own 
produce,  manufactures,  and  mer- 
chandize in  their  own  or  any  other 
vessels  to  any  parts  of  the  domin- 
ions of  the  other,  where  it  shall  be 
lawful  for  all  the  subjects  or  citi-, 
zens  of  that  other  freely  to  pur- 
chase them  ;  and  thence  to  take  the 
produce,  manufactures,  and  m.T- 
chandize  of  the  other,  which  all 
the  said  citizens  or  subjects  shall 
in  like  manner  be  free  to  sell  them, 
,  aving  in  both  cases  such  dutie-. 
charge;,  and  fees  only  as  are  or 
-h  11  ''e  ])aid  by  the  most  favoured 
nation.  Xeverthelcss,  the  King  of 
Prussia  and  the  Tnited  States, 
and  each  of  them,  reserve  to  them- 
selves the  right,  where  any  nation 
restrains  the  transportation  of 
merchandize  to  the  vessels  of  the 
conntrv  of  which  it  is  the  growth 
or      manufacture,      to      establish 


Articlk  4 

En     particulier,     chacune     des 
deux   Nations  aura  le  droit  d'im 
porter    ses    propres    productions, 
manufactures  et  Marchandises,  a 
bord  de  ses  propres  batinients  ou 
de  tel  autre,  dans  toutes  les  par- 
ties des  Domaines  de  I'autre   oil 
il  sera  permis  a  tous  les  Sujets  et 
Citoyens  de  I'autre  nation  de  les 
acheter    librement ;    comme    aussi 
d'y  charger  les  productions,  manu- 
factures et  marchandises  de  I'au- 
tre  (jue   tous   les   dits   Sujets   ou 
Citoyens  auront  la  liberte  de  leur 
vendre ;    en   payant    dans   I'un   et 
I'autre  cas    tels  impots,  droits  et 
charges  seulement,  que  ceux  qui 
sont   ou  seront  payes  par  la  nation 
la   plus   favorisee.      Cependant   le 
Roi  de  Prusse  et  les  F.tats  Unis 
de  r.-\meri(iue,  et  chacun  d'eux  en 
particulier,   se   reservent  le   droit, 
au    cas    que   quelque    nation    rcs- 
treigne  le  transport  des  marchan- 


1 


TREATY  OF  AMITY  AND  COMMERCE,  1785 


aj;ainst  such  nations  re^rtaliating 
regulations;  and  also  the  right  to 
prohibit,  in  their  respective  coun- 
tries, the  importation  and  exporta- 
tion ^f  all  merchandize  whatso- 
ever, when  reasons  of  state  shall 
require  it.  In  this  case,  the  sub- 
jects or  citizens  of  either  of  the 
contracting  parties  shall  not  im- 
port nor  export  the  merchandize 
prohibited  by  the  other ;  but  if  one 
of  the  contracting  parties  permits 
any  other  nation  to  import  or  ex- 
port the  same  merchandize,  the 
citizens  or  subjects  of  the  other 
shall  immediately  enjoy  the  same 
libertv. 


Article  .'i 

The  merchants,  commanders  of 
vessels,  or  other  subjects  or  citi- 
zens of  either  party,  shall  not 
within  the  ports  or  jurisdiction  of 
the  other  be  forced  to  unload  any 
-sort  of  merchandize  into  any  other 
vessels,  nor  to  receive  them  into 
their  own,  nor  to  wait  for  their 
being  loaded  longer  than  they 
please. 


.•\RTTri.F;  6 

That  the  vessels  of  either  party 
loading  within  the  ports  or  juris- 
diction of  the  other  mav  not  be 


dises  au.x  vaisseau.x  des  pays  dont 
elles  sont  !a  production  ou  la 
manufacture,  detablir  envers 
cette  nation  des  reglemens  recipro- 
ques.  .Se  reservant  de  plus  le 
Droit  de  prohiber  dans  leurs  pays 
respectifs  Timportation  ou  I'ex- 
portation  de  toute  marchandise 
quelconque,  des  que  la  raison 
d'Etat  I'exige.  En  ce  cas,  les  Su- 
jets  ou  Citoyens  d'une  des  Parties 
contractantes  ne  pourront  impor- 
ter ni  exporter  les  niarchandises 
prohibees  par  I'autre.  Mais  si 
I'une  des  parties  contractantes 
permet  a  quelqu'autre  Nation  d'im- 
porter  ou  d'exporter  ces  memes 
niarchandises,  les  Citoyens  ou  Su- 
jets  de  I'autre  partie  contractante 
jouiront  tout  aussitot  d'une  liberte 
pareille. 

.Article  5 

Les  Marchands,  Commandans 
de  vaisseaux,  et  autre?  Sujets  ou 
Citoyens  de  chacune  des  deaux  Na- 
tions, ne  seront  pas  forces  dans 
les  ports  ou  dans  la  jurisdiction 
de  I'autre,  de  decharger  aucune 
sorte  de  Marchandises  dans  d'au- 
tres  vaisseaux,  ni  de  les  recevoir 
a  bord  de  leurs  propres  navires,  ni 
d'attendre  leur  chargement  plus 
long-temps  qu'il  ne  leur  plaira. 

ARTicr.r:  6 

Pour  eviter  que  les  vaisseaux 
de  I'une  des  deux  parties  contrac- 
tantes ne  .soyent  point  inutilement 


8      TREATIES  BETWEEN  THE  UNITED  STATES  AND  PRUSSIA 


uselessly  harassed  or  detained,  it 
is  agreed  that  all  examinations  of 
goods  required  by  the  laws  shall 
be  made  before  they  are  laden  on 
board  the  vessel,  and  that  there 
shall  be  no  examination  after ;  nor 
shall  the  vessel  be  searched  at  any 
time,  unless  articles  shall  have 
been  laden  therein  clandestinely 
and  illegally,  in  which  case  the 
person  by  whose  order  they  were 
carried  on  board,  or  who  carried 
them  without  order,  shall  be  liable 
to  the  laws  of  the  land  in  which 
he  is  •  but  no  other  person  shall 
be  molested,  nor  shall  any  other 
groods.  nor  the  vessel,  be  seized 
or  detained  for  that  cause. 


iiiolestc's  ou  detenus  dans  les  Ports 
ou  sous  la  Jurisdiction  de  I'autre, 
il  a  ete  convenu  que  la  visite  des 
marchandises,  ordonnee  par  les 
loix,  se  fera  avant  qu'elles  ne 
soyent  chargees  sur  le  navire.  et 
qu'ensuite  elles  ne  scronl  phis  as- 
sujetties  a  aucune  visite.  Et  en 
general  il  ne  se  fera  point  de  re- 
cherche a  bord  du  vaisseau  a 
nioins  qu'on  n'y  ait  charge  clan- 
destinenient  et  illegalement  des 
marchandises  prohibecs.  Dans  ce 
cas.  celui  par  I'ordre  duqncl  elles 
ont  ete  porte  a  bord,  ou  celui  qui 
les  v  a  portees  sans  ordre.  sera 
soumis  aux  loix  du  pays  oil  il  se 
trouve.  sans  que  le  rcstc  de  I'equi- 
page  soit  moleste,  ni  les  autres 
marchandises,  ou  le  vaisseau  saisis 
ou  detenus  par  cette  raison. 


.Article  7 

Each  party  shall  endeavour.  In- 
all  the  means  in  their  power,  to 
protect  and  dcscnd  [defend]  all 
vessels  and  other  effects  belong- 
ing to  the  citizens  or  subjects  of 
the  other,  which  shall  be  within 
the  extent  of  their  jurisdiction, 
by  sea  or  by  land  :  and  shall  use 
all  their  efforts  to  recover,  and 
cause  to  be  restored  to  the  right 
owners,  their  vessels  and  eflects 
which  shall  be  taken  from  then: 
within  the  extent  of  their  said 
jurisdiction. 


.\RTiri.i-,  7 

t'hacune  des  deux  parties  con- 
tractantes  tiichera,  par  tons  les 
moyens  cjui  seront  en  s(in  pouvoir, 
de  proteger  et  de  defendre  tons  les 
vaisseaiix  et  autres  effets  ajipartc- 
nants  aiix  Citoyens  on  .'^ujets  de 
I'antri'.  et  se  trmivaiit  dans  I'eten- 
due  (le  -;i  Jurisdiction  par  mer  ou 
|wr  terrc  :  et  ille  cinpluvcra  totis 
ses  efforts  \in\v  rceonvrer  rt  faire 
restitucr  aux  I'roprietaires  legi- 
times les  vaisseavix  et  effets  ([ui 
leur  .uiront  ete  enleves  dans  I'eten- 
due  de  sa  dite  lurisdiction. 


TRKATY  OF  AMITV  AXD  COMMKRCK,  1785 


Article  8 

I  lie  vcssfis  of  the  subjects  or 
citizens  of  eitiier  party,  coming  on 
any  coast  beloni^ing  to  the  other, 
but  not  willing  to  enter  into  port, 
or  being  entered  into  port,  and  not 
willing  to  unload  their  cargoes  or 
break  bulk,  shall  have  liberty  to 
depart  and  to  pursue  their  voyage 
without  molestation,  and  without 
being  obliged  to  render  account  of 
their  cargo,  or  to  pay  any  duties, 
charges,  or  fees  whatsoever,  ex- 
cept those  established  for  vessels 
entered  into  port,  and  appropriated 
to  the  maintenance  of  the  port  it- 
self, or  of  other  establishments  for 
the    safety    and    convenience    of 
navigators,  which  duties,  charges, 
and   fees  shall  be  the  same,  and 
shall  be  i)aid  on  the  same  footing 
as  in  the  case  of  subjects  or  citi- 
zens  of  the  country  where  they 
.-M-i'  established 


Articlk  iS 

l.es  vaisseaux  des  Sujets  ou  ci- 
toyens    d'une    des    deux     parties 
contractantes,    arrivant    sur    une 
cote  appartenante  a  Tautre.  mais 
ii'ayant    pas    dessein    d'entrer   au 
p.-ot.  on.  y  etant  entres  tie  desirant 
I  MS  (le  decharger  leurs  Cargaisons, 
"U  de  rom()re  leur  charge,  auront 
la  liherte  de   repartir  et  de  pour- 
suivre   leur   route   sans   einpeche- 
ment,  et  sans  etre  obliges  de  ren- 
dre  conipte  de  leur  cargaison,  ni 
de  payer  aucuns  inipots,  charges 
et     droits     quelconques,     excepte 
ceux  etablis  sur  Ics  vaisseaux  iine 
fois  entres  dans   le  port,   et  des- 
tines a  Tentretien  du  port  nienie 
ou    a    d'autres    etablissemens    qui 
ont  pour  but  la  siirete  et  la  com- 
modite   des   navigateurs ;    lesquels 
droits,   charges   et   impots    seront 
les  memes  et  se  payeront  sur  le 
menie   i)ied   qu'iis    sont   acquittes 
par  les  Sujets  ou  Citoyens  de  letat 
on  ils  sont  etablis. 


Article  9 

When  any  vessel  of  either  party 
shall  be  wrecked,  foundered,  or 
otherwise  damaged  on  the  coasts, 
or  within  the  dominion  of  the 
other,  their  respective  subjects  or 
citizens  shall  receive,  as  well  for 
thi'niselv<'s  as  for  their  vessels  and 
effects,  the  same  assistance  which 
would  be  due  to  the  inhabitants 
of  the  coimtry  where  the  damasze 


Article  0 

Au  cas  que  (pielque  vaisseau 
appartenant  a  I'une  des  deux  Par- 
tips  contractantes  auroit  f.-iit  nau- 
frage,  echoue  on  sonffert  quelqne 
autre  Dommage  sur  les  cotes  ou 
sons  la  domination  de  I'autre.  les 
Sujets  oil  Citoyens  respcctifs  re- 
revroiit.  tant  pour  eux  (|ue  pour 
leurs  vaisseaux  et  efTets,  la  meme 
assistance  qui   auroit  ete    fournie 


10    Tkl.ATlKS  BF.TWKKN  THK  UN'ITKD  STATKS  AN'D  I'KUSSIA 


happens,  and  shall  pay  the  same 
charges  ;»nti  dues  only  as  the  said 
iiilial)itatits  would  be  subject  to 
pay  in  a  hke  case  ;  and  if  the  oper- 
ations of  repair  shall  require  that 
the  whole  or  any  part  of  their 
cari^o  he  unladed,  they  shall  pay 
no  duties,  char},'es,  or  fees  on  the 
part  which  they  shall  relade  and 
carry  away.  The  antient  and 
barbarous  right  to  wrecks  of  the 
sea  shall  be  entirely  abolished, 
with  respect  to  the  subjects  and 
citizens  of  the  two  contracting 
parties. 


aux  habitans  du  I'ays  oil  I'accident 
arrive ;  et  ils  payeront  seuleinent 
Ics  nienies  charges  et  droits,  aux- 
(juels  ks  dits  habitants  auroient 
ete  assujetlis  en  parcil  cas.  Kt  si 
la  reparation  du  vaisseau  exigeoit 
(|ue  la  cargaison  fiit  dechargee  en 
tout  ou  en  partie,  ils  ne  payeront 
aticun  in'.pi'it,  charge  ou  droit  de 
ce  <[ui  sera  reinbarque  et  eniporte. 
L'ancien  et  barbare  droit  de  nau- 
frage  .sera  entierenient  aboli  a 
I'egard  des  Sujets  ou  Citoyens  des 
deux  Parties  contractantes. 


.Ainicii:  10 

The  citizens  or  subjects  of  each 
party  shall  have  power  to  dispose 
of  their  personal  goods  within  the 
jurisdiction  of  the  other,  by  testa- 
ment, donation,  or  otherwise ;  and 
their  representatives,  being  sub- 
jects or  citizens  of  the  other  party, 
shall  succeed  to  their  said  persona! 
goods,  whether  by  testament  or  ab 
intestato,  and  may  take  possession 
thereof  either  by  themselves  or  by 
others  acting  for  them,  and  dis- 
pose of  the  same  at  their  will,  pay- 
ing such  dues  only  as  the  inhabi- 
tants of  the  country  wherein  the 
said  goods  are  shall  be  subject  to 
pay  in  like  cases.  And  in  case  of 
the  absence  of  the  representative, 
such  care  shall  be  taken  of  the 
.said  goods,  and  for  so  long  a  time 
as  would  be  taken  of  the  goods  of 


Artici.i-:  10 

Les  Citoyens  ou  Sujets  de  Tune 
des  deu.x  parties  contractantes 
auront  dans  les  £tats  de  I'autre,  la 
Liberie  de  disposer  de  leurs  biens 
personnels,  soit  par  testament,  do- 
nation ou  autrement,  et  Lurs  heri- 
tiers  etant  Sujets  ou  Citoyens  de 
I'autre  jiartie  contractante,  suc- 
cederont  a  leurs  biens,  soit  en 
vcrtu  d'un  Testament,  ou  ab  in- 
tfstat.  et  ils  pourront  en  prendre 
possession,  soit  en  pcrsonne,  soit 
par  d'autres  agissant  en  leur  place, 
et  en  disposeront  a  leur  volonte, 
en  ne  payant  d'autres  droits  que 
ceux  aux(|uels  les  habitants  du 
pays  ou  la  succession  est  devenue 
vacante.  sont  assujettis  en  pa- 
reille  occurrence.  Et  en  cas  d'ab- 
sence  des  Ileritiers,  on  prendra 
aussi  longtemps  des  biens  qui  leur 


TK'KATV  fiF  AMI'I^"  .WD  (.OM  M  KkCi:.  ]7'<5 


11 


a  nativf  in  like  ca>f,  until  ihe  law- 
ful owner  may  take  measures  for 
receiving  them.  And  if  question 
shall  arise  among  several  claim- 
ants to  which  of  them  the  said 
goods  belong,  the  same  shall  be 
decided  finally  by  the  laws  and 
judges  of  the  land  wherein  the 
said  goods  are.  .\nd  where,  on 
the  death  of  any  person  holdin:,- 
real  estate  within  the  territories  of 
the  one  party,  such  real  estate 
would  by  the  laws  of  the  land 
descend  on  a  citizen.s-  <jr  subject  of 
the  other,  were  he  not  disqualified 
by  alienage,  such  subject  shall  be 
allowed  a  reasonaiile  time  to  sell 
the  same,  and  to  withdraw  the 
procefejds  without  molestation. 
and  exempt  from  all  ri:;hts  of  de- 
traction on  the  part  of  the  Ciovern- 
ment  of  the  respective  States.  Piut 
this  article  shall  not  derogate  in 
any  manner  from  the  force  of  the 
laws  already  published  or  here- 
after to  be  published,  by  His  Maj- 
esty the  King  of  f'russia.  to  pre- 
vent the  emigration  of  his  sub- 
jects. 


,-i;:il  iilii;-.  I(  -  iiicnit^  -oin-  (juXii 
auroit  \)ri-  en  jjareille  tjcca-ion 
di-  Iiieii-  (11-  natifs  du  I'av.-, 
jusqua  cc  que  le  I'roprietaire  legi- 
time ;iit  agree  de^  arrangi mens 
pour  recuiilir  Iheritage.  .>^'il 
s'eleve  dc-^  contestation^  eutre 
ditferciw  pr-'trnrjan-  ;iy.i!it  droit 
a  la  .Sui:c<--!on.  elle>  -.rout  deci- 
dt.;s  en  dernier  r<--.-(,rt  >el'j!i  le,-^ 
h,-.\  tt  par  If-  Jufige.-  du  I'.iys  ou 
I, I  Succe--i(jn  r-t  vacante.  l-'.t  si 
jiar  I;i  nii.ri  de  (|ue!(jut  per>onne 
r'i>--;dant  des  biens-fonds  sur  le 
territoire  de  I'une  des  parties  con- 
tractantes.  ces  bien^-fonds  ve- 
noient  a  passer,  selon  k-  \<n\  du 
I'ays.  a  un  citoyen  ou  -ujet  de  I'au- 
tre  Partie,  celui-ci.  <i  par  sa  qualite 
d'etranger.   il  -habile   de   les 

jiosseder.  obtietn  n  delai  conve- 
nable  pour  les  vl.  dre  et  pour  en 
retirer  le  provenu.  -ans  obstacle. 
e.xeiiipt  de  tout  droit  de  retcnue. 
de  la  fiart  du  gouvernemeiit  des 
F.tats  re^pectif-.  Mais  cet  article 
n.'  derocera  en  aucune  nianiere  a 
la  furce  de-  l.oix  qui  ont  deja  ete 
pnbli.-e-  ou  qui  le  <eront  dans  la 
suite  par  ,-a  Majeste  le  Roi  de 
Prusse.  pour  prevenir  I'emigration 
de  -es  suiets. 


\Rriri.F;  11 


.-Nrtici.k  11 


The    most   perfect   freedom   of  II  sera  accorde  la  pin-  parfaite 

con-cience     and     of     wor-hip     is  liherte   de   conscience   ct   d'    cutte 

granted  to  the  citizens  or  subject-  aux  citoyen-  et  -niet-  de  ch.ique 

of  either  party  within  the  jurisdic-  partie  contractante  da;i-  les  f^tat- 


12    TREATIKS  HKTWEFCN  THE  INITEI)  STATIS  AND  PKUSSIA 


tion  of  the  other,  without  being 
liable  to  molestation  in  that  re- 
spect for  any  cause  other  than  an 
insult  on  the  religion  of  others. 
Moreover,  when  the  subjects  or 
citizens  of  the  one  party  shall  die 
within  the  jurisdiction  of  the 
other,  their  bodies  shall  be  buried 
in  the  usual  burying-grounds  or 
other  decent  and  suitable  places, 
and  shall  be  protected  from  violn- 
tion  or  disturbance. 


do  I'autre,  et  personne  ne  sera 
moleste  a  cet  egard  pour  quelque 
cause  que  ce  soit,  si  ce  n'est  pour 
insulte  faite  a  la  Religion  de  I'au- 
tre. l)e  plus.  >i  (k's  sujets  et  cito- 
yens  de  I'lUK'  des  parties  contrac- 
tanles  venoi:'nt  a  nuiurir  dans  la 
Jurisdiction  de  I'autre.  leurs  corps 
seront  enterres  dans  les  endroits 
oil  Ton  a  coutunie  de  faire  les  en- 
terremens,  ou  dans  tel  autre  lieu 
decent  et  convenable,  et  ils  seront 
proteges  coiitre  toute  violence  et 
trouble. 


AuTKLr  12 

1  f  one  of  tile  contracting  parties 
should  be  engaged  in  war  with 
any  other  i'ower,  the  free  itiK  i- 
course  and  commerce  of  the  s'lb- 
jects  or  citizens  of  the  party  re- 
maining neuter  with  the  belligerent 
I'owers  shall  not  be  interrupted. 
(  )n  the  contrary,  in  that  case,  as  in 
tnll  jieace.  the  vessels  of  the  neu- 
tral p;irty  may  navigate  freely  to 
itid  from  the  ports  and  on  the 
cii:ists  (if  the  Iielligennt  parties, 
fri'c  vessels  m;i'<ing  free  goods,  in- 
M)inneli  that  all  things  shall  lie 
.■idjudue'l  free  which  sh.all  be  on 
board  any  vessel  belonging  to  thi; 
neutral  party.  althouL;li  such  thitv  ; 
belong  to  an  enemv  of  the  other; 
and  the  same  fneclum  ^liall  be  ex- 
tended to  ])ersons  who  shall  be  i>n 
board  a  free  vessel,  although  the\ 
should    !)'•    enemies    to    tlie    other 


.AHTK  LK    12 

Si  I'une  des  Parties  contractantes 
etoit  en  guerre  avec  line  autre 
Puissance,  la  libre  correspondence 
et  le  Commerce  des  citoyens  ou 
sujets  de  la  partie  (jui  demeure 
neutre  envers  les  puissances  belli- 
gerantes,  ne  seront  point  interroni- 
pus.  .\ii  contraire,  et  dans  ce  cas 
comme  en  pleine  paix,  les  vais- 
seaiix  de  la  I'artie  neutre  pourront 
iiaviger  en  toute  surete  dans  les 
Ports  et  sur  les  cotes  des  Puis- 
sances belligerantes  ;  les  vaisseau.x 
libres  rendant  les  marchandises 
libres,  en  tatit  (lu'on  regardeni 
comme  libre  tout  ce  qui  sera  :\ 
bord  d'un  navirc  apnartenant  a  la 
partie  neutre,  (|uatKl  meme  ces  ef- 
fets  appartiendroient  a  rennetni 
''e  I'autp-.  I.a  meme  liberte 
'  jtendra  aii\  Per-^oiines  qui  se 
trouveront    a    bord   d'un   vaisseau 


TREATY  OF  AMITY  AND  COMMERCE,  1785 


13 


j>arty,  unless  they  be  soldiers  in 
actual  service  of  such  enemy. 


AkTiCLi-;  13 

/\nd  in  the  same  case  of  one  of 
the  contracting  parties  beinj;  en- 
gaged   in    war    with    any    other 
I'ower   to  prevent  all  the  difficul- 
ties   and    misunderstandings    that 
usually  arise  respecting  the  mer- 
chandize heretofore  called  contra- 
band, such  as  arms,  ammunition, 
and  military  stores  of  every  kind, 
no  such  articles  carried  in  the  ves- 
sels, or  by  th     s'lbjects  or  citizens 
of  one  of  the  ^     ties  to  the  enemies 
of  the  other,    .lall  be  deemed  con- 
traband, so  as  to  induce  confisca- 
tion or  condemnation  and  a  loss  of 
property   to   individuals.      Never- 
theless, It  shall  be  lawful  to  stop 
such  vessels  and  articles,  and  to 
detain   them    for   such    length   of 
time    as    the    captors    may    think 
necessary    to   prevent   the    incon- 
venience   or    damage    that    might 
ensue  from  their  proceeding.  i)ay- 
ing,   however,  a   reasonable  coni- 
pcn.sation  for  the  loss  such  arrest 
shall  occasion  to  the  proprietors: 
And  it  shall  further  be  allowed  to 
use  in  the  service  of  the  captors 
the  whole  or  any  part  of  the  mili- 
tary stores  so  detained,  p-iving  the 
owners  the  full  value  of  the  >;inie. 
to   be   a.scertained   bv   the  cnrrer.t 


iibre,  quand  niemes  elles  seroient 
ennemis  de  I'autre  Partie,  excepte 
que  ce  fussent  des  gens  de  guerre, 
actuellement  au  service  de  I'en- 
nemi. 

.Artk'lk  1.5 

Dans  le  cas  oil  I'une  des  i'arties 
contractantes     se     trouveroit     en 
guerre  avec  une  autre  i'uissance, 
il  a  ete  convenu  que  pour  preve- 
nir  les  ditiicultes  et  les  discussions 
qui  surviennent  ordinairenieni  par 
rapport  aux    .Marchandises  ci-de- 
vant   appellees     de    contrebande, 
telles    que    amies,    munitions,    et 
autres    provisions    de    guerre    de 
toute  espcce,  aucun  de  ces  articles, 
charges  a  Ixjrd  des  vaisseaux  des 
C  itoyens  uu   Sujets  de   I'une   des 
parties,  et  destines  pour  renneini 
de  I'autre,  ne  sera  cense  de  con- 
trebande,    au     point     d'impliquer 
contiscatioii  ou   condaiiination,  et 
d'entrainer  la  perte  de  la  i.ropriete 
des  individus,     Xeanmoins  il  sera 
perniis    rl'arreier    ci-s    sortes    de 
vaisseaux  et  effets,  et  de  les   re- 
tenir  pendant  tout  le  temps  que  le 
preneur    croira     necessaire    pour 
preve.iir    les    inconveniens    et    le 
Donimage  qui   pourroient   en    re- 
sulter    autrenicnt ;    mais    dans    ce 
cas  on  accordera  une  compensa- 
tion raisonable  pour  les  pertcs  qui 
auront  ete  occasionnees  par  la  sai- 
sie.      Et   il   sera   perniis  en  outre 
aux    Preneurs   d'employer   a   leur 
service,  en  tout  ou  en  pnrtie.  les 


14    TRKATH'.S  BETWKl.N  THK  l-\lTi:i)  STATKS  AND  TRUSSIA 


price  at  the  place  of  its  destiiialioii. 
Hut  ill  the  case  supposed,  of  a 
vessel  stopped  for  articles  hereto- 
fore deemed  contraband,  if  the 
master  of  the  vessel  stopped  will 
deliver  out  the  goods  supposed  to 
he  of  contraband  nature,  he  shall 
1)0  admitted  to  do  it,  and  the  vessel 
shall  not  in  that  case  be  carried 
into  any  port,  nor  further  de- 
tained, but  shall  be  allowed  to 
proceed  on  her  voyage. 


Aktk  i.r.  14 

And  in  the  same  case  where  one 
of  the  parties  is  engaged  in  war 
with  another  Tower,  that  the  ves- 
sels of  the  neutral  party  may  be 
readily  and  certainly  known,  it  is 
ai;reed  that  they  shall  be  provided 
with  sea-letters  or  passports,  which 
shall  express  the  name,  the  prnp- 
ertv,  and  burthen  of  the  vessel,  as 
al.-.o  the  name  and  dwellini,'  of  the 
master  ;  which  passports  shall  be 
made  out  in  good  and  due  forms 
I  to  be  settled  by  conventions  be- 
tween the  parties  whenever  necn 
sion    shall    require.)    shall   be    re- 
newed as  often  as  the  v.-sscl  shall 
reluiii   into  purt,  and    -li.il!  be  i\- 
hibiled    w  hrn^iuvtr    rii|uiri(l.    a- 
well    in   tlif   Dpi'ii    --ea   a-    iii    p'Tt 
r.iil    if    ihi-   --aid    vf-M-1    \h-    \v.\  !■' 
ciili\ii\    i>\   ciile  iir  III  ire   \r->cK   '■• 
war  tic!' inuini:  tu  tin-  nriitiai  \':\\\\ 
the  -ini;'l('  <l(fiaratiMti  (if  ihr  .ilVn n 


munitions  niililaires  detenues,  en 
en  payant  aux  I'roprielaires  la 
pleine  valeur,  a  determiner  sur  le 
prix  ([ui  aura  cours  a  I'endroil  de 
leur  destination ;  mais  que  dan.^ 
le  cas  enonce,  d'un  vaisseau  arrete 
pour  des  articles  ci-devant  appel- 
les  contrebande,  si  le  niaitre  du 
navire  consentoit  a  deiivrer  les 
marchandisfs  suspectes,  il  aura  la 
l.iberte  de  le  faire,  et  le  navire  tie 
sera  plus  amene  dans  le  port,  ni 
detenu  phis  long-temps,  mais  aura 
toute  Liberte  de  poursuivre  sa 
route. 

.Artk  I.I.  14 

Dans  le  cas  oil  I'une  des  deux 
parties  contractantes  se  trouveroit 
engagee  dans  une  guerre  avec  une 
■lutre    Puissance,   et   afm   que   les 
vaisseaux  de  la  partie  neutre  so- 
yent    promptement    et    surement 
reconnus,    on   est   convenu    (ju"ils 
devront  etre  munis  de  lettres  de 
nier  ou   Passei)orts,  exprimaiit   le 
noin  le  ])roprietaire,  et  le  port  du 
navire,  ainsi  (jue  le  nom  et  la  de- 
iiiiure  (111  ituiitre.    (es  I'asseports, 
(|ui    MTont    exiie<lies   en   bnmu'   et 
due  forme   ( .'i  deterinincr  par  dis 
eciiivcntions  entre  k'>  I'arlie-.  lor--- 
i|uc    I'occa'-ion    le    rcquerra')     de- 
VTiinl    etre    ri'Houvelle>   totltes   les 
liii-    .|Uf    le    vaisseau    retmirneni 
ila!i>  -i>\\  |)ort.  ft  seront  exliibi's  .i 
iliaiiiir   ri'iini'^itinn  taut   en   ;ileiiie 
iiu  r  (|ne  dan-  le  pnrt       Mais  -i  li- 
iLiviic    -e    troiue    -oil-    !r    Ciinvoi 
il'iiii    nil    ])lii-icur-    vai>--e.aiix    de 


TRICATV  ()!■  AMITV  AND  COMMKRCF.  1785 


15 


coniniandiiig  the  convoy,  that  the 
said  vessel  beir  to  the  party  of 
which  he  is,  shall  be  considered  as 
establishing  the  fact,  and  shall  re- 
lieve both  parties  from  the  trouble 
of  further  examination. 


guerre  apparttnants  a  la  partie 
neutre.  it  suftira  que  I'ofiicier  com- 
mandant du  convoi  declare  que  le 
navire  esr  de  son  parti  moyennant 
quoi  cette  simple  declaration  sera 
censee  etabiir  le  fait,  et  dispen- 
sera  les  deux  parties  de  toute  vis- 
ile ultcrieure. 


Aktki.k  13 

And  to  prevent  entirely  all  dis- 
order and  violence  in  such  cases, 
it  is  stipulated,  that  when  the  ves- 
sels of  the  neutral  party,  sailing 
without  convoy,  shall  be  met  by 
any  vessel  of  war,  public  or  pri- 
vate, of  the  other  parly,  such 
vessel  of  war  shall  nol  approach 
within  cannon-shot  of  the  said 
neutral  vessel,  nor  send  more  than 
two  or  three  ni?n  in  their  boat 
on  board  the  same,  to  examine  her 
sea-letters  or  passports.  And  all 
persons  belonging  to  anv  vessel  of 
war.  public  or  priv:itf.  who  shall 
molest  ■  •  injure  in  any  manner 
whatever  the  jieople,  ve<>e!>.  or 
effects  of  the  other  parly,  shall  be 
respou'^ible  in  their  persons  and 
))roperty  for  damai;os  ami  interc-t. 
sutTicii-nt  M'curity  fur  which  ^h.ill 
be  g.viMi  by  all  conmi.indcr-.  i>\ 
•>rivatc  armed  vessels  before  tlie\ 
ire  cnnmis'iioned 


\Kiiri.K  I? 

I'ciur  prevenir  enPeremenl  lout 
ilesordre  el  toute  violence  en  pa- 
reil  cas,  il  a  ele  stipule  que  lors 
•lue  (les  navires  de  la  Parlie  neu- 
tre, navigeans  .san^  convoi,  re- 
contreront  ((uelque  vaisseau  de 
guerre  public  on  particulier  de 
I'autre  partie,  le  vaisseau  de 
guerre  n'approcliera  le  navire 
neutre  qu'au  dela  de  la  jiortee  du 
canon,  el  n'enverra  pas  i)lus  de 
deux  ou  trois  homines  dans  sa 
chaloupe  a  Iwird.  pour  examiner 
li's  I.ettres  de  Mer  (Ui  i'asseports. 
b.t  toutes  les  personn  s  apparle- 
nanles  a  quel(|iu  vaisseau  de 
guerre  public  ou  j)articulier,  qui 
niolesleront  ou  in-iilteroni  en 
i|lKl(|iie  inanieie  que  ce  xiit  I'equi- 
page,  les  vai-Maux  ou  clTets  de 
laiitre  I'artie.  -eroiit  re-pniKibles 
en  leiirs  per-ioniie>  et  en  leurs 
bieii-;,  (le  t.iii-.  (Ii.mmages  et  itUe- 
ri-ls;  ponr  le-(|iirl-  il  sera  <l(imie 
c.intion  --urti-.-mh-  par  tons  les 
comiiiandaii-  de  v.iisseaux  amies 
en  eiiur-:'.  ,iv:iiit  qu'iU  rei;()ivfi!t 
It  ur-;  cnnimi-<sii!ii-s. 


l(j    TKHATIF.S  KKTVVliKN  THE  UN 
Akiklk  1() 

It  i>  agrocil  lliat  llio  subjects  or 
ci'izeus  (It  I'acli  of  the  amtractiiig 
I'arlii-s.  tliiir  vessels  ami  effects, 
si  all  not  l)e  liaMe  to  any  em!.arKo 
or  detention  on  tlie  ])art  of  the 
other,  lor  any  military  expedition, 
ur  other  public  or  private  purpose 
whatsoever.  And  in  all  cases  of 
seizure,  detention,  or  arrests  for 
debts  contracted  or  otTences  com- 
mitted by  any  citizen  or  subject 
of  the  one  party,  within  the  juris- 
diction of  the  ot  r,  the  same 
shall  be  made  and  prosecuted  by 
order  and  authority  of  law  only, 
and  accordini;  to  the  regular  course 
of  I'roceedings  usual  in  such  cases. 

\HtHI.I.    17 

!f  any  vessel  or  etfect--  of  the 
neutral  i'ower  be  taken  by  an 
enemy  of  the  other,  or  by  a  pirate, 
,-md  nt.ikeii  by  that  other,  they 
-h.-ill  be  brought  into  --ome  port  of 
one  ol  the  parties,  and  dilivered 
into  tiir  cvi^tody  of  the  ofticer>  i  f 
that  pi  .t.  m  order  to  be  restored 
iiuire  to  till'  true  jiroprietor.  as 
Minn  .1-  (hie  i)roof  shall  b'-  made 
coiK-  rnmu  the  property  thereof. 


.\U1KM     ]>i 


ITKU  ST.VTHS  AND  PRUSSIA 
Arihi.i:  1() 

11  a  etc  conveiiu  ijue  le.s  Sujets 
ou  Citoyeiis  de  I'une  des  parties 
contractantes,  leurs  vaisseaux  ni 
effets,  ne  pourront  etre  assujettis 
a  aucun  embargo,  ni  retenus  de  la 
part  de  I'autre  pour  ([uelque  ex- 
pedition militaire,  usage  public  ou 
particulier  de  (|ui  i;ue  ce  soil,  bt 
dans  les  cas  de  saisie,  de  deten- 
tion, ou  d'arret,  soil  pour  dettes 
eoutractees,  ou  olTenses  commises 
par  (luelque  citoyen  ou  sujet  dc 
lune  des  parties  contractantes 
tlaiis  la  Jurisdiction  de  laulre.  on 
procedera  uniciuenient  par  ordre 
et  autorite  de  la  Justice  et  suivani 
les  voves  ordinaires  en  ])areil  cas 
usitees. 

\nri(  I.I.  17 

S'll  arrivoit  nue  les  Haiimens  ou 
et'lCls  lie  l.i  puissance  luutre  fus- 
seiil  pris  par  rennemi  de  I'autre, 
ou  par  tin  1 'irate,  et  ensuite  rei>ris 
par  la  I'uissaiice  en  guerre,  ils  se- 
ront  eoiuluit>  dans  un  I'orl  de 
I'une  lies  deux  Parlies  contractan- 
tes et  reniis  .\  la  garde  des  ofliciers 
du  I'ort.  atni  d'etre  restilues  en 
entier  ;in  proprietaire  legitime,  des 
ipi'il  .iiira  duemnit  constate  son 
droit  de  propriele. 

.\kiii  II    IS 


I,-    the    nti/eii-.    or    subj.rl^    ..I  l.orM|Ue  les  (  iinyeii-  on   Sujel> 

:  itlier  p.irtv.  m  d.inu.r  from  leni  'le  I'une  de-  dens  parlir,  contrac- 

peMs,    pinit.-.    enenn.-.    .,.-    ..th,  r  UnU  -  -rrnnt    lovee^  par  de.  Um- 

;u-c-i.Uv,!.    sh.ill    lakr    irluu-    ""b  pete-,    par    la    i-onr-uile    de-    cor- 


~n 


TREATY  OF  AMITY  AND  COMMEKCF..  1785 


17 


their  vt-sscl^  ur  etTects,  within  the 
harbours  or  jurisdiction  of  the 
other,  they  shall  be  received,  pro- 
tected, and  treated  with  humanity 
and  kindness,  and  shall  be  per- 
mitted to  furnish  themselves,  at 
reasonable  prices,  with  all  refresh- 
ments, provisions,  and  other  thin;,'s 
necessary  for  their  sustenance. 
hea[l]th,  and  accommodation,  and 
for  the  repair  of  their  vessels. 


Arik  r.i.  P 

The  vessels  of  war,  pr.blic  and 
private,  of  bfjth  parties,  shall  carry 
freely  wheresoever  they  please  the 
vessels  and  effects  taken  from  their 
enemies,  without  being  obliged  to 
pay  any  duties,  charges,  or  fees  to 
officers  of  admiralty,  of  the  cus- 
toms, or  any  others  ;  nor  shall  such 
prizes  be  ai  rested,  searched,  or  put 
rnder  legal  pr{,cess,  when  they 
come  to  and  enter  the  port<  f)f  the 
other  ])arty.  but  may  freely  be  c.ir- 
ried  out  again  ;it  any  time  by  their 
captors  t(j  the  places  expressed  in 
their  commissions,  which  the  com- 
manrling  officer  of  '■uch  vessel  -hnW 
be  nbhged  to  shew.  But  no  vessel 
which  shall  liave  niadi'  prize-  <<•) 
the  subjects  of  1  lis  Md^t  (  hristian 
Maje-tv  the  Kinc  of  France  sh.ill 
have  a  rii.'ht  of  a-\!nm  in  tin-  port- 
or  havens  of  thi>  said  I'liited 
St.afes  ;  and  if  aiiv  such  be  forced 
th(T(  in  by  tempest  or  dani,'ers  nf 


saues  ou  vaisseaux  ennemis,  ou 
par  quelqu'  autre  accident,  a  se 
refugier  avec  leurs  vaisseaux  ou 
eftets  dans  les  havres,  ou  dans  la 
Jurisdiction  de  1  autre,  ils  seront 
regus,  proteges  et  traites  avec 
Immanite  et  honnetete.  II  leur 
^era  permis  de  se  pourvoir  a  un 
prix  raisonable  <ie  rafraichisse- 
mens,  de  provisions  et  de  toutes 
choses  necessaires  pour  leur  sub- 
sistance.  sante  et  conmiodite,  et 
pour  la  reparation  de  leurs  vais- 
seaux. 

.Xrtklk  19 

Les  vaisseaux  de  Guerre  publics 
et  particuliers  des  deux  parties 
contractantes,  pourront  conduire 
en  t(nif->  I^iberte,  par  tout  oil  it  leur 
plaira.  le:  -  sf.aux  et  effets  qu'ils 
auront  pr;  -ur  leurs  cnnemis, 
sans  etre  obliges  de  payer  aucuns 
impots,  charges  ou  droits  aux 
ofificiers  de  I'amiraute,  des  doua- 
nes  ou  autrcs.  Ces  prises  ne 
pourront  etre  non  plus  ni  arret ees, 
ni  visitees,  ni  soumises  a  des  pro- 
cedures legales.  en  entrant  dans 
le  port  de  I'autre  partie,  mais  cllcs 
pourront  en  --ortir  librement.  et 
etre  conduit^;  en  tout  temps  par 
le  vaisscan  preneur  anx  endroits 
portes  ])ar  les  conimis<ion«-.  dont 
IV.fTicier  commandant  le  dit  vais- 
seau  sera  oblige  de  faire  mf)ntre. 
^^■li-  tout  vaisscan  f|'ii  aura  fait 
des  prises  sur  ]<•••  sujrts  de  S.  M. 
T.  r  le  Roi  de  France,  ne  sauroit 
nbtenir   un   droit   d'a^ile   dans   les 


18    TRKATIF?  BinVVEEN  THE  UMTED  STATES  \ND  PRUSSIA 


the  sea,  they  shall  be  obliged  to 
depart  as  soon  as  possible,  accord- 
ing to  the  tenor  of  the  treaties 
existing  between  his  said  Most 
Christian  Majesty  and  the  said 
United  States. 

Aktuij-;  20 

\o  citizen  or  subject  of  either 
of  the  contracting  [parties  shall 
take  from  any  Power  with  which 
the  other  may  be  at  war  rny  com- 
mission or  letter  of  maniue  for 
arming  any  vessel  to  act  as  a  pri- 
vateer against  the  other,  on  pain  of 
being  punished  as  a  pirate ;  nor 
shall  either  party  hire,  lend,  or  give 
any  part  of  their  naval  or  military 
force  to  the  enemy  of  the  other, 
to  .'lid  them  otTetisively  or  defen- 
sively against  that  other. 


Aktki.k  21 

If  the  two  coiuracting  ))arti'> 
slioiild  be  engaged  in  war  against 
;i  common  enemy,  the  following 
pnuM-  sh.-ill  In-  ()t>-crved  between 
them  : 

1  If  a  ve>stl  ut  one  of  the  par- 
tio  ntriken  by  a  privateer  of  llu- 
(itluT  -hall  itiit  liave  been  in  pn-- 
>('--i(in  of  the  enemy  more  than 
tweiiU-four  bmir-.  -lie  -hall  be  re- 
stored to  the  tir-i  uwlUT  for  idle 
thir<l  nf  the  ■,  :ilue  i  '  .!)<■  ve— c!  .-iiid 
ear:'o  ;  lint   it   -he  -hall  have  bei-ii 


ports  ou  havres  des  fUals  L'nis; 
et  s'il  etoit  force  d'y  entrer  par 
des  tenipetes  ou  dangers  de  mer,  il 
sera  oblige  d'en  repartir  le  plutot 
possible,  confortnement  a  la  te- 
neur  des  traites  subsistants  entre 
S.  M.  T.  C.  et  les  Etats  Unis. 

.\rtici.k  20 

Aucun  Citoyen  ou  sujet  de  I'une 
des  deux  Parties  contrac'anles 
nacceptera  d"une  I'uis.sance  avec 
laquelle  I'autre  pourroit  etre  en 
guerre,  ni  connnission,  ni  lettra 
de  marque,  pour  armer  en  course 
contre  cette  derniere,  sous  peine 
d'etre  puni  conime  pirate.  VA  ni 
I'un  ni  I'autre  des  deux  I'.tats  ne 
louera.  pretera  ou  donnera  une 
partie  de  ses  forces  navales  ou 
militaires  a  I'ennemi  de  I'autre, 
pour  I'aider  a  agir  offensivement 
ou  defensiventent  contre  I'etat  qui 
est  en  guerre. 

.•\rth  I.I-.  21 

S'il  arrivoit  ((ue  les  deux  parties 
.-ontractantes  fiissent  en  meme 
temps  en  guerre  contre  un  ennemi 
commun.  on  observera  de  oart  et 
d'atitre  les  points  suivaits. 

1."  Si  les  P.atintens  de  I'une  de- 
deux  nations  rei)ris  par  les  arma- 
tenrs  de  I'autre.  n'on!  pas  ete  au 
jjouvoir  <le  reiinemi  an  de  la  de 
24  heiin"^.  ils  senmt  re'^tilttes  an 
premier  proprirtairi'  miiyennant 
]r  pavemi'tit  <lu  tiers  de  la  v,i''lir 
(In    r.fitiment    et    de   la    (  nr!,';ii-o!i. 


TREATY  OF  AMITY  AND  COMMERCE.  1785 


19 


more  than  twenty-four  hours  in 
possession  of  the  enemy,  she  shall 
belong  wholly  to  the  recaptor. 

2.  I  f  in  the  same  case  the  recap- 
ture were  '^y  a  public  vessel  of  war 
of  the  one  party,  restitution  shall 
be  made  to  the  owner  for  one- 
thirtieth  part  of  tl"'  value  of  the 
vessel  and  cargo,  i!  she  shall  not 
have  been  in  possession  of  the 
enemy  more  than  twenty- four 
hours,  and  one-tenth  of  the  said 
value  where  she  shall  have  been 
longer;  which  sums  shall  be  dis- 
tributed in  gratuities  to  the  recap- 
tors. 

?i.  I'he  restitution  in  the  cases 
aforesaid  shall  be  after  due  proof 
of  property,  and  surety  given  for 
the  part  to  which  the  recaptors  are 
entitled. 

4.  The  vessels  of  war,  public 
and  private,  of  the  two  parties, 
sh.ill  be  reciprocally  admitted  with 
their  prizes  into  the  respective 
ports  of  each ;  but  the  said  prizes 
shall  not  be  discharg  d  nor  sold 
there,  until  their  ii  !,';ility  shall  have 
been  decided,  according  to  the  law 
and  regulations  of  tlie  States  to 
whicii  tin  captor  belongs,  but  by 
the  ju'ticatures  of  the  |)hK-e  into 
wliicli  ihc  prize  shall  have  been 
conducted 

.^.  It  ■ih.ill  In'  free  to  each  party 
to  make  such  re^nlations  as  they 
shall  jtulge  necessarv  for  the  con- 
duct nf  tli!'ir  rc-jicrtive  vc<<els  of 
war,  public  and  |)iivate.  relative  to 


si  au  contraire  le  vaisseau  repris 
a  ete  plus  de  24  lieures  au  pouvoir 
de  rennemi,  il  appartiendra  en  en- 
tier  a  celui  qui  la  repris.  2."  Uans 
le  cas  qu'un  navire  est  repris  par 
un  vaisseau  de  guerre  de  I'une 
des  f)uissances  contractantes,  il 
sera  rendu  au  proprietaire,  mo- 
yennant  qu'll  paye  un  trentieme 
du  navire  et  de  la  cargaison,  si  le 
batiment  n'a  pas  ete  plus  de  24 
beures  au  pouvoir  de  I'ennemi,  et 
le  dixienie  de  cette  valeur,  s'il  y  a 
ete  plus  long-temps,  lesquelles 
sommes  seront  distribuees  en 
guise  de  gratification  a  ceux  qui 
I'auront  repris.  3."  Dans  ces  cas 
la  restitution  n'aura  lieu  qu'apres 
les  preuves  l.iites  rle  la  propriete, 
sous  caution  de  la  (juote-part  (]ui 
en  revient  a  celui  (|ui  a  repris  le 
navire.  4".  Les  vaisseaux  de  guerre 
publics  et  particuliers  des  deux 
I'arties  contractant.s  seront  admis 
reciprtxjuement  avec  Icurs  prises 
dans  les  ports  respectifs;  cepen- 
dant  ces  prises  ne  pourront  y  etre 
dechargees  ni  vendues,  ([uaprcs 
(|ue  la  legitimite  de  la  prise  aura 
ete  decidee  suivant  les  Inix  ■■t  re- 
!,'lemens  de  I'etat  dont  le  preneur 
I -t  <n']vx.  mais  par  la  justice  Hu 
lieu  f)ii  la  prise  aura  ete  conduitc 
:  "  II  sera  libre  ;i  cliarunc  drs  par- 
tirs  cnntractaiites  de  faire  tels  re- 
glrmeus  qu'elles  iuu'eriiiU  m'lcs- 
^aires.  relativetnent  ;'i  la  conduit'' 
i|!!'-  devnnit  tenir  n'-))fctiveniriit 
leurs   vaisseanv   de    jicrre  publics 


f-^     t- 


^.■4^^. 


20    TREATIES  BETWEEN  THE  UNITED  STATES  AND  PKLSSIA 


the  vessels  which  they  shall  take 
and  carry  into  the  ports  of  the  two 
parties. 

Article  22 

Where  the  parties  shall  have  a 
common  enemy,  or  shall  both  be 
nci  lal,  the  vessels  of  war  of  each 
shall  upon  all  occasions  take  under 
their  protection  the  vessels  of  the 
other  going  the  same  course,  and 
shall  defend  such  vessels  as  long 
as  they  hold  the  same  course 
against  all  force  and  violence,  in 
the  same  manner  as  they  ought  to 
protect  and  defend  vessels  belong- 
ing to  the  party  of  which  they  are. 


Article  23 

If  war  should  arise  between  the 
two  contracting  parties,  the  mer- 
chants of  either  country  then  re- 
siding in  the  other  shall  be  allowed 
to  remain  nine  months  to  collect 
their  debts  and  settle  their  affairs, 
and  may  depart  freely,  carrying 
olT  all  their  elTects  without  mo- 
lestation or  hindrance.  .And  all 
women  and  children,  scholars  of 
every  faculty,  cultivators  of  the 
earth,  artizan>.  manufacturers, 
and  tislienneii, unarmed  and  inhah- 
itiim  imfditiiicd  towns,  villages,  or 
placc'^,  .uid  in  general  all  others 
wli()>('  Dccnpations  arc  for  the 
common  ■^iili^istcncc  and  benefit  of 
matikinil.  r-hall  be  allowed  to  cnn- 


et  particuliers,  a  I'egard  des  Bati- 
ments  qu"ils  auront  pris  et  ame- 
nes  dans  les  ports  des  deux  Puis- 
sances. 

Articlk  22 

Lorsque  les  parties  contractan- 
tes  seront  engagces  en  guerre  con- 
tr  un  ennemi  connnun,  ou  qu'el- 
les  seront  neutres  toutes  deu.\,  ks 
vaisseaux  de  guerie  de  lune, '  en- 
dront,  en  toute  occasion  sou:  Icur 
protection,  les  navires  de  I'^utre, 
qui  font  avec  eux  la  meme  route, 
et  ils  les  defendront,  aussi  long- 
temps  qu'ils  feront  voile  ensemble, 
contre  toute  force  et  violence  et 
de  la  meme  maniere  qu'ils  prote- 
geroient  et  defendroient  les  navi- 
res de  leur  propre  nation. 

Article  2?i 

S'il  survient  une  guerre  entre 
les  parties  contractantes,  les  nar- 
chands  de  I'un  des  deux  Etats  qui 
resideront  dans  I'autre,  auront  la 
permission  d'y  resttr  encore  neuf 
mois,  pour  recueillir  leurs  deltes 
actives,  et  arranger  leurs  affaires  ; 
apres  quoi  ils  pourront  partir  en 
toute  liberte  et  emporter  tons 
leurs  biens,  sans  etrc  molestes  ni 
emi)eches.  I.es  femines  et  les  en- 
fans,  les  gens  de  lettres  de  toutes 
les  f.'icultes,  les  eultivateurs,  arti- 
sans, manufacturiers  et  IVcliciirs, 
qui  ne  sont  point  arine^;  d  qui 
habitent  des  \itles.  villag("i  ou 
places  (pii  nc  sotit  pa-;  fortifit'";.  et 
en  gen'Vil  ton^  ciux  dont  la  voca- 


TREATY  OF  AMITY  AND  COMMERCE,  1785 


21 


tinue  their  respective  employ- 
ments, and  sliall  not  be  molested 
in  their  persons,  nor  shall  their 
houses  or  goods  be  burnt  or  other- 
wise destroyed,  nor  their  fields 
wasted  by  the  armed  force  of  the 
enemy,  into  whose  power  by  the 
events  of  war  they  may  happen  to 
fall;  but  if  anything  is  necessa-y 
to  be  taken  from  them  for  the  use 
of  such  armed  force,  the  same 
shall  be  paid  for  at  a  reasonable 
price.  And  all  merchant  and  trad- 
ing vessels  employed  in  exchang- 
ing the  products  of  different 
places,  and  thereby  rendering  the 
necessaries,  conveniences,  and 
comforts  of  human  life  more  easy 
to  be  obtained,  and  more  general, 
shall  be  allowed  to  pass  free  and 
unmolested;  and  neitlier  of  the 
contracting  Powers  shall  grant  or 
issue  any  commissions  to  any  pri- 
vate armed  vessels,  empowering 
them  to  take  or  destroy  such  trad- 
ing vessels  or  interrupt  such  com- 
merce. 


Article  24 

.\nd  to  prevent  the  destructi<in 
of  prisoners  of  war.  by  sending 
them  into  distant  and  inclement 
countries,  or  by  crouding  them 
into  close  and  noxious  places,  the 
two  contracting  parties   solemnly 


tion  tend  a  la  subsistance  et  a 
I'avantage  commun  du  genre  hu- 
main,  auront  la  liberte  de  con- 
tinuer  leurs  professions  respec- 
tives,  et  ne  seront  point  molestes 
en  leurs  personnes,  ni  leurs  mai- 
sons,  ou  leurs  biens  incendies,  ou 
autrement  detruits,ni  leurs  champs 
ravages  par  les  armees  de  I'ennemi 
au  pouvoir  duquel  ils  pourroient 
tomber  par  les  evenemens  de  la 
guerre ;  mais  si  Ton  se  trouve 
dans  la  necessite  de  prendre  quel- 
que  chose  de  leurs  proprietes  pour 
I'usage  de  I'armee  ennemic,  la 
valeur  en  sera  payee  a  un  prix 
raisonnable.  Tous  les  vaisseaux 
niarcliands  et  comniercans,  em- 
ployes a  I'echange  des  productions 
de  difFerens  cndroits,  et  par  con- 
sequent destines  a  faciliter  et  re- 
pandre  les  necessites.  les  commo- 
dites  et  les  douceurs  de  la  vie. 
passeront  librement  et  sans  etre 
molestes.  Et  les  deux  Puissances 
contracfantes  s'engagent  a  n'ac- 
corder  aucune  commission  a  des 
vaisseaux  armes  en  course,  qui  les 
autorisat  a  prendre  ou  a  detruire 
ces  sortes  de  vaisseaux  mar- 
chancis.  on  a  interrompre  le  com- 
merce. 

.•\RTirr.f.  24 

.\fin  d'adoucir  le  sort  de  prison- 
iiiers  de  guerre,  et  ne  les  point 
exposer  a  etre  envoyes  dans  des 
climats  eloigncs  et  rigoureux,  ou 
resserres  dans  '  >s  habitations 
etroites  et  malsaines.  les  deux  Par- 


22    TREATIES  BETWEEN  THE  UNITED  STATES  AND  PRUSSIA 


pk'dye  themselves  to  each  other 
and  to  the  world  that  they  will  not 
adopt  any  such  practice ;  that 
neither  will  send  the  prisoners 
whom  they  may  take  from  the 
other  into  the  East  Indies,  or  any 
other  parts  of  Asia  or  Africa,  but 
that  they  shall  be  placed  in  some 
l)art  of  their  dominions  in  luirope 
or  America,  in  wholesome  situa- 
tions ;  that  tlicy  •■hall  not  be  con- 
fined in  dungeons,  prison-ships, 
nor  prisons,  nor  be  put  into  irons, 
nor  bound,  nor  otiierwise  re- 
strained in  the  use  of  their  limbs  ; 
that  the  officers  shall  be  enlar),'ed 
on  their  paroles  within  conv  Miii-it 
districts,  and  have  comfortable 
<|uuriers.  and  the  common  men  be 
disjjosed  in  cantonme'its  open  and 
extensive  enouijh  for  air  and  exer- 
cise, and  Iodised  in  barracks  as 
roomly  and  ijood  as  are  ])rovided 
by  the  party  in  whose  power  they 
are  for  their  own  troops ;  that  the 
officers  shall  also  be  daily  tur- 
ni>h(d  by  the  party  in  whose  power 
tney  ;ire  wiih  as  many  rations,  and 
of  the  same  articles  and  (|uality  as 
are  .iIIdw  cd  by  them,  either  in  kind 
or  by  cotnmntation.  to  o*ificers  (if 
e<]ual  rank  in  their  own  army  ;  and 
ail  others  shall  be  daily  furnished 
by  thtir,  with  such  ration  as  they 
allow  to  a  common  soMier  in  their 
own  service:  the  value  whereof 
sh.ill  be  paid  by  the  other  p.irty  on 
a  mutu.tl  adjustment  of  accoimts 
for  tlie  '-tlb-i<tence  of  ])ri-<oner';  ;if 


ties  contractantes  s'enjjajrent  so- 
lemnellement  I'une  en  vers  Tautre, 
ct  a  la  face  de  I'univers,  qu'elles 
nadoptcront  aucun  de  ces  usages ; 
que  les  prisonniers  qu'elles  pour- 
roient  faire  I'une  sur  I'autre  ne  se- 
ront  transportes  ni  aux  Indes 
(Jrientales,  ni  dans  aucuiie  coiitree 
de  I'Asie  ou  de  I'Afrique,  mais 
(|u'on  leur  assignera  en  luirope  ou 
en  Ameri(|ue,  dans  les  territoirs 
re^])ectif^  des  l';irties  cuniraclan- 
tes,  un  seJDur  situe  dans  iin  air 
sain;  qu'ils  ne  seront  pnliit  conii- 
nes  dans  des  cachots,  tii  <lans  des 
prisoii>.  ni  d.ins  (Us  vai.-^seaux  de 
l)rison  ;  (|u'ils  ne  seront  ])as  mis  an 
fers.  ni  garotes.  ni  .■lutrement  pri- 
ves  de  lusai^e  de  Icurs  nietiibres  ; 
(pie  les  officii,  s  seront  relfich. 
sur  leur  parole  d'hontieur  dan- 
I'enceinte  de  certains  districts  qui 
leur  seront  fixes,  et  qu'on  leur  ac- 
cordera  des  logemens  coiiiinodes; 
que  les  simples  soldats  seront  dis- 
tribues  flans  des  eantonnemens 
ouverts.  assez  vastes  |)our  prendre 
I'air  et  I'exercice,  et  (|u'ils  seront 
liii,a's  dans  des  b.'irrjupies  aussi  s])a- 
cieuses  et  .aussi  commo(les  (|ti(>  lo 
soiit  celles  (les  troupes  de  la  i'uis- 
sance  an  pouvoir  de  la(piell"  sc 
tniuvi'tit  les  Prisonniers.  (Jue  cette 
i'lii'^^ance  fen  ])(niryoir  jnurnelle- 
ment  les  officiers  d'autaiit  de  ra- 
tion*;, coinposees  des  meines  arti- 
cles et  (ic  la  menie  rmaliti.'',  dor? 
•(un^-^ent  en  nature  ou  en  t''i|uiy: 
leiU.    les    (itt'.ci!  rs    dil    mOme    rang 


^P^^^lm 


j&^m 


.  V  / 


■ft<  .,^' 


T'^itsik; 


TREATY  OF  AMITY  AND  COM  MERCK,  1785 


23 


1 


the  close  of  the  war ;  and  the  said 
accounts  shall  not  be  mingled  with 
or  set  off  against  any  others,  nor 
the  bal/ances  due  on  them  be  with- 
held as  a  satisfaction  or  reprisal 
for  any  other  article  or  for  any 
other  cause,  real  or  pretended, 
whatever ;  that  each  party  shall  be 
allowed  to  keep  a  commissary  of 
prisoners  of  their  own  ajjpoint- 
ment,  with  every  separate  canton- 
ment of  prisoners  in  possession  of 
the  other,  which  commissary  shall 
see  the  i)risoners  as  often  as  he 
pleases,  shall  be  allowed  to  receive 
and  distribute  whatever  comforts 
may  be  sent  to  them  by  their 
friends,  and  shall  be  free  to  make 
his  report-,  in  o])en  letters  to  those 
who  employ  him;  but  if  any  offi- 
cer shall  brea<k  his  jiarole,  or  anv 
other  prisoner  shall  escajx'  from 
the  limits  of  his  cantonment,  after 
they  shall  have  bccii  designated  to 
hi  .,  such  individual  officer  or 
other  prisoner  sh;ill  forfeit  so 
nnicli  of  the  benefit  of  this  article 
as  provides  for  his  enlargement  on 
parole  or  cantonment.  And  it  is 
decl.'ired,  that  neither  the  pretence 
thp.t  war  di>-S()lves  all  treaties,  nor 
any  other  whatever,  shall  be  con- 
sidered as  annulling  or  suspend- 
intr  this  and  the  iiexi  preceding 
article:  but.  on  the  contrary,  that 
the  state  of  war  is  precisely  that 
for  which  tlnv  are  provided,  and 
during  which  thev  are  io  be  as 
sicredlv  observed  as  the  most  ac- 


(jui  >ont  a  son  propre  service ; 
(ju'elle  fournira  egalement  a  tons 
les  autres  pri.sonniers  une  ration 
pareille  a  celle  (jui  est  accordee 
au  soldat  de  sa  propre  armee.  l.e 
montant  de  ces  depenses  sera  paye 
par  I'autre  I'uissaiice.  dap.is  une 
li(|uidation  de  compte  a  arreter  re- 
ciproqueiiKUl  pour  I'entretien  des 
priMdiniers  a  la  tin  de  la  guerre; 
et  ces  comptes  ne  seront  point  con- 
fondus  ou  balances  avec  d'autres 
comptes.  ni  la  solde  (|ui  en  est  due, 
retemi''  comme  compensation  ou 
represailles,  pour  tel  autre  article 
ou  telle  autre  pretention  reellc  on 
supposec  II  sera  ])ermis  a  cha- 
cime  des  deux  I'uissanccs  tl'entre- 
tenir  un  C"ommis>aire  de  leur 
clioix,  dans  cliaque  cantonnement 
des  prisoiiniers  qui  soiit  au  pou- 
voir  de  I'autre ;  ces  commissaires 
auront  la  libirte  de  visiter  les 
prisonniers,  aussi  souvent  qu'ils  le 
desireront  ;  ils  pourront  egalement 
rcccvoir  et  distrilnier  les  douceurs 
que  les  parens  on  amis  d''s  i)rison- 
niers  leiir  feront  parvenir ;  enfin 
il  lerr  sera  libre  encore  de  faire 
leurs  rajjports  p;ir  lettres  ouver- 
tes,  a  ceux  (pii  les  enii)loyent  ; 
mais  si  un  ofticier  maiKiuoit  a  sa 
parole  d'hcinnenr.  ou  qu'un  autre 
prisonnier  sorfit  des  limites  qui 
ront  etc  tixees  a  son  cantonne- 
ment. tm  tel  officier  ou  un  autre 
[)ri<onnier  sera  frustre  individu- 
ellcmcnt  des  avantagcs  stipules 
dans  cet  article,  p-our  sa  relaxation 


mi    r^mm^z^^^i^^^^'T^^^F^i^Px^iy'. 


24    TRKATIKS  BETWEEN  THE  UNITED  STATES  AND  I'RUSSIA 


knowledged  articles  in  the  law  of 
nature  or  nations. 


Article  25 

The  two  contracting  parties 
grant  to  each  other  the  liberty  of 
having,  each  in  the  ports  of  the 
other,  Consuls,  Vice-Consuls, 
Agents,  and  Commissaries  of  their 
own  appointment,  whose  functions 
shall  he  regulated  by  particular 
agreement  whenever  either  party 
shall  chuse  to  make  such  appoint- 
ment ;  but  if  any  such  Consuls 
shall  exercise  commerce,  they  shall 
be  submitted  to  the  same  laws  and 
usages  to  which  the  private  indi- 
viduals of  their  nation  are  sub- 
mitted in  the  same  place. 

Articij:  26 

If  cither  party  shall  hereafter 
grant  to  any  othtr  nation,  any  par- 
ticular favour  in  navigation  or 
commerce,  it  shall  inmiediately  be- 
come common  to  the  other  party, 
freely,  where  it  is  freely  granted 


sur  parole  d'honneur  ou  pour  son 
cantonnenient.  Les  deux  Puis- 
sances contractantes  ont  declare 
en  outre,  que,  ni  le  pretexte  que  la 
guerre  rompt  les  traites,  ni  tel 
autre  motif  quelconque,  ne  seront 
cences  annuller  ou  suspendre  cet 
article  ct  le  precedent ;  niais  qu'au 
contraire  le  temps  de  la  guerre  est 
precisemcnt  celui  pour  lequel  ils 
ont  ete  stipules,  et  durant  lequel 
ils  seront  observes  aussi  sainte- 
ment  que  les  articles  les  plus  uni- 
versellement  reconnus  par  le  droit 
de  la  nature  et  des  gens. 

Articlk  25 

Les  deux  Parties  contractantes 
se  sont  accordti  mutuellenient  la 
faculte  de  tenir  dans  leurs  ports 
respectifs,  des  consuls,  vice-con- 
suls, agens  et  commissaires  de  leur 
choix  ct  dont  les  fonctions  seront 
determinces  par  un  arrangement 
particulier.  lorsque  I'une  des  deux 
Puissances  aura  nonmie  a  ces  pos- 
ies. Mais  dans  le  cas  que  tel.  ou 
autre  de  ces  consuls  veuille  faire 
le  commerce,  il  sera  soumis  aux 
memes  loix  et  usages.  aux(|ueK 
sont  soumis  les  particuliers  de  sa 
nation  a  I'endroil  ou  il  reside 

ARTicr.r.  26 

Lorsque  I'une  des  deux  parties 
contractantes  accordcra  dans  la 
suite  quclque  faveur  particuliere 
en  fait  de  navigation  ou  de  com- 
merce a  d'autrcs  nations,  elle  de- 
viendra  aussitnt  conmiune  h  I'au- 


^mmm':;^mmmm^ 


''kr^i^^^m>A^'^mm^ji^mmm\ 


TREATY  or  AMITY  AND  COMMERCH,  1785  25 

to  such  other  nation,  or  on  yield-      trc  partie  contractante,  ct  celle-ci 
ing  the  compensation,  where  such     jouira   de  cette   faveur.   gratuite- 


nation  does  the  same. 


Articlk  17 


nient,  si  la  concession  est  gratuite, 
ou  en  accordant  la  nieme  compen- 
sation si  la  concession  est  condi- 
tionelle. 

Articli.  27 

Sa  Majeste  le  Roi  de  Prussc 
et  les  lUats-Unis  de  I'Anierique 
sont  convenus  que  le  present  traite 


His  Majesty  the  King  of  Prus- 
sia and  the  L'nited  States  of 
America    agree    that    this    treaty 

shall  be  in  force  during  the  term  aura  son  plein  effet  pendant  I'es- 
of  ten  years  from  the  exchange  pace  de  dix  ans,  a  compter  de  jour 
of  ratifications;  and  if  the  expira-  de  I'cchange  des  Ratitications,  et 
tion  of  that  term  should  happen      que  si  I'expiration  de  ce  terme  ar- 


during  the  course  of  a  war  be- 
tween them,  then  the  articles 
before  provided  for  the  regula- 
tion of  their  conduct  during  such 
a  war,  shall  continue  in  force  un 
til  the  conclusion  of  the  treaty 
wliich  shall  reestablish  peace  ;  and 
that  this  treaty  shall  be  ratified  on 
both    sides,   and   the    ratifications 


rivoit  dans  le  cours  d'une  guerre 
entre  eux,  les  articles  ci-dessus 
stipules  pour  regler  leur  conduite 
en  temps  de  guerre,  ccjnserveront 
toute  leur  force,  jusqu'a  la  conclu- 
sion du  traite  qui  retablira  la  paix. 
I.e  present  traite  sera  ratifie  de 
part  et  dautre,  et  les  ratifications 
seront    echangees     dans     Tespace 


exchanged  within  one  year  from      d'une  annee,  a  compter  du  jour  de 
the  day  of  its  signature. 

In  testimony  whereof  the  Pleni- 
potentiaries before  mentioned, 
have  hereto  subscribed  their  nan. is 
and  affixed  their  seals,  at  the 
places  of  their  respective  resi- 
dence, and  at  the  dates  expressed 
under  their  several  signatures. 

R.  Fr.\nkli\. 


la  signature. 

En  foi  de  quoi  les  Plenipoten- 
tiaires  sus  nomtnes  out  signe  le 
present  Traite  et  y  ont  apjiose  Ic 
Caciiet  de  Icurs  amies,  aux  lieux 
de  leur  domicile  resjjcctif.  ainsi 
qu'il  sera  exprime  ci-dessous. 


Passy,  July  o.   17^?. 
Tii.  Jfffkrson.  [l.  s.] 

Paris,  July  28.  178 f;. 
John  .\nA%fs.  [l.  s.] 

London,  August  5.  I'Sfi. 
F.  G.  OK  Tmi,i:MF.ii:R.  ft.  s] 
A  la  Have  Ir  10  ScPtcmbre.  ITS';. 


Mm,mm^ 


Text  of  the  Treaty  of  1799' 


CuM- 


Tkiatv    (ii-    Amity     and    Cum-  Ikaitk    uAmitik    kt    m: 

M1;K(K  MtKCE 

Bct->^rrii  his  Majesty  the  Kiiu/  of  iintrf  sa  Maji-slc  Ic  i..    dc  Trussi-, 

Prussia  and  the   i'nitcd  Slates  el  Us  l-.tats-L ms  dc  rAincruiuc. 

cf  .  Iiiieiiea. 

His  Majesty  thu  Kint;  of  I'rus-  Sa  Maji-sic  li'  Roi  di-  I'nissc  el 

sia  and  the  I'liitcd  States  of  Amcr-  ie.   vaa\>-^  ni■^  d.-  1' AnierKiue    de- 

ica.   desiriiij;  to  maintain  u]h,\\  a  sirant    d'entretenir    siir    un    pied 

sta1)!e  and  ])ernianent  fooiinij  the  stal)le    et    permanent    les    haisons 
connections  of   <,'ood   understand- 
in'^  which   have  hitherto  so  ha])- 
pil>    suhsisted    l)et\veen    their    re- 
s])ective  States,  and  for  litis  pur 

pose  to  renew  the  treaty  of  amit)  d'Amitie  el   de  C'ommcrci 

and  commerce  concluded  helween  (tt    conch'i    entre    1 

the  two  Powers  at  the  Ha^'ue  the  -aiu- ■^  a  la  Have  k 

10th  of  Septemher.  1785.  for  the  hre  178.^.  puur  ]■'  i.    ■    •  de  dix  ;'.;• 

term  of   ten   years.    His    Prussian  ;u(>.    Sa     Majeste     I'lUs^ienne    a 

Majesty  has  nominated  and  con-  nonime  et  constitne  Scs   I'Knii"  - 

his     {'lenipoteliaries  tentiaires,   le    Sieur   Charles   ( iuil 


de  honne  inti'Ilis,'ence,  {|ui  ont  si 
lieureiiseiiKiit  sutwiste  jusiju'ici 
entre  l.eurs  h'.t.its  respectifs,  et  de 
reiiouveller  pour  cet  et''^,'t  le   Traite 

.   (|ui   a 

■  irux     i'ui<- 

fi'"'.  Siptem- 


stituted 

the  C'oimi  (  harles  William  de 
Finkenstein,  his  Minister  of  State, 
of  War.  aiifl  fif  the  Cahini't, 
l\nii,'ht  of  the  ( )rders  of  the  lUack 
Faille  and  ot'  the  Red  l'"atile,  and 
C'omniander  of  that  of  St.  John  of 


latiMH-  (  oiiite  de  i'inken^tein,  Sd'i 
Mini-!:'e  "I'l'.tat.  de  '^lurrc  et  de 
cahinet.  (  hevalicr  It^  i  irdrc>  (!'■ 
rAii;le-n(jir.  et  de  I'  \iL;li'-r(iUL:e.  e( 
<  cjiniiiandeur  de  celui  de  Si.  Iran 
de    KrU'^alfm  ;   I'-    Sirm"    I'lvlipjie- 


'  I  ".  .la-liiiifi  iulv  11,  17'":  r:i:i:  cati.';!  i<K'-i.l  I'V  tin-  Si-,:ilr  I'cliriKiry  18, 
ISOll:  ratiiic  cl  hs  I'li.  i'vrM,l.i|  I  .•rii.iiv  VK  1S(I(I:  r,itir;r:,ti..n<  oi'Mti^Ml  In:ic 
22.  1KII();  iir.'chiini' '1  !■%  'In-  P'-i. -i'L  iit  '\.".rnibrr  4.  1S(K),  Tliiv  ir.aty  c'X(iirf(l 
I.v  it-  .'\v!i  lnint,iti-iis'  Inn.-  -'_'  IHKV  l.\n  t".'  iTf .vi-.'. •;-  '■{  .\ nicU--.' 1.!  m  24 
nicli'-ivc  :\<r,  rcvivi '1  I  \  Articlr  \2  nt'  th.  tr<a!y  lA  M.iy  I,  lf<2H  (/«..„/.  |i.  .s'>), 
with  tl'r  .NCI  pliiin  I'l'  t'"'  last  |i,-iraur;iph  i>f  ihf  l'>tli  article  rilatinn  to  tr'atiis 
uitb  Gr.it  Uritaii).  ( '.  .S,  St.itutes  ,il  l.nr.ie.  vol.  S,  i>.  10-',  ami  v..l.  18,  p1.  2. 
p.  648:  Mall'iy.  Iredtus.  C'i'VenIi  <tis.  Internaluirnl  AeiS.  Prutiwils  and  Anrrc- 
n.K't  !',-l\v,-'n  the  t'm'.ed  S!,ites  and  Olher  V'Kecrs.  i;;i>-it/«ij.  p.  14S<> 


r'^iuMk'jfi^^'^-. 


-riv-.'f-'--. 


TK'I-AIN'  «)|-  AMITY  AND  COMMKKCK.  17W 


27 


Jtriisalciu ,  tlu'  Haroii  I'hilip 
Charles  d'Alvcnslchcn,  ;,i-,  Miii- 
istiT  of  State,  of  \\  ar,  and  of  tlic 
Cabinet,  Knijjht  of  the  Orders  of 
the  l{l-ick  l^a^le  and  of  the  Red 
Ka^'Ic,  and  of  that  of  St.  John  of 
leni-alcni;  and  tlie  Coinit  Chris- 
tian Henry  t  nrt  dc  I  laiiL;witz, 
his  Minister  of  State,  of  War. 
and  of  the  (  af)inet.  Kniijlit  of 
the  Orders  of  the  I^lack  i:a-le 
and  of  the  Red  I'lai.de ;  and  the 
President  of  tlie  I'nited  States 
has  ftirni.^hed  with  their  full  pow- 
ers J(jhn  Onincy  .\danis,  a  citi- 
zen of  the  I'nited  States,  and  their 
Minister  I'leni])otentiary  at  the 
Court  of  His  i'russian  Majesty: 
which  rienijiotentiaries,  after  hav- 
int;  exchanijed  their  full  powers, 
fonnd  in  i;ood  and  fhie  form,  have 
conchided,  settled,  and  siijncd  the 
followinj,'  articles  : 

.Nrticij-  T 

There  shall  he  in  future,  as 
there  has  been  hitherto,  a  firm,  in- 
violable, and  universal  jieace  and  a 
sincere  friendship  between  I  lis 
Majesty  the  Kin^  of  Prussia,  his 
heirs,  successors,  and  subjects,  on 
the  one  p.irt.  ,ind  the  United  States 
of  America  and  their  citizens  on 
the  other,  without  exception  of 
persons  or  places. 

.\rtici.k  II 

The  subjects  of  Flis  Majcstv 
the  King  of  Prussia  may  frequent 


t  harles  I'.aron  d'.Mvensieber.,  Son 
.Ministre  d'Ktat,  de  guerre  et  dc 
cabinet.  Chevalier  des  (  Jrdres  de 
r  Xigle-noir,  ct  de  r.Xigle-rouge, 
et  de  celui  de  St.  Jean  de  Jeru- 
salem, et  le  Sieur  Cliretien- 
lienri-Curce-Comte  de  ilaugwitz 
Son  MiiMslre  d'lu.-il,  de  guei  n. 
et  de  cabinet,  I  hevalier  dc-.  (  ir- 
dres  de  I'.Xigle-noir,  et  de  IWigle- 
rouge;  ct  le  I'roident  des  Mtats- 
l  nis  a  muni  de  I  eur  ])lcinpouvoir 
Jean-Ouincy  .\dams  Citoscu  de-^ 
lUats-Cnis,  et  l.eur  ministre  Ple- 
nijjotentiaire  a  la  Cour  de  .Sa  .Ma- 
jeste  I'russienne;  l,es(|ncls  I'lcni- 
potentiaires,  ai)res  avoir  ccli,in-es 
Icnrs  ])leinpouvoirs.  trouves  en 
bonne  et  due  forme,  ont  conclu. 
arrete  et  signe  les  .Articles  sui- 
vans : 


.\ktici.i-;    I 

II  y  aura  dans  la  suite,  comnie 
par  le  passe,  une  paix  ferine,  in- 
violable et  univer^cllc  ct  nnc 
amitic  sincere  cntre  S;i  Majeste  le 
Roi  de  i'russc,  Scs  hcriiicr-.  suc- 
cesseurs  et  sujets  d'niie  ])art.  et 
Ic-;  luats-rnjs  ,1c  r.XnH-riiiue.  et 
I.eurs  Citoyens  d'autre  part,  san- 
exception  de  pcrsonnes  ou  de 
lieux. 

.\RT1(  I.K    II 

Les  sujets  de  Sa  Majc>tc  le  Roi 
de     Prusse    pourront     frequenter 


28    TRKATIFS  BKTWEl-X  THE  UNITED  STATES  AND  PRUSSIA 


all  the  coasts  and  countries  of  the 
United  States  of  America,  and  re- 
side and  trade  there  in  all  sorts 
of  i)rodiice,  manufactures,  and 
merchandize,  and  shall  pay  there 
ni)  other  or  ffreater  duties,  charge 
or  fees  whatsoever  than  the  most 
favoured  nations  are  or  shall  he 
obliged  to  pay.  They  shall  also 
enjoy  in  navigation  and  conmierce 
all  the  rights,  privileges,  and  ex- 
emptions which  the  most  favoured 
nation  docs  or  shall  enjoy,  sub- 
mitting themselves,  nevertheless, 
to  the  ('stal)li>lu(i  laws  and  usages 
to  which  are  subtnitti'd  the  citi- 
zens of  the  United  States  .ind  t'lc 
most  favoured  nations. 


toutes  les  cotes  et  les  pays  des 
Etats-L'nis  de  rAmeriijue,  y  re- 
sider  et  tratiquer  en  toutes  sortes 
de  productions,  manufactures  et 
marchandises,  et  n'y  payeront 
d'autres  ni  de  plus  forts  imjiots, 
charges  ou  droits,  que  ceux  tpie 
les  nations  les  plus  favorisees  sont 
ou  seront  obligees  de  |)ayer.  lis 
jouiront  aussi  dans  la  n.ivigation 
et  le  conmierce.  de  lous  les  droits, 
privileges  et  exemptions  dont 
jouit  ou  jouira  la  n.ition  la  plus 
favorisec-  se  souniettant  nean- 
moins  aux  lois  ft  u>aL;e';  etablis. 
aux(|uels  sont  soumis  les  Citovens 
de--  i'.iats-Uiiis,  et  !e^  iKitioii^  les 
\)\u>  fnvdrisees. 


Articlf;  III 

In  like  manner,  the  citizens  of 
the  United  Sta'es  of  America  may 
frequent  ail  the  coasts  and  coun- 
tries of  Ili>  Majesty  the  King  of 
Prussia,  and  reside  and  trade  there 
in  all  s(ir'  -  of  produce,  manufac- 
tures, and  merchandize,  and  shall 
pay.  in  the  dominions  of  his  said 
Majesty,  no  other  or  greater  du- 
ti<'--.  charges,  or  fees  whatsoever 
than  the  mo-t  favoured  nation  i< 
or  sh.ill  be  obliged  to  pav ;  and 
tbt'v  sh.-ill  enjoy  all  the  rights, 
privilem's.  and  exemptions  in  nav- 
igation and  commerce  whiih  the 
mo-it  frivciurcd  n.ition  docs  nr  sh.ill 
enjoy,  submittirii:  themselves,  iiev 
crtheless,  to  the  (-stablisli<(l  Inw^ 
and  usages  to  which  are  submitted 


Artici.i-   hi 

I'areillement  les  (  itoyens  des 
I-.tats  Unis  de  r.\tnerique  i)o-ar- 
ront  frecnienter  toutes  les  e.ites  et 
tons  les  pays  (k-  S;i  .M.ijcste  le  Roi 
de  Prusse,  y  resider  et  tr.iti(|iirr 
en  toutes  sortes  de  prdduiliuns, 
niamifactiires  et  nr  u-liandises,  it 
.le  jiayeront  d'autn-s  ni  ,|,.  plus 
forts  imjx'its,  cli.iri;es  on  droits, 
dans  les  dom;iiii(-  de  S.i  dile  M,i- 
jeste,  que  ceux  (pu-  la  naliini  la 
plus  favorisee  est  du  svr;i  obligee 
de  |)ayer  ■  et  ils  jouirunt  <\v  tons  les 
di'iits,  |)riviIeL;es  et  exemption? 
ilans  1,1  navigation  et  le  commerce, 
dont  jouit  ou  jonira  la  nation  la 
()lus  favorisee ;  se  souniettant 
neaiimoins  aux  loix  et  usages  eta- 
blis, auxipuls  sunt  soumis  les  su- 


TREATY  Of-  AMITY  AND  COMMERCFi,  1799 


29 


the  subjects  of   liis  Majesty  the  jets    dc    Sa    Majeste    le    Roi    dc 

King  of  Prussia  and  the  subjects  I'russe  ct  les  sujets  et  citoyens  des 

and  the  citizens  of  the  most  fa-  nation>  les  plus  favorisees. 
voured  natio--r 


Ar-!ct.-:  IV 


More  cti 


ti  -I;  p    ly  shall 


have  a  right  lo  c-u-  y  ''leir  own 
produce,  manufactures,  and  mer- 
chandize, in  their  own  or  any 
other  vessels,  to  any  parts  of  the 
dominions  of  the  other,  where  it 
shall  be  lawful  for  all  the  sub- 
jects and  citizens  of  that  other 
freely  to  purchase  them,  and 
thence  to  take  the  produce,  manu- 
factures, and  merchandize  of  the 
other,  which  all  the  said  c'*izens 
or  subnets  shall  in  like  maimer 
be  free  to  sell  to  them,  paving  in 
both  cases  such  duties,  charges, 
and  fees  only,  as  are  or  sliall  be 
I)aid  by  the  most  favoured  nation. 
Xeverthelcss,  Mis  Majesty  the 
King  of  Prussia  and  the  I'nited 
.States  respectively  reserve  to 
themselves  ♦''e  right,  where  any 
nation  restrains  the  transportation 
of  merchandize  to  the  ves-ells  of 
the  country  of  which  it  is  the 
j,'r(nvlli  or  manufacture,  tn  estab- 
li>b  against  such  nation  retaliat- 
ing regulation-; ;  and  also  the  riuht 
to  prohibit  in  their  respective 
Countries  the  iniiiort.ilion  and  ex- 
portation of  .ill  merch,iiidi/e 
whatsoever,  when  rca'^on^  of  state 
shall  re(]uire  it.  In  thi'^  case  the 
subjects  or  citizen-  of  either  of  tln' 


Artk  I.1-:  I\' 

l-ii  particulier  chacune  des  deux 
nations  aura  le  droit  d'importer  ses 
propres  productions,  manufactu- 
res, et  marchandises,  a  bo'd  de  ses 
propres  batimens  ou  de  tel  autre, 
dans  toutcs  les  parties  des  do- 
maines  de  I'autre.  oil  il  sera  per- 
mit a  tous  les  sujets  et  citoyens 
de  I'autre  nation  de  les  acheter 
librement  comme  aussi  d'y  char- 
ger les  productions,  manufactures 
et  marchandises  de  I'autre,  (pie 
tous  les  dits  sujets  ou  citoyens 
auront  la  liberie  de  leur  vendre, 
en  payant  dans  I'un  et  I'autre  cas 
tels  impots,  droits  et  charges 
seulement,  qui  sont  ou  seront 
paves  par  la  nation  la  plus  favo- 
risee.  t'ej)en(lant  Sa  Majeste  le 
Roi  (le  I'ni-se  el  le-  tCtats-l'iiis 
de  r.\meri(|ue  se  reservent  le 
droit,  au  cas  que  (puliiue  nation 
restreigne  le  tra!is|)ort  des  mar- 
chandises aux  vaisseaux  des  pays 
dont  elles  sont  la  production  ou 
la  manufacture,  d'etablir  eiivers 
cette  nation  des  reuK mens  recipro- 
(|Ues  ;  se  reservatit  de  phi';  le  droit 
de  prnhibcr  ilaii<  I,iMir<  p.iv-  re<- 
pectifs.  I'importation  ou  Texjior- 
tation  dc  lonte  m.irehandise  quel- 
cnn(|iie,  de'i  que  la  raison  d'etat 
I'txiui'.      Rn  ce  ra-  le<  sujets  ou 


'm^m  "^^<^: 


30     TRI-.ATII  S  I!l   lUKiN  IMF.  I'MIKD  ST.\Ti:S  AM)  I'KUSSIA 


contracting;  parties  sh.ill  not  im- 
port or  export  tlic  merchandize 
proliibited  by  tlie  otlier.  Hut  if 
one  of  the  contractiiii",  parties  per- 
mits any  other  nation  to  im])ort 
or  export  tin-  same  merchandize, 
tlie  citizens  or  sniijects  of  the 
other  shall  immediately  enjoy  the 
■-ame  liberty. 


Aktiiij-    \' 

I  he  nierchants.  cummanders  of 
vessels,  or  other  subjects  or  citi- 
zens of  either  party,  shall  not, 
within  the  ports  nr  jurisdiction  of 
the  other,  he  forced  to  tmload  any 
sort  of  merchandize  into  any  other 
vessels,  nor  to  ri'ccivc  them  into 
tluir  iiuii,  nur  to  wait  for  their 
beiiiL;  liiailed  liins,'er  than  tlicv 
I'lia-f. 


eitoyens  d'une  des  I'arties  C  ontrac- 
tantes,  ne  ponrront  importer  nr  ex- 
porter les  ir.archandises  ])rohibees 
par  I'autre.  .Mais  si  I'une  des  Par- 
ties C"i>ntractantes  permet  a  (|ucl- 
(pie  autre  nation  d'importer  ou 
d'exporter  ces  memes  marchan- 
dises,  les  eitoyens  ou  sujets  de 
I'autre  I'artie  C 'ontractante  joui- 
ront  tout  aus>it("it  d'une  libertc 
|i;ireille. 

\ki K  I.K   X 

I.es  marcliands,  comniandans  de 
v,ii-,seau\,  et  ;uitres  sujets  ou  eito- 
yens de  chacune  des  deux  nations, 
ne  seront  pas  forces  dans  les  ports 
on  dan-.  la  juridicliim  de  I'.iutre, 
de  di'cliarijer  aucunes  sorir^  de 
marchandises  dans  d'autre>  vai-- 
seaux,  ni  de  les  recevoir  :';  hord 
de  leurs  projjris  navire--,  ni  d'at- 
tendre  leur  char^'ement  plus  lonj;- 
tems  (ju'il  ne  leur  plaira. 


\k 


\I 


MMK  I.I     \' 


I  ii.i!  the  vt»eN  of  either  partv.  Pour  eviter  (pie  les  vaisseaux  de 

MclniL,'  wiihm  tlie  ports  or  juri^-      I'line  des  deux  Tarlics  t  ontnictan- 

diction  of   the  other,   may   not   be      tes  ne  soyent  inutilement  molestes, 

u  <ieiemis  dans  K^  |)orts,  on  sons 


UM'Ie>-ly  banished,  or  detained,  it 
i'-  au'reed.  that  .ill  e.\,iirin:Uions  of 
i;oo(U.  re(|iiired  by  the  laws,  sb.ill 
be  iiKulr  before  they  .are  laden  on 
bip.ird  the  \(-^el.  .md  that  there 
^li.ill  be  nil  examination  .after;  nor 
-ii.ill  tile  \r^-,i.|  be  s,  arched  ,-it  ,iii\ 
tune,  iinloN  .irtic!-'^  sb.ill  b.ive 
been  l.ideii  llicrii!;  rl;indi  ^tineK 
.in. I  illeL':ill\  ,  in  \..  bicb  i:i--e  '■.''■■■■  In  r 


l:i  juridiction  de  r.iuire.  il  ,i  etc 
ennvenu,  ipie  l.i  virile  des  mar- 
eh.indises.  nrdnnni'e  par  K  '  lix, 
se  feni  ,iv,iiit  (pi'ellcs  ne  sovent 
clLirtrti--  ~-\n  le  n,i\iri.  et  qu'en- 
sliile  elles  ne  vit,,iii  pbl-  ;issujct- 
lies  a  ;ineiine  virile.  El  en  ^ener.ll 
il  ne  se  fera  (niiiit  de  ncherche  a 
biird  dn   v.ii^^i-.-iii.  a  iimins  qu'on 


.>:.;,'i_i'ws,.i-'',' 


mm 


I 


TRl-ATN    OF  AMITV  AXfJ  O  )M  \!  1- lul-;,  ITW 


.-(I  \>y  wliDsc  (jrdtT  thi'v  were  car- 
ritii  on  Ixjard,  or  who  carried  tht-iii 
witliout  order,  shall  hi-  lialilc  to 
the  laws  of  the  land  in  which  he 
is,  !)ul  no  other  person  shall  he 
molested,  nor  shall  any  other 
K«ods.  nor  the  vessel,  he  seized  or 
detained   for  that  caii>e. 


ARTur.i.   \I1 

Ivach  party  shall  endeavour  hv 
all  the  means  in  their  power  to 
lirotect  and  defend  all  vessels  and 
other  etTects,  helonf^'inj;  to  the  citi- 
zens or  suhjects  of  the  other, 
which  shall  he  within  the  extent 
of  their  jurisdiction  hy  se.i  or  hy 
land :  and  shall  use  all  their  ef- 
forts to  rirover  ,ind  cin^e  to  he 
restorer'  to  the  ri^lit  owners  their 
vessels  .ind  effects,  which  -^liall  he 
taken  from  iheiti  within  th  ex- 
tent of  their  sa>d  jurisdiction, 

Arikii    \  111 

I  he  vessel  of  the  >uhjects  or 
citizens  of  either  p.irty,  comini;  on 
any  co;ist  helon^ini;  to  the  other, 
hut  not  willini,'  to  enter  nUo  port, 
or  who  enteritii;  into  port  ,ire  not 
willing'  to  iinlo.-id  their  cargoes 
or  hri;ik  hulk,  shall  have  hhertv 
to  de|),irt  and  to  juirsue  thiir  vov- 
ai,'e  \Mlhout  inole-,t,-itioti.  and  wilh- 
ou!    heiiij,'    ohlii,'ed    to    render    ac- 


ii'y  ait  char^'e  clandestinement  et 
ii  •.<,'aleinent  des  niarchandises 
proliihees.  Dan-,  ce  cas.  celui  par 
I'ordre  dutiuel  elles  out  etc  i)ortee'i 
a  hord,  on  celui  (|ui  les  y  a  portees 
^an>  ordre,  sera  soumi-  aux  lois 
du  pays  oil  il  se  trouve,  sails  que 
le  re-te  de  i\(|uii)aL,'e  ^oit  moleste. 
ni  les  autres  niarchandises  ou  le 
vai^-seau  ^aisis  ciu  detetms  par 
cette  raison. 

/   TULi.  \n 

(.'hacune  des  deux  I'arties  Con- 
tractantes  tachera  par  tou>  les 
nioyens  (|ui  seront  en  son  pouvoir, 
de  ])rote;,'er  et  de  defendre  tous 
les  vaisM-aux  et  autre>  etTets  ap- 
Itartcnant  aux  citoyens  ou  sujets 
de  I'autre,  et  se  trouvant  dans 
I'etendue  de  sa  jundiction  par 
iner  ou  par  terre  et  el'-  eni|)loyera 
tous  ses  etTort>  pour  ivrer    et 

faire  restitiier  ruix  proprietaircs 
lei,Mtinii'~.  !(■..  \;ii— eaux  et  "ffets, 
'|ui  leur  auront  ef.  -nleves  drm-, 
I'etendtle   lie   s;i   (hi      ni'-idicl 'on. 

Aktki.i;  \  Ml 

l.e^  v,iis>e;nix  des  sujet .  (ju  ci- 
toyen>  d'nne  des  deux  l'anie>  I  on- 
ttactanles.  .irnv.mt  ^ur  une  cote 
app,'.rtenani  ;i  IV.utre.  maw  n'avant 
p.i-  dr.>eiri  iretitrri  an  p..n.  .ni 
'|Ui.  en  ,  entrant,  ne  voudroient 
pl^-  dec!-"-"er  leur-  c,ir<.4aisoiis,  ou 
roninre  lenr  cti,ivvr.  .inroii  k;  h- 
herle  de  repartir.  el  de  ])iiur- 
■-uuii-    leiii-    route    s.in-    eni])cclie- 


.-.v 


IP^v 


3J    TRF.ATIF.S  RKTWKKN  THK  UNITED  STATKS  AND  I'l' 


\ 


ccmiit  ot  llu'ir  car^jo,  or  to  pay 
any  dutifs,  charges,  or  fees  what- 
'ioever,  except  t'lose  established 
for  vessels  entered  into  port,  and 
appropriated  to  the  maintenance 
of  the  port  itself,  or  of  other  es- 
tablishments for  the  safety  and 
convenience  of  navipjators,  which 
duties,  charjjes,  and  fees  shall  be 
the  same,  and  shall  be  paid  on  the 
same  footinj;,  as  in  the  case  of  sub- 
jects or  citizens  of  the  country 
where  thev  are  established. 


ment;  et  sans  etre  ob  .  dc  ren- 
dre  Lompte  de  leur  cargaison,  ni 
de  (Kiyer  aucnns  inipc'its.  charjjes 
oil  droits  quelconques,  exceple 
ceux  etablis  sur  les  vaisse.iux  une 
fois  ctitres  dans  le  port,  et  destines 
,1  I'eiitretien  du  port  meme,  ou 
a  d'autres  etablisseniens,  qui  ont 
pour  but  la  surete  et  la  commodite 
des  navigateurs ;  lesquels  droits, 
charges  et  impots  seront  les  me- 
mes,  et  se  payeront  sur  le  meme 
pied,  qu'ils  .;on'.  aci|uili's  par  les 
sujets  ou  citoycns  de  I'etat  oil  ils 
sont  etablis. 


Article  IX 

\\  hen  any  vessel  of  either  party 
shr.ll  be  wrecked,  foundered,  or 
otherwise  damaged,  on  the  coasts 
or  within  the  dominions  of  the 
other,  their  respective  citizens  or 
subjects  shall  receive,  as  well  for 
themselves  as  for  their  vessels  and 
effects,  the  same  assistance  which 
would  be  due  to  the  inhabitants  of 
the  country  where  the  damage 
happens,  and  shall  jiay  the  sai'ie 
charges  and  dues  only  as  the  said 
inhabitants  would  be  subject  to 
pay  in  a  like  ca<e:  and  if  the  op- 
erations of  repair  shall  rei|uire 
that  tlie  whdle  or  any  jiarf  iif  the 
cargo  be  U!il;i(lrd.  tin  v  <\\:\\\  pav 
no  duties,  ch.irges,  or  fci  ■^  on  the 
part  which  they  sti.ill  rel.ide  and 
carry  riw.iv  The  ancient  :nul  bar- 
barous right  to  wrecks  of  the  sea 
sh.'ill  be  entirelv  abcilislied  with  re 


Artk  i.i:   IX 

Au  cas  que  quelque  vaisseau  ap- 
partenant  a  I'uiie  des  deux  Par- 
ties C'ontractantes  auroit  fait  nau- 
frage.  echoue  ou  souffert  quelque 
autre  dommage,  sur  les  cotes  ou 
sous  la  domination  de  I'autre,  les 
sujets  ou  citoyens  respectifs,  rece- 
vront  tant  pour  eux,  que  pour 
leurs  vaisseaux  et  effets  la  meme 
assistance,  cpii  auroit  etc  fonrnie 
aux  habitans  du  pays  ou  I'acci- 
dent  arrive,  et  ils  payeront  seiile 
ment  les  meni'  ■-  charges  et  droits 
auxquels  les  dits  habitans  auroient 
etc  assujettis  en  cas  pareil.  F.t  si 
la  reparation  du  vaisseau  exigeoit 
que  la  cargaison  fnt  dechargee  en 
tout  ou  en  partie.  ils  ne  paveront 
ancnn  impot.  '■liaree  on  droit,  de 
ce  rpii  -.era  re  tuba  ii  pie  I'l  etnporte. 
T.'ancirti  et  barhare  droit  de  nau- 
frage     sera     etitieremenf     aboli    i 


^^  --  -t^^  M 


TREATY  OF  AMITV  AND  COMMKKCE.  1799 


33 


a 


spect  to  the  subjects  or  citizens  of      I'egard  des  sujets  ou  citoyens  des 
the  two  contracting  parties.  deux  Parties  Contractantes. 


AkTlCl.E     X 

The  citizens  or  subjects  of  each 
party  shall  have  power  to  dispose 
of  their  personal  goods  within  the 
jurisdiction  of  the  other,  by  testa- 
ment, donation,  or  otherwi.ve,  and 
tiieir    representatives,    being   sub- 
jects or  citizens  of  the  other  jjartv, 
shall  succeed  to  their  said  personal 
goods,  whether  by  testament  (jr  ab 
intestato,  and  may  take  posses>ion 
thereof,  either  by  themselves  (jr  by 
others  acting   for  them,  and  dis- 
pose  of   the   same   at    their    will, 
paying  such  dues  only  as  the  in- 
habitants of  the  country  wherein 
the  said  goods  are  shall  be  subject 
to  pay  in  like  cases.     And  in  ca>e 
of  the  absence  of  the  representa- 
tive, such  care  shall  be  taken  of 
the  said  goods  as  would  be  taken 
of  the  goods  of  a  native  in  like 
case,  until!  the  lawful  owner  mav 
take  measures  for  receiving  them. 
And     if     (juestion     should     .arise 
among  several  claimants  to  which 
of    them   the   said   good-    belong. 
the  same  shall  be  decided  linallv 
by  the  laws  and  judges  of  the  land 
wherein  the  said  goods  are.     And 
where,  on  the  death  of  any  person, 
holding  real  estate,  within  the  ter- 
ritories of  the  one  party,  such  re.il 
e-late  would,  by  the  laws  of  tlie 
latul,  de>;cend  on  a  citizen  or  Mib- 
ject  of  the  other,  wc'e  he  not  <li-.- 


.\kiu  I.K  X 

i.es  citoyens  ou  sujets  de  i'une 
des  i'arties  Contractantes  auront 
dan,s    es  Htats  de  I'autre  la  liberte 
de  disposer  de  leurs  biens  person- 
nels, soit  par  testament,  donation 
nu   autrement,   et   leurs   beritiers, 
etant  sujets  ou  citoyens  de  I'autre 
I'artie  Contractante,  succederont  .\ 
leurs  biens,  soit  en  vertu  d'un  tes- 
tament, ou  ab-intestat,  et  ils  pour- 
ront   en   prendre   possession,    soit 
en    personne,    soit    par    d'autres 
agissant  en  leur  place,  et  en  dis- 
poser a  leur  volonte,  en  ne  pavant 
d'autres  droits,  que  ceu.x  auxquels 
les  Iiabitans  du  jjays.  oil  la  succes- 
sion est  devenu  vacante,  sont  as- 
sujettis  en  pareille  occurrence.    Ia 
en  cas  d'absence  des  beritiers.  on 
prendra  i)rovisoirement  des  biens 
qui    leur    sont    eclnis.    k"    memes 
soins.  qu'oii  auroit  jiris  en  i^areille 
occasion  ile>   biens  des   natifs  du 
pivs.   jusqu'a   ce  que   le   proprie- 
taire    legitime    ait    agree    des    ar- 
rangemens   t^our    recneillir   I'heri- 
trii;e.     S  il  x'eleve  des  contestatiotw 
entre    ditTt  rciis   ))reiendans   ayant 
droit   ,1  la  -nciession,  elles  seront 
(kVi'lees  en  dernier  ressort  selon 
les  loix  et  p;)r  le-  juges  <|ii  pavs.  on 
la   -succession  est   vacante.     Et    si 
p.-ir  1,1   in(,-t   de  qnelqur   per-onne 
iMis-i'dnnt  (!>■-   biens- fnnds   sur  le 
terrifoire  (1.   I'mii'  de-  I'.-irtie^  I  nn- 


W' 


.»".*:        .       ^,- 


34    TRKATIRS  BETWEKN  THE  UNITED  STATES  AND  PRUSSIA 


(lualitied  by  alienage,  such  subject 
shall  be  allowed  a  reasonable  time 
to  sell  the  same,  and  to  withdraw 
the  proceeds,  without  molestation, 
and  exempt  from  all  rights  of  de- 
traction on  the  part  of  the  Govern- 
ment of  the  respective  States.  But 
this  article  shall  not  derogate  in 
any  manner  from  the  force  of  the 
laws  alre.idy  published  or  here- 
after to  be  published  by  Hi;- 
Majesty  the  King  of  Prussia,  to 
prevent  the  emigration  of  his  sub- 
jects. 


Article  XI 

The  most  perfect  freedom  of 
conscience  and  of  \vorship  is 
granted  to  the  citizens  or  subjects 
of  eith.'r  party  within  the  juris- 
diction of  the  other,  and  no  per- 
son shall  be  molested  in  that  re- 
spect for  any  cause  ether  th;m  an 
insult  on  the  religion  of  othi.>r> 
.Moreover,  when  the  subjects  or 
eiti:n^^  of  tlu'  one  jiarty  shall  die 
within  the  jurisdiction  of  the 
other,  their  bodies  shall  be  buried 
in  the  usual  burying-grounds,  or 
other  decent  and  suitable  places. 
;iiid  >lia1l  br  protected  from  viol;i- 
tidii  or  (li-lurli;mce. 


\mi\<  n:  XII 

F.xpcriciUT  Ii.iviiil;  pinMil.  that 
the  priiK-i|ilr  ail'  iplfd  in  the  twelt'lh 


traclantes,  ces  biens-fonds  ve- 
noient  a  passer,  selon  les  loix  du 
pays,  a  un  citoyen  ou  sujet  de 
I'autre  i'artie  ;  celui-ci,  si.  par  sa 
qualite  d'Etranger.  il  est  inhabile 
de  les  posseder,  obtiendra  un  de- 
lai  convenable  pour  les  vendre,  et 
pour  en  retirer  le  provenu  sans 
obstacle  et  exempt  de  tout  droit 
de  retenue  de  la  jiart  du  ( louverne- 
ment  des  l-.tats  respectifs.  Mais 
cet  article  ne  derogcra  en  aucune 
maniere  a  la  force  des  lois,  (|ui  ont 
deja  ete  i)ublices,  ou  qui  le  seront 
dans  la  suite  par  .Sa  .Majeste  le  Roi 
de  Prusse  pour  prevcnir  I'emigra- 
tion  de  Ses  sujets. 

,\rti(Li:  XI 

II  sera  accorde  la  plus  parfaite 
liberte  de  conscience  et  de  culte 
aux  citoyens  et  sujets  de  chaciue 
I'artie  L  oiUractante  dans  les  Etats 
de  I'autre  ;  et  personne  ne  sera  mo- 
leste  a  cet  egard  pour  quelque 
cause  que  ce  soit.  si  ce  n'est  pour 
insulte  faite  a  la  religion  de  I'autre. 
De  plus  si  des  sujets  et  citoyens 
de  I'une  des  i'arties  C'ontnictantes 
venoient  a  mourir  dans  la  jurisdic- 
tion de  I'.iutre.  leurs  cor|)S  sennit 
enterre<  d.an-  Irs  emlroits.  on  Ton 
a  la  c<iutuine  de  f.iire  les  eiUerre- 
niens.  ou  dans  tel  aiUre  lieu  dt'cent 
et  convenable.  et  ils  sfront  ]>rote- 
gf-'i  contre  toute  violence  et 
trouble 

\lM  II  I  I     \  1 1 

I  .'experience  ay;int  demnntre 
(|ue  le  |)rincipe  .-idnpte  daiH  I'arti- 


TREATY  OF  A.MITV  AND  COMMERCE,  1799 


35 


<  I 


I 


article  of  the  treaty  of  1785,  ac- 
cording to  wiiich  free  siiips  mai<e 
free    goods,    has    not    been    suffi- 
ciently  respected  during  the   two 
last   wars,  and  especially  in  that 
which  still  continues,  the  two  con- 
tracting parties  propose,  after  the 
return  of  a  general  peace,  to  agree, 
either    separately    between    them- 
selves or  jointly  with  other  Pow- 
ers   alike    interested,    to    concert 
with   the  great  maritime    Powers 
of  luirope  such  arrangements  and 
such  permanent  principles  as  may 
serve  to  consolidate  the  liberty  and 
the  safety  of  the  neutral  naviga- 
tion and  commerce  in  future  wars. 
And   if   in  the   interval  either  of 
the  contracting  partie:;  shf)uld  be 
engaged   in   a    war   to   which   the 
other  should   remain   neutral,   the 
ships  of  war  and  privateers  of  tiie 
belligerent    Power    shall    conduct 
themselves  towards  the  merchant 
vessels  of   the  neutral    Power   as 
favourably   as   tl.e   course   of    the 
war  then  existing  may  permit,  ob- 
serving the  iirinciples  and  rules  f)f 
the   law  of  nations  generallv  ac- 
knowledged. 


Artici.k  XI 1 1 

.\nd  in  the  same  ca>e  uf  one  nf 
the  contracting  parties  being  <ii- 
gaged  in  war  with  anv  dtluT 
Power,  to  prevent  all  the  ditficul- 


cle  douze  du  Traite  de  17S5,  selon 
lequel :   les  vaisscaux  librcs,  rcn- 
dcnt  aiissi  Ics  imrchaudiscs  librcs, 
n  a  pas  ete  sutfisamment  respecte 
dans  les  deux  dernieres  guerres,  et 
nonimement   dans   cell*'   qui   dure 
encore,  les  deux  I'arties  L'ontrac- 
tantes  se  reservent  de  s'entendre 
apris  le  retour  de  la  paix  generale, 
soit     separOnient    entr'i:iles.    .soil 
conjointement  avec  d'autres  Puis- 
sances co-itituressee-.  pour  concer- 
ter   avec   les    grandes    Puissances 
maritimes    de    I'Europe.    tels    ar- 
rangemens   et   tels   principes   per- 
manens,  qui  puissent  servir  a  con- 
solider  la  liberte  et  la  surete  de  la 
navigation  et   du  commerce  neu- 
tres  dans  les  guerres  future*. 

f-.t  si  pendant  a-t  iinervallc 
I'tine  dcs  Parties  eontnictantes  se 
trouve  engagee  dans  une  guerre  a 
laquelle  I'autre  reste  neutre,  les 
vaisseaux  de  guerre  et  les  arma- 
tturs  (Ic  la  Puissance  belligerante. 
se  comporteront  a  Teirard  des 
batiments  marchands  de  la  Puis- 
".■mce  ni'utre.  ,iu>si  favnrable- 
nicnt  (|ue  l:i  rai-on  de  guerre  pour 
lors  exi--tante.  pnurra  le  pcrmet- 
tre.  en  observant  le-;  principes  et 
les  ri-.rle';  du  dmit  (\r<  ^j.-is  .,'ene- 
rali'niciit   rcfontuH. 

\kt:,  1,1    XIII 

r»ans  Ic  cas  on  i'uiie  <k'~  Parties 
(^mtnictantes  se  truuvcroii  (.-n 
■jucrn'  avec  um-  .-lutre  I 'iii-.-ane;-, 
il  a  (.'ti'  conveiiu  i|u-,'  pour  pn'vrnir 


30    TKEATIKS  BETWKICN  THE  UNITED  STATICS  AND  PRUSSIA 


tics  and  niisundcrsta'idings  that 
iKsiially  arise  respecting  imrchan- 
dizo  of  contraband,  such  as  arms, 
aninuinitiori,  and  niihtary  stores  of 
every  kind,  no  such  articles  carried 
in  the  vessels,  or  by  the  subjects 
or  citizens  of  either  party,  to  the 
enemies  of  the  other,  shall  be 
deemed  contraband,  so  as  to  in- 
duce confiscation  or  condemnation 
and  a  loss  of  property  to  individ- 
uals. Nevertheless,  it  sludl  be 
lawful  to  stop  such  vessels  and 
articles,  and  to  detain  them  for 
such  length  of  time  as  the  captors 
may  think  necessary  to  prevent 
tile  inconvenience  or  damage  that 
might  ensue  from  their  proceed- 
ing, i)aviiig,  however,  a  reason- 
able cumpensation  for  the  loss 
such  arrest  shall  occasion  to  the 
proprietors ;  and  it  shall  further 
be  allowed  to  use  in  the  service  of 
the  cajitors  the  whole  or  any  part 
of  the  military  stores  so  detained, 
paying  the  owners  the  full  value 
of  the  sriiiie.  to  be  ascertained  by 
the  current  ]irice  at  the  place  of 
its  destination,  i'ut  in  the  case 
supjiosed  of  a  vessel  stojtped  for 
articles  of  contraband,  if  the  mas- 
ter of  the  vessel  sto])ped  will  de- 
liver out  the  goods  supposed  to 
be  of  cunirabaiid  nature,  he  shall 
br  adnnllfd  U>  <!n  it.  ami  the  vessel 
■•IkiII  nut  in  th;it  oa-e  bi'  e.-irried 
into  anv  port,  nor  further  dc- 
tai'icii.  but  -'vilt  bo  nllnwed  t'l  pro- 
ceed on  her  vovage. 


ies  ditticultes  ei  les  discussions, 
qui  survieiinent  ordinaireinent  par 
rapport  aux  nurcliandises  de  con- 
trebande,  telles  que  amies  el  mu- 
nitions de  toute  espece,  aueun  de 
cus  articles  charges  a  bord  des 
vaisseaux  des  sujits  ou  citoyens 
de  I'une  des  I'arties,  et  desiiiivs 
pour  remienii  de  Tautre  ne  sera 
cense  contrebande,  au  point  d'ini- 
jjliquer  coutiscation  ou  condemna- 
tion, et  d'entrainer  la  perte  de  la 
propriete  des  individus.  Xean- 
nioins  il  sera  perniis  d'arreter  ces 
sortes  de  vaisseaux  et  effets  et  de 
les  retenir  pendant  tout  le  teins 
(pie  le  Treneur  croira  neeessair" 
pour  prevenir  les  inconveniens  et 
les  doniniages  qui  pourroient  en 
resulter  autrcment,  niais  dans  cc 
cas  on  accordera  une  compensa- 
tion raisonnable  pour  les  pertes, 
qui  auront  ete  occasionnees  par  la 
saisie.  Ft  il  sera  permis  en  outre 
au.x  Preneurs  d'employer  a  leur 
service,  en  tout  ou  en  partie  les 
munitions  militaires  detenues,  en 
payant  aux  I'roprietaires  h  pleine 
valeur.  a  determiner  sur  le  prix 
qui  aura  emirs  a  I'endroit  de  leur 
destination ;  niais  si  dans  le  cas 
enonce  dun  vaisscau  arrete  pour 
des  articles  de  contrebande,  le 
niaitre  dti  iiavire  consent  a  dc- 
livrer  le<  marchandises  .susprctcs, 
il  aura  la  liberte  de  le  faire.  ''t  le 
nnvire  nc  -era  phi-  Mini'iie  dans  le 
!v>rt.  ni  deteni!  plus  longtcms.  niais 
aiKn  toute  liberte  de  poursuivrc  sa 
rnntp. 


i>»^o»T,*«ttf<iPr*-^»s««  ifcasR^BSKSTS^.  jmirts':sckt.;^-5'"wrflki¥Tj-tBf 


57  mcf"  aTA 


;l 


n 


■I 


TKI.AT\-  (II-  AMITV  AXD  COMMERCE,  1799 


All  cannons,  nmrtars,  fire-arms, 
pistols,   bombs,   f^Tcnades,   bullets, 
balls,     muskets,     Hints,     matches, 
powder,    saltpeter,    sulphur,    cui- 
rasses,  pikes,   swords,   belts,   car- 
te aich  boxes,  saddles  and  bridles, 
beyond  the  (piantity  n-cessary  for 
the  use  of  the  ship,  or  beyond  that 
which  every  man  serving  on  board 
the  vessel,  or  passenger,  cught  to 
have;  and  in  general  whatever  is 
comprized  under  the  denomination 
of   arms   and    military   stores,   of 
what  descrijition  soever,  shall  be 
deemed  objects  of  contraband. 


Article  XIV 

To  ensure  to  the  vessels  of  the 
two  contracting  pati-es  the  advan- 
tage of  being  readily  and  certainly 
known  in  time  of  war.  it  is  agreed 
that  they  shall  be  provided  with 
the  .sea-letters  and  documents 
hereafter  si)ecitied: 

1.  A  i)assport.  expressing  the 
name,  the  jiroperty.  and  the 
burthen  the  vessel,  as  also  the 
name  and  dwelling  of  the  master, 
which  passport  shall  he  made  out 
in  good  and  due  form,  shall  be  re- 
newed as  often  a-  the  vessel  shall 
return  into  port,  and  shall  be  ex- 
hibited whensoever  required,  as 
well  in  the  ojien  sea  as  in  port. 
lUit  if  the  vessel  he  under  convoy 
of  one  or  more  vessels  of  war.  be- 
longing to  the  neiural  jiartv.  tiie 
simple   d.viaration  of   the   otilicer 


37 

.^eront  censes  objets  de  contre- 
bande,  les  canons,  mortiers,  amies 
a  feu,  jjistolets,  bombes,  grenades, 
boulets,  bales,  fusils,  pierres  a  feu, 
meches.  poudre,  salpetre,  soufFre, 
cuirasses,  picjues,  epees.  ceintu- 
rons.  poches  a  cartouches,  .selles 
ft  brides,  au  dela  de  la  quantite 
necessaire  pour  I'usage  du  vais- 
seau,  et  au  dela  de  celle  que  doit 
avoir  chaque  homme  servant  sur 
le  vaisseau,  ou  passager  et  en  ge- 
neral tout  ce  qui  est  compris  sous 
la  denomination  d'armes  et  de 
munitions  de  guerre,  de  quelque 
espece  qu'elles  puissent  etre. 

-XRTirr.K  XI\' 

Pour  assurer  au.x  vaisseaux  des 
deux  I'arties  L'ontractantes,ra van- 
tage d'etre  promptement  et  sure- 
ment  reconnus  en  terns  de  guerre, 
on  est  convenu  qu'ils  devront  etre 
numis  des  lettres  de  mer  et  docu- 
mens  specifies  ci-apres  : 

1" ".  D'un  I'asseport,  exprimant 
le  nom,  le  proprietaire  et  le  port 
du  navire.  ainsi  que  le  nom  et  le 
ilomicile  du  maitre.  Ces  Passe- 
i)orts  qui  seront  expedies  en  bonne 
et  due  forme,  devront  etre  renou- 
velles  toutes  les  foi-,  (|ue  le  vais- 
seau retournera  dans  son  port,  et 
seront  exhibes  a  chaque  requisi- 
tion, tant  en  pleine  mer  que  dans 
le  port.  Mais  si  le  navire  se 
trouve  sous  le  convoy  d'un  ou  de 
I>lusieurs  vaisseaux  de  guerre,  ap- 
partenants   a   la   partie   neutre,   il 


'^*t.T%<w.i'r;nv;'«n.? .  ■ss^^'^mnmtmamiiM.isi* 


sra.rmv  jwf*^ 


38    TRKATIKS  HKTVVF-KN  THE  UNITED  STATICS  ANT)  TKUSSIA 

(.oiiiiiiandinj,'  tlu-  convoy,  that  tht-  sut'tira  que  I'ortkicr  coniiiiandant 
said  vessel  beloilfjs  to  llie  party  of  le  convoy,  declare  t|iu-  le  na\  lie  est 
which   he   is.  sliall  he  considered      de  son  parti ;  moyemiant  iiiioi  celle 


simple  declaration  sera  censee 
etahlir  le  lait  et  dispensera  les 
den\  Parties  ile  toute  visiti'  nite- 
rieure 

2''".,  De  la  Certe-partie :  c'esl  a 
(lire.  (Ill  coiitrad  ])as>e  ])our  Ir  fret 
de  tout  le  navire.  ou  des  cotniois- 
senieiits  doniies  pour  la  cari;ai^on 
en  j;eneral :  el  ,V"'.  dn  role  d'eqiii- 
paj,'e  conteiianl  I'indieatioii  iKinii- 
nak'  et  detaillee  des  pcrsonnes.  <|ui 
coniposenl  rei|iiip;ii;e  du  n.ivire. 

C'es  documents  serun!  tduimirs 
ex])edies  dans  l;i  fornu-  elahlie  a 
rendroit,  d'oii  lo  na\ire  .-iiira  mis 
;i  la  voile. 


as  estahlishiiif^  the  fact,  and  shall 
relieve  hoth  parties  from  the  trou- 
ble of  further  examination. 

2.  .\  charter-party,  that  is  to 
say.  the  contract  passed  for  the 
freiijlu  of  ihe  '.vhtile  vessel,  or  the 
hills  of  ladiiiL;  siven  for  the  car^'o 
ill  delai!. 

.1.  The  list  of  the  ship's  com- 
pany, coiitainini;  an  indication  hy 
name  and  in  detail  of  the  persons 
composing;  the  crew  of  the  vessel. 
These  documents  shall  always  be 
aatheiiticated  accordinj,'  to  the 
forms  established  at  the  place 
from  which  thi  m  ssel  shall  have 
sailed. 

As  their  iiroduction  ()iii;ht  to  he 
exacted  only  when  one  of  the  con- 
tractini:,'  parties  shall  he  at  war. 
and  as  their  exh'hition  ouijht  to 
have  no  other  object  than  to  prove 
the  neutrality  of  the  vessel,  its 
car!,'o.  and  company,  they  shall 
not  be  deemed  absolutely  neces-  leurs  carjjjaisons.  ils  ne  seront  pas 
sarv  on  hoard  such  vessels  belong-  censes  absolument  necessaires  a 
inir  to  ti.'-  neutral  party  as  shall  hnrd  des  navires  de  la  partie  neu- 
have  sailed  from  its  ports  before  tre.  qui  seront  sortis  de  ses  ports, 
or  within  three  months  after  the  avant  ou  trois  mois  npres.  que  le 
Ciovernment  shall  have  been  in-  riouvernement  aura  en  connais- 
formed  of  the  <tate  of  war  in  sance  de  I'etat  de  puerre  oil  se 
which  the  belligerent  p.irty  shall  be  trouve  la  partie  bcllitrerante.  Pen- 
enijaged.  In  the  interval,  in  de-  dant  cet  intcrvalle.  le  navire 
faul  'f  these  specific  documents,  pourra  an  defaut  des  documens 
the  neutrality  of  the  vessel  may  be      ci-dessus     specifies,     prouver     sa 


C'omme  leur  production  ne  doit 
etre  exiijee.  que  dans  le  cas  oil 
I'line  des  Parties  Contractanles  se- 
roit  en  t;ucrre.  et  que  leur  exhibi- 
tion ne  doit  avoir  d"autre  but.  ([ue 
de  prouver  la  neutralite  des  vais- 
<eaiix.   de   leurs  equipaLjes,  et   de 


«:*ccs?- «:.#3.-7"'«.'i'?aiii.-' 


TkF.AT'i-  OF  AMITY  AND  COMMKRCE,  1799 


39 


fi 


established  by  such  other  evidence 
as  the  tribunals  authorised  to 
jndf,'e  of  the  case  may  deem  suffi- 
cient. 

Ahtkli:  X\' 

And  to  prevent  entirely  all  dis- 
order and  violence  in  such  cases,  it 
is  stipulated  that,   when  the  ves- 
sels of   the  neutral  party,  sailing' 
without  convoy,   shall  be  met   Lv 
any  vessel  of  war,  public  or  p'ri- 
vate,  of  the  other  party,  sucii  ves- 
sel  of    war  shall    not    send   more 
than   two   or  thne   men    in   their 
boat  on  board  the  said  neutral  ves- 
sel to  examine  her  passports  and 
documents.     .\nd  all  persons  be- 
lonjiinj;  to  any  vessel  of  war.  pub- 
lic or  private,  who  shall  molest  (jr 
insult    in    any    manner    whatever, 
the  i)eople,   vessels,  (jr  et'lects  of 
the  other  party,  shall  be  respon- 
sible in  their  persons  and  property 
for   damages   and    interest,    suffi- 
cient security  for  which  shall  be 
given  by  all  commanders  of  pri- 
vate armed  vessels  before  thev  are 
connuissioned. 


Article  XVI 

In  times  of  war.  or  in  cases  of 
urgent  necessity,  when  either  of 
the  contracting  parties  shall  be 
obliged  to  lay  a  general  embargo, 
either  in  all  its  ports,  or  in  certain 
particular   places,   the   vessels   of 


neutralite  par  tel  autre  temoignage, 
que  les  tribunaux,  api)elles  a  juger 
du  cas,  trouveront  sulYisans. 

Aktk  i.i;  X\' 

i'lmr  preveiiir  entierement  tout 
desordre  et  tonte  violence  en  pa- 
reil  cas.  il  a  ete  stipule,  (jue  lors- 
qile  le>  navire>  de  la  I'artie  neutre, 
navigeant  sans  convoi,  rencontre- 
roni   (piel.pie    vaisseau   de   guerre 
public    on    particulier    de    I'autre 
partie,  le  vaisseau  de  guerre  n'en- 
verra  pas  plus  de  deux  ou  trois 
liommes,  dan.-  >u  chaloupe  a  bord 
du  navire   neutre   pour  examiner 
les  passeports  et  documents.     Et 
toutes  les  personnes  a[)partenantes 
a  quelque  vaisseau  de  guerre  i)u- 
blic  ou  particulier,  qui  molesteront 
ou  insulteront  en  que'que  maniere 
que   ce   soit    I'equiiiaue.    !c>    vais- 
seaux,  ou  elifets  de  I'autre  i)artie, 
seront  re-ixjiisables  en  leur>  per- 
sonnes, et  en  leurs  biens  de  lous 
dommages    et    interets,    pour    les- 
quels  il  sera  donne  caution  suffl- 
-ante  nar  tons  les  commandans  de 
vai.  seaux  armes  en  course,  avant 
(pi'ils  regoivent  leurs  commissions. 

.\KTicLr:    X\'I 

Dans  les  tem>  de  guerre  et  les 
cas  de  necessite  urgente,  oil  I'une 
des  Parties  lontractantes  se  ver- 
roit  obligee  detablir  un  embargo 
general,  soit  dans  tons  les  ports  de 
.'^a  domination,  sfiit  dans  certains 


"L-s:"  ja!K"a"«t.^  MSRSs^m^-ss^^  i«^' 


40    TKKATIKS  BliTWKKN  THE  UNITKD  STATES  AND  PRUSSIA 


the  other  party  shall  be  subject  to 
this  measure,  upon  the  same  foot- 
ing as  those  of  the  most  favoured 
nations,  but  with.out  having  the 
right  to  claim  the  exemption  in 
their  favour  stipulated  in  the  six- 
teenth article  of  the  former  treaty 
of  1785.  But  on  the  other  hand, 
the  proprietors  of  the  vessels 
which  fhall  have  been  detained, 
whether  for  some  military  expedi- 
tion, or  for  what  othet  use  soever, 
shall  obtain  from  the  Government 
that  shall  have  employed  them  an 
equitable  indemnity,  as  well  for 
the  freight  as  for  the  loss  occa- 
sioned by  the  delay.  .\nd  further- 
more, in  all  cases  of  seizure,  de- 
tention, or  arrest,  for  debts  con- 
tracted or  offences  committed  by 
any  citizen  or  subject  of  the  one 
party  within  the  jurisdiction  of 
the  other,  the  same  shall  be  made 
and  prosecuted  by  order  and  au- 
thority of  law  only,  and  according 
to  the  regular  course  oi  proceed- 
ings usual  in  such  cases. 


.•\RTicr.F,  XVII 

If  any  vessel  or  effects  of  the 
neutral  Power  be  taken  by  an  en- 
emy of  the  other,  or  by  a  pirate, 
and  retaken  bv  the  Power  at  war. 
they  shall  be  restored  to  the  first 
proprietor,  upon  the  conditions 
hereafter  stipulated  in  the  twenty- 
first  article  ff)r  cases  of  recapture. 


ports  particuliers,  les  vaisseaux  de 
I'autre  I'artie  resteront  assujtttis  a 
cette  niesure,  sur  le  meme  pied, 
que  le  seront  les  navires  des  na- 
tions les  plus  avantagees,  sans 
pouvoir  reclamer  I'exemption,  qui 
avoit  etc  stipulee  en  leur  faveur 
dans  I'article  16  de  I'ancien  Traite 
de  1785.  Mais  d'un  autre  cote 
les  proprietaires  des  vaisseaux. 
([ui  auront  ete  rctenus,  soit  pour 
quelque  expedition  militaire,  soit 
pour  tcl  autre  usage  que  ce  soit, 
obtiendront  du  (Jouvernenient  qui 
les  aura  employes  une  indemnite 
equitable,  tant  pour  le  fret  que 
pour  les  pertes  occasionnees  \nir 
le  retard. 

De  plus  et  dans  tous  les  cas  de 
saisie.  de  detention  on  d'arret, 
soit  pour  dettes  contraclees.  ou 
offenses  commises  par  quelque 
citoyen  ou  sujet  de  rune  des  P.ir- 
ties  Contractantes  dans  la  juris- 
diction de  I'autre.  on  proceflera 
uniquement  par  ordre  ct  i>:ir  an- 
torite  de  la  justice,  et  suivant  les 
voyes  ordinaires  en  pareil  ca^ 
usitees. 

ARTtn.r  W'll 

S'il  arrivoit  que  les  batiniens 
ou  effets  de  la  Puissance  neutr^- 
fussent  pris  [lar  renncnii  de  I'au- 
tre. ou  [lar  un  pirate,  et  eiisuiii- 
repris  par  la  Puissance  en  guerre. 
ils  seront  restitues  an  premier 
proprietaire  aux  ccnulilinns  qui 
seront  stipuUcs  ci-apres  dans  I'ar- 
ticle 21  pour  les  cas  de  repri-;i' 


'■^'ss?i'j&&isisstsL^Kams!m- 


5?^^:J> 


TKKAT^-  ()|.  AMITV  A\U  COMMEFUH,  l/W 


41 


Aktum;  X\  [H 

ll    the-  citizfii>   or   subjects   of 
either  party,  in  danger  from  tem- 
pests,  pirates,    enemies,   or   other 
accidents,  shall  take  tefuge,  with 
their  vessels  or  etTects.  within  the 
harbours    or    juriMiiclion    of    the 
other,  they  shall  be  received,  pro- 
tected, and  treated  with  humanity 
and    kindness,   and   shall   be   per- 
mitted  to    furnish   themselves,   at 
reasonable  prices,  with  all  refresh- 
ments, provisions,  and  other  things 
necessary    for    their    sustenance, 
health,  and  accomfm|odation,and 
lor  th-j  repair  of  their  vessels. 


Aktum,  W  Hi 


Articti    XIX 

The  vessels  of  war.  public  and 
private,  of  both  i>arties.  shall  carry 
freely,    wheresoever    they    please, 
the  vessels  and  effects  taken  from 
their   enemies,   without   being   oh- 
li^<'d  to  pay  any  duties,  charges, 
or  lees  to  ot'iicers  of  admiraltv.  of 
■le   custon-.s.   .)r   any  others;   nor 
■lall     such     prizes     be    arrested, 
-earche.l.  ur  put  under  legal  proc- 
!!■  II  they  come  to  and  enter 
"rt-  of  the     !her  party,  but 
freely   be   carried   out   again 
:ime  In-  their  captors  to  the 
exprc  -ed  in  their  comniis- 
■•vh)ch  ihe  commanding  ofili- 
such  vc-sel  sh.ill  be  ob!i._;e.l 
w-     P.nt.  conformablv  to  the 


;he 
Tir; 

--•IT!- 


f.orsque   les  citoyens  ou   sujets 
de  I'une  des  deux  Parties  Contrac- 
tantes  seront  forces  jjar  des  tem- 
petes  ou  par  la  poursuite  des  cor- 
saires    ou    vaisseaux    ennemis    ou 
par    quelqu'autre    .accident,    a    sc 
refugier  avec  leurs   vaisseaux  on 
effets  dans  les  havres.  ou  dans  la 
juridiction    de    lautre,    ils    seront 
re(:us.  proteges  et  traites  avec  hu- 
manite  et  honnetete.     II  leur  sera 
permis  de  se  pounoir  a  un  prix 
raisonnable  de   rafraichissements. 
de  provisions  et  de  toutes  chose-, 
necessaires.  pour  Imr  subsistance, 
sante  et  commodite,  et  jiour  la  re- 
paration de  leurs  vaisseaux. 

Artici.f:  XIX 

I-es  vaisseaux  de  guerre  publics 
et    i)articuliers    des    deux    Parties 
(  ontractantes    pourront    conduire 
en  toute  liherte.  partout  ou  il  leur 
plaira,     les     vaisseaux     et    effets 
qu'ils  auront  pris  sur  leurs  enne- 
mis,   sans   etre    oblige^    de   naver 
aucun-  impots.  charges  ou  droits, 
aux   (  )fficiers   de   T Amiraute.   des 
Douanes  on  autres.     Tes  jirises  ne 
pourront   etre    non   plus    ni   arre- 
tees.  ni  visiters,  ni  soumises  a  des 
pnicedures     legales.     en     entrant 
dans  le  oort  de  I'autre  partie.  mais 
elles  pourront  en  sortir  librement. 
ei    etr"   conduites   en    tout   t-mps 
par  le   vaisseau   preneur  au\-  cn- 
droits  portes  par  les  commissions. 


4J    TREATIES  BETWEEN  THE  UNITED  STATES  AND  PRUSSIA 


treaties      existing     between     the  dont  I'officier  commandant  le  dit 

United  States  and  CIreat  Bntain,  vaisseau  sera  oblige  de  faire  mon- 

no  vessel  that  shall  have  made  a  tre. 

prize  upon  British  subjects  shall         Mais,  conformement  aux  Trai- 

have  a  right  to  shelter  in  the  ports  tes  stibsistans  entre  les  Etats-Unis 

of  the  l"nited  States,  but  if  foiced  t.  I.i  ("rande  llretagne.  tout  vais- 


therein  by  tempests,  or  an>  other 
dunijer  or  accident  vi  ihe  sea.  they 
shall  be  obliged  to  depart  as  s(:":i 
as  possible. 


Akticli   XX 

\'(i  citizen  or  subject  of  either 
(if  ilie  contracting  p.irtits  Oiall 
take  from  any  I'ower  with  which 
the  other  may  he  at  war  any  com- 
mission (ir  letter  of  mannie.  for 
arming  any  vessel  U>  ;.ct  as  ;,  pri- 
vateer against  the  other,  on  pain 
of  being  punished  as  a  pirate :  nor 
shall  eitlier  party  hire.  lend,  or 
give  any  part  of  its  naval  nr  nnli- 
tary  force  to  the  enemy  of  the 
other,  to  Hid  them  offensively  or 
defensive      against  the  other. 


AHiKi.r.  XXI 

If  the  tun  contracting  parties 
shcinld  be  engaged  in  a  war  against 
a  common  enemy,  the  following 
points  shall  be  observed  between 
them : 


seal  qui  aura  fait  une  prise 
sur  des  sujets  de  cette  derniere 
Puissance  ne  sauroit  obtenir  im 
droit  d'asile  dans  les  ports  des 
Ktats-l'nis  et  s'il  est  force  d'y 
relacher  ]iar  des  tempetes  on  quel- 
que  autre  danger,  on  accident  de 
mer.  il  sera  oblige  d'en  repartir  le 
plutot  possible. 

.\Krui.i:  XX 

.\ucun  cituyen  ou  sujet  de  Tune 
ik~  denx  I'arties  I  ontractantes, 
n'accti)teni  ti'une  i'uissance.  avec 
hKiiuile  I'autre  pourroit  etr.-  en 
guerre,  ni  connnission.  ni  lettre  de 
in;in|nc.  i>onr  armer  en  course 
contre  eelte  derniere.  sous  jieine 
d'etre  puni  contme  pirate,  lu  ni 
inn  ni  I'.iutre  des  deux  Rtats  ne 
liiuija.  preteni.  nu  dunnera  vme 
partie  de  ses  forces  navales  ou 
militaires  a  I'ennemi  de  I'autre, 
l)our  laider  a  agir  offensivement 
ou  defensivement  contre  I'F.tat  qui 
est  en  guerre. 

Aktum    XXI 

S'il  arrivoit  (|Ue  les  deux  far- 
ties  Contractantes  fussent  en  me- 
nies  tems  en  guerra  c(-ntre  im  en- 
nemie  commim.  on  observera  de 
part  et  d'antre  le-^  points  suivans: 


"Hi 


TREATY  OF  AMITY  AND  CO^tMERCE.  1799 


43 


1.  If  a  vessel  of  one  of  the  par- 
ties, taken  by  the  enemy,  shall, 
before  being  carried  into  a  neutral 
or  enemy's  port,  be  retaken  by  a 
ship  of  war  or  privateer  of  the 
other,  it  shall,  \.ith  the  cargo,  be 
restored  to  the  first  owners,  for  a 
compensation  of  one-eighth  part 
of  the  value  of  the  said  vessel  and 
cargo,  if  the  recapture  be  made  by 
a  public  ship  of  war.  and  one- 
sixth  part,  if  made  by  a  privateer. 

2.  The  restitution  in  such  cases 
shall  be  after  due  proof  of  prop- 
erty, and  surety  given  for  the  part 
to  which  the  recaptors  are  entitled. 


.).  The  vessels  of  war.  public 
and  private,  of  the  two  parties, 
shall  reciprocally  be  admitted  with 
their  prizes  into  the  respective 
ports  of  each,  but  the  said  prizes 
shall  not  be  discharged  or  sold 
there,  until  their  legality  shall 
have  been  decided  according  to 
the  law>  and  regulations  of  the 
State  to  which  the  captor  belongs, 
but  by  the  judicatories  of  the  place 
into  which  the  prize  shall  have 
l)een  conducted. 

4.  It  vhall  be  free  to  each  partv 
to  make  such  regulations  as  they 
shall  judge  necessary,  for  the  con- 
duct of  their  respective  ves-els  of 
war,  pub'  ■•  and  i)rivate.  r.l.itive  to 
the  vessels,  which  thev  shall  take. 


1  '"•..  Lorsqu'un  navire  de  I'une 
des  deux  nations  sera  repris  par 
les  vaisseaux  de  guerre  ou  arma- 
teurs  de  I'autre.  avant  d'avoir  ete 
conduit  dans  un  ])ort  emiemi  ou 
neutre.  il  sera  restitue  avec  sa 
cargaison  au  premier  pni])rie- 
taire.  moyennant  une  retribution 
dun  liiiitit'iiic  de  la  valeur  du 
navire  et  de  1;,  cargaison.  si  la  re- 
prise a  ete  faite  i)ar  un  vaisse.au 
de  guerre,  et  d'un  sixiaiic,  si  elle 
a  ete  faite  i)ar  un  armateur. 

-'".,  Dans  ces  cas,  la  restitiuion 
n'aura  lieu  qu'apres  les  preuves 
faites  <ie  l,i  projiriete,  sou--  cau- 
tion de  la  (]uote-part,  qui  en  re- 
vient  a  cenx  qui  ont  rc()ris  le 
navire. 

.'"".,  Les  vaisseaux  di  guerre 
publics  et  i)articuliers  de-  deux 
I'arlies  (.'ontractames  seront  :ulmis 
reciproquement  avec  leurs  prises, 
dans  les  ports  ropeetifs  cepen- 
dant  ces  prises  ne  i)ourront  v  etrc 
decliari:tes  ni  vendues.  (|u'apres 
que  1,1  legitimite  de  la  prise  aura 
ete  decidee  -uivatit  les  l.iis  et  regie- 
men-  de  VVut  doni  le  (ireneur  est 
sujet.  mais  par  la  justice  du  lieu 
on  l;i  prise  .luni  ete  conduite. 

4'",.  II  sera  libre  ;'i  cli.icune  des 
Parties  (  ontractantes  de  f.iire  tels 
reglemens,  qu'F.lles  jugeront  ne- 
cessaires,  nlativement  a  la  con- 
duite que  (levrnnt  tcnir  respec- 
tivement      leurs      vaisseaux      de 


1.4* 


:m..-imxjfK 


44    TREATIES  BETWEEN  THE  UNITED  STATES  AND  PRUSSIA 


and  carry  into  the  ports  of  the  two 
parties. 


guerre  publics  et  particuliers  a 
I'etjard  des  batiniens  qu'ils  au- 
ront  pris  et  anienes  dans  les  ports 
des  deux  Puissances. 


Article  XXII 

When  the  contracting  parties 
shall  have  a  common  enemy,  or 
shall  both  be  neutral,  the  vessels  of 
war  of  each  shall  upon  all  occa- 
sions take  under  their  protection 
the  vessels  of  the  other  going  the 
same  course,  and  shall  defend  such 
vessels  as  long  as  they  hold  the 
same  course,  against  all  force  ami 
violence,  in  the  same  manner  as 
they  ought  to  protect  and  defend 
vessels  belonging  to  the  party  of 
which  thev  are. 


.Articlf.  XX hi 

i  f  war  should  arise  between  the 
two  contracting  parties,  the  mer- 
chants of  either  country  then  re- 
^i^lini;  in  the  other  shall  be  allowed 
til  remain  nine  months  to  collect 
tlieir  debts  and  settle  their  afTairs, 
and  may  depart  freely,  carrying 
olT  ;ill  their  i  lTect>  without  ntoles- 
taiioii  or  hindrance;  and  all 
wdiiiin  and  cbiMrdi,  -clinhirs  nf 
e\(T\  faoilty,  cultivators  of  the 
earth,  arti^an^,  niannfacturers.  and 
fi^luTiiuti.  vmarmcd  and  inhabit - 
iiii;  unfortitiifl  towns,  village'-,  or 
place'^.  and  in  general  .ill  others 
whose    occnf)atinns    are    for    the 


Artkli:  XXII 

Lorscjue  les  Parties  Contractan- 
tes  seront  engagees  en  guerre 
contre  un  ennemi  commun,  ou 
qu'Elles  seront  neutres  toutes 
deux,  les  vaisseaux  de  guerre  de 
I'une  prendront  en  toute  occasion, 
sous  leur  protection  les  navires 
de  I'autre,  qui  font  avec  eux  la 
meme  route,  et  ils  les  defendront 
aussi  longtems  qu'ils  feront  voile 
ensemble,  contre  toute  force  et 
violence,  et  de  la  meme  maniere 
qu'ils  protegeroient  et  defen- 
droient  les  navires  de  leur  propre 
nation. 

artki-i',  xxin 

S'il  survient  une  guerre  entre 
les  I'arties  Contractantes,  les  mar- 
chands  de  I'un  des  deux  I'.tats,  qui 
resideront  dans  I'autre,  auront  la 
permission  d'y  rester  encore  neuf 
niois,  pour  recueillir  ieurs  dettes 
.actives  et  arranger  Ieurs  atTaires 
apres  (|uoi  ils  pourront  partir  en 
toute  liberie,  et  enijiorter  tons 
Ieurs  biens.  s.in-.  etre  inolestes  ni 
einpcches.  I-e--  fennnes  et  le-  en- 
fans,  les  gens  dt-  lettres  de  ;  iites 
lis  facultis.  les  eultivatetn--.  arti- 
sans, maiiufacturier--  et  peilieitrs. 
qui  ne  sont  piiint  amies,  el  qui 
habiteiit    des    villes.    villa'_;es    ou 


TREATY  OF  AMITY  AND  COMMERCE,  1799 


coniiiion  subsistence  and  benefit  of 
mankind,  shall  be  allowed  to  con- 
tinue their  respective  employ- 
ments, and  shall  not  be  molested 
in  their  persons,  nor  shall  their 
houses  or  goods  be  burnt  or  other- 
wise destroyed,  nor  their  fields 
wasted  by  the  armed  force  of  the 
enemy,  into  whose  power  by  the 
events  of  war  they  may  happen  to 
fall;  but  if  anything  is  necessary 
to  be  taken  from  them  for  the  use 
of  such  armed  force,  the  same 
shall  be  paid  for  at  a  reasonable 
price. 


Article  XXIV 

•And  to  prevent  the  destruction 
of   prisoners  of   war,  by  sending 
them   into  distant  and   inclement 
countries,   or   by   crowding   them 
into  close  and  noxious  places,  the 
two  contracting  parties   solemnly 
pledge  themselves  to  the  world  and 
to  each  oth-r  that  they  will  not 
atlopt    any     such    pr.ictice :     that 
neither  will    send    the    prisoners 
whom    they    may    take    from    the 
oilur  into  the  Last  Indies  or  any 
ntlur  |)arts  of  Asia  or  Africa,  but 
that   tlicy  sli.itl  be  placcvj  in  m)iii(' 
I>arts  of   their  doniinimis   in    I'.ii- 
nipe    or    Atiierica.    in   whdlesnnie 
silualinns;  th.il   :hcy  -hall  not   he 
confined  in  dungeons,  jtrison-ship-. 


45 

places  non-fortifiees,  et  en  gene- 
ral   tous   ceux    dont   la    vocation 
tend  a  la  subsistance  et  a  I'avan- 
tage  commun  du   genre   humain, 
auront    la    liberie    de    continuer 
leurs    professions    respectives,    et 
ne  seront  point  molestes  en  leurs 
personnes,    ni    leurs    maisons    ou 
leurs  bien  incendies  ou  autrement 
detruits,  ni  leurs  champs  ravages 
par    les   armees   de   I'ennemi,   au 
pouvoir     duquel     ils     pourroient 
tomber  par  les  evenemens  de  la 
guerre ;  mais  si  Ton  se  trouve  dans 
la    necessite   de   prendre   quclque 
chose    de    leurs    proprietes    pour 
I'usagc    de    Tarniee    ennemie.    la 
valetir  en   >era   ])aye('   a   un   prix 
raisonnahle. 

Ahtkm:  XXI\- 

Afin  d'adoucir  le  sort  des  pri- 
sonniers  de   guerre   et   de   ne   les 
point  e.xposer  a  etre  envoyes  dans 
des  climats  eloignes  et  rigoureux, 
ou  resserres  dans  des  habitations 
etroites    et    malsaines.    les    deu.x 
Parties    Contractant^s    s'engagent 
solemnellement  I'nnc  envers  I'au- 
tro    et    a    la    face    de    ITtiivers, 
qu'Ililes    n'adiipteront    aucun     de 
ci's    iisa','0-,:    que    les    ])risonniers 
(|u'I'"!lcs  pmirmient  faire  Tune  sur 
lantrc    m-    >enint    transportes    ni 
aii\  Iiuir-  (~irii'nt,ile<.  ni  dans  au- 
rniie    contree    de    1'  \s,r    ,,n     de 
I'  \frii|in'.     tti.-ii-     rpt'on     Icnr     a<- 
'^iLMTTa   en   Kiirnpc.  nn   en    Anie- 
ri<]iif,   dans   lc^  tcrritoircs  rcspec- 


^'-rmr^ 


^vii?g^ 


46    TKKATIKS  BKTWKKN'  THE  UNITED  STATES  AND  PRUSSIA 


nor  prisons,  nor  be  put  into  irons, 
nor  bound,  nor  otherwise  re- 
strained in  the  use  of  their  limbs; 
that  the  officers  shall  be  enlarged 
on  their  paroles  within  convenient 
districts,  and  have  comfortable 
quarters,  and  the  common  men  be 
dis])osed  in  cantonments  open  and 
extensive  enough  for  air  and  ex- 
ercise, and  lodged  in  barracks  as 
roomly  and  good  as  are  provided 
by  the  party  in  whose  power  they 
are  for  their  own  troops ;  that  the 
officers  shall  ab.o  be  daily  fur- 
nished by  the  party  in  whosi' 
power  they  are  with  as  many 
rations,  and  of  the  same  articles 
and  quality  as  are  allowed  by 
them,  either  in  kind  or  by  commu- 
tation, to  officers  of  ei]ual  i.ink  in 
their  own  army ;  and  a'!  others 
shall  he  daily  furnished  by  them 
with  such  ration  as  they  shall  allow 
to  a  Common  soldier  in  their  own 
service:  the  value  whereof  shall 
be  |i,'iid  by  the  other  party  on  a 
mutual  adjustment  of  nccounts  for 
the  subsistence  of  prisoners  at  the 
close  of  the  war:  and  the  "-.nd  ac- 
counts shall  not  be  minu'led  with 
or  set  (itT  .against  run  others,  nor 
the  bal.'inccs  due  on  thcni  lie  with- 
held as  a  satisfaction  or  rrprizal 
for  any  otlur  article  or  Inr  .uiv 
oilier  cause,  real  or  prctenilcil. 
wliatcviT.  That  <'ach  party  shall 
be  .allowed  to  keep  a  coiiuniss.iry 
of  i>ri>onfr^  of  tin  ir  own  appomt- 
ninit.  wiili  ev<TV  >ijiar:ite  e;intoii- 


tils  des  Parties  C'ontractantes  un 
sejour  situe  dans  un  air  sain; 
qu'ils  ne  seront  point  confines 
dans  des  cachots  ni  dans  des  p'i- 
sons.  ni  dans  des  vaisseaux  de  pri- 
son;  (|u  ils  ne  seroiit  pas  mis  aux 
fers,  ni  garotes,  ni  autrement  pri- 
ves  de  I'usage  de  leurs  membres ; 
que  les  officiers  seront  relaclies 
sur  leur  parole  d'honneur  dans 
I'eneeiiUe  de  certains  districts,  (jui 
leur  seront  fixes,  et  qu'on  leur  ac- 
cordera  des  logemens  commodes ; 
que  les  simples  soldats  seront  dis- 
tribues  dans  des  cantoimemens 
ouverts,  assez  vastes  pour  i)ren- 
dre  I'air  et  I'exercice,  et  qu'ils  se- 
ront loges  dans  des  barraques 
aussi  spatieuses  et  aussi  com- 
modes que  le  sont  celles  des  trou- 
pes de  la  Puissance  ,iu  pouvoir  de 
l;i<]nelle  sf  trouvent  le-~  prison- 
t:i(  rs :  <|ue  cette  Pui~sance  I'era 
l>ourvoir  journellement  les  offi- 
ciers. d'autant  de  rations,  compo- 
ses des  memes  articles  et  de  la 
meme  qualite.  doiit  jouissent  en 
nature  ou  en  equiv.ileiit.  les  olti- 
ciers  (In  meme  rang,  qui  sont  a 
son  pro])re  -ervire  :  qu-F.Ue  four- 
nira  egalement  a  tons  les  autres 
prisonniers.  une  ration  parrille  a 
eellc  (|ui  est  accordee  au  soldat 
de  >a  proprc  ariiuc.  I.e  montanl 
de  ces  depenses  sera  pave  par 
I'autre  Puissance,  (r.iprrs  imc  II- 
(piid.ifion  de  compie.  a  arreter 
reeiprointement  pour  rentretien 
ties    prisfinnier-.    a    la    tin    dt     la 


■5r'*W 


Hlii7^ 


i;S'^- 


'^T»Sit^^ 


TRKATV  (Jl-  AM  [TV  AND  COMMERCE    1799 


nient  of  prisoners  in  possession  of 
the  other,  which  commissary  shall 
see  the  prisoners  as  often  as  he 
pleases,  shall  be  allowed  to  receive 
and  distribute  whatever  comforts 
may    be    sent    to    them    by    their 
friends,  and  shall  be  free  to  make 
his  reports  in  open  letters  to  those 
who  employ  him;  but  if  any  offi- 
cer shall  break  his  parole,  or  any 
other  prisoner  shall  escape   from 
the  limits  of  his  cantonment  after 
they  shall  have  been  designated  to 
him,    such    individual    officer    or 
other    prisoner    shall    forfeit    so 
much  of  the  benefit  of  this  article 
as  provides  for  his  enhrgement  on 
parole  or  cantonment.     And  it  is 
declared,  that  neither  the  pretence 
that  war  dissolves  all  treaties,  nor 
any  other  whatever,  shall  he  con- 
sidered as  annulling  or  susi)ending 
this  and  the  next  preceding  article  ; 
but,  on  the  contrary,  that  the  state 
of  war  is  precisely  tha»  for  which 
they    are    provided,    uiid    during 
which  they  are  to  be  as  sacredly 
observed    as    the    most    acknowl- 
<'dged  articles  in  the  law  of  nature 
and  nations. 


47 


guerre,  et  ces  comptes  ne  seiont 
point  confondus  ou  balances  avec 
d'autres  comptes,  ni  la  solde  qui 
t-n  est  due.  retenue  comme  coni- 
pensaticjii     ou     represailles     pour 
tel    autre    article,    ou    telle    autre 
pretension     reelle     ou     supposee. 
II  sera  perniis  a  chacune  des  deux 
i'uissances    d'entret- nir    un    com- 
missaire  de  leur  ch.ji.x.  dans  cha- 
qiie     cantonnement     des     prison- 
niers,    qui    sont    au    pouvoir    de 
1  autre.     Ces  commissaires  auront 
la    liberte    de    visiter    les    prison- 
mers,  au.ssi   souvent  qu'ils  le  de- 
sireront    ils    i)ourront    egalement 
recevoir    et    distribuer    les    dou- 
'■eur>.  ([lie  les  parents  ou  amis  des 
pri-.r)niiier^    leur   feront    parvenir: 
'ii'in   il  leur  sera  libn-  encore  de 
faire    leurs    rapixtrts    |)ar    lettres 
ouvertes,   ;i    ceux   ipii    les   emplo- 
ycnt.      Mais   si    un   ofticier   man- 
quoit   a   sa   ])arole   d'homieur.   ou 
qu'un  autre  prisonnier  sortit   des 
limites  qui  auront  ete  tixees  a  son 
cantonnement.    un    tel    officier    ou 
autre  prisonnier   -era    irustre   in- 
dividuellemeiit   des  a  vantages   sij- 
',<n\v-  dans  cet  article,  pmir  s,i  re- 
laxation sur  parole  d'honneur.  ou 
p"iir     srin     caiitonncnunt.        I.es 

'■'■IIX  l'llisN-UR\>Cni.!r;u-l;;il'a>s  ,,nt 
declare  en  oinn.  que  ni  le  prr- 
ti'xtc  <|U"  la  gi.ierre  rom])!  !,■> 
'''••lilr-,  ni  tel  autre  niotif  (|iirK-(>n- 
Miie  lie  -era  cen-e  :m!nilKT  .ui 
-"s,u.,u!n.  i-et  article,  .t  Ir  preee- 
d<'iit   Miais  iiuau  contraire  Ir  teiiis 


,:-:^mt&^'rA^ 


48    TREATIES  BETWEEN  THE  UNITED  STATES  AND  PRUSSIA 


Article  XXV 

The  two  contracting  parties  have 
granted  to  each  other  the  Hberty  of 
having  each  in  the  ports  of  the 
other  Consuls,  Vice-Consuls, 
Agents,  an  1  Commissaries  of  their 
own  appointment,  who  shall  enjoy 
the  same  privileges  and  powers  as 
those  of  the  most  favoured  na- 
tions; but  if  any  such  Consuls 
shall  exercise  commerce,  they  shall 
be  submitted  to  the  same  laws  and 
usages  to  which  the  private  indi- 
viduals of  their  nation  are  sub- 
mitted in  the  sn^ne  place. 

Articli;  XXVI 

If  either  party  shall  hereafter 
grant  to  any  other  nation  any  par- 
ticular favour  in  navigation  or 
commerce,  it  shall  immediately  be- 
come commt)n  to  the  '>ther  party, 
freely,  where  it  is  fretly  granted 
til  such  other  nation,  cr  on  yield- 
ing the  same  compen?;ition,  when 
the  yriiiit  i^  conditional. 


de  la  guerre  est  precisement  celui 
pour  lequel  ils  ont  ete  stipules  et 
durant  lequel  ils  seront  observes 
aussi  saintement  que  les  articles 
les  plus  universellement  reconnus 
par  le  Droit  de  la  nature  et  des 
Gens. 

Article  XXV 

Les  deu.x  Parties  Contractantes 
se  sont  accorde  mutuellement  la 
faculte  de  tenir  dans  Leurs  ports 
respectifs  des  Consuls,  \  ice-con- 
suls, Agens,  et  Commissaires  de 
Leurs  choix,  et  ils  y  jouiront  des 
memes  privileges  et  pouvoirs  dont 
jouissent  ceux  des  nations  les 
plus  favorisees.  Mais  dans  le  cas 
oil  tel  ou  autre  de  ses  Consuls 
veuille  faire  le  commerce,  il  sera 
soumis  aux  meines  lois  et  usages 
auxquels  sont  soumis  les  particu- 
liers  de  sa  nation  a  I'endroit  oi> 
il  reside. 

.\rticle  XXVI 

Lorsque  I'une  des  deux  Parties 
Contractantes  accordera  dans  la 
suite  quclque  faveur  particuliere 
en  fait  de  navigation  ou  de  com- 
merce a  d'autres  nations,  elle  de- 
viendra  aussitot  commune  a  I'au- 
tre  Partie  Cnntractante,  et  relle-ci- 
jouira  de  cette  faveur  gratuite- 
ment,  si  la  concession  est  gratuite, 
on  en  accordant  la  ineine  ci)mi>eii- 
s.'ition  si  la  concession  e^t  condi- 
tionelle. 


"W  *!?S«. 


.mmtr.  -ttijmhjem&VAmnm'iW  i^'-'^%im' 


.rj"  .V'S^'/jijaE:  ■«&■, 


TREATY  OF  AMITY  AND  COMMERCE,  1799 


Article  XXVII 

His  Majesty  the  King  of  Prus- 
sia   and    the    United    States    of 
America    agree    that    this    treaty 
shall  be  in  force  during  the  term 
of  ten  years  from  the  exchange  of 
the  ratifications ;  and  if  the  expira- 
tion of  that  term  should  happen 
during  the  course  of  a  war  be- 
tween them,  then  the  articles  be- 
fore provided  for  the  regulation  of 
their  conduct  during  such  a  war 
shall  continue  in  force  until  the 
conclusion    of    the    treaty    which 
shall  restore  peace. 

This  treaty  shall  be  ratified  on 
both  sides,  and  the  ratifications  ex- 
changed within  one  year  from  the 
day  of  its  signature,  or  sooner  if 
possible. 

In  testimony  whereof,  the  Pleni- 
potentiaries before  mentioned  have 
hereto  subscribed  their  names  and 
affixed  their  seals.  Done  at  Ber- 
lin, the  eleventh  of  July,  in  the 
year  one  thousand  se\  en' hundred 
and  ninetv-nine. 


49 


Article  XXVII 

Sa  Majeste  le  Roi  de  Prusse  et 
les  Iitats-Unis  de  I'Amerique  sont 
convenus    que    le   present    Traite 
aura  son  plein  eflfet  pendant  I'es- 
Pace  de  dix  annees,  a  compter  du 
jour  de  lechange  de3  Ratifications, 
et  que  si  I'expiration  de  ce  terme 
arnvoit     dans     le     cours     d'une 
guerre  entr'-Eux,  les  articles  ci- 
dessus  stipules  pour  regler  Leur 
conduite  en  temps  de  guerre,  con- 
serveront  toute  leur  force  jusqu  a 
la  conclusion   du  Traite,   qui   re- 
tabliia  la  paix. 

f-e  present  Traite  sera  ratifie  de 
part  et  d'autre,  et  les  ratifications 
seront  echangees  dans  I'espace 
d  une  annee,  a  compter  du  jour  de 
la  signature,  ou  plutot  si  faire  se 
peut. 

En  foi  de  quoi  les  Plenipoten- 
tiaires  susnommes  ont  signe  le 
present  Traite  et  y  ont  appose  le 
cachet  de  lerrs  armes.  Fait  a 
Berlin  le  onze  Juillet.  I'an  milie 
sept  cents  quatre-vingt  dix-neiif. 


John  Quintv  Adams.  , 

CHARLE.S  GriL,.AfMK  C.MTP.  m-:  F.NK-r.NSTKIx  ^  '' 

Pkiuppe  Chahles  n'A,.vp.v..,,KnEN.                 "  ^' '' 

C  HHKT.EX    IlENHr  Crce  O.mtk  ,„•:  HArr.W.T.  l's 


j: 


Text  of  the  Treaty  of  1828' 


Treaty  of  Commerce  and 
Navigation 
Betzi'ccn    the    United    States    of 
America,  and     'is  Majesty  the 
Kiiuj  oj   .  riissia. 

The  L'nited  States  of  America 
and  His  Majesty  the  King  of 
Prussia,  equally  animated  with  the 
desire  of  maintaining  the  relations 
of  good  understanding  which  have 
hitherto  so  happily  subsisted  be- 
tween their  respective  States,  of 
extending,  also,  anfl  consolidating 
the  commercial  inte:  course  be- 
tween them,  and  convinced  that 
this  object  cannot  better  be  accom- 
plished than  by  adopting  the  sys- 
tem of  an  entire  freedom  of  navi- 
gation, and  a  perfect  reciprocity, 
based  upon  principles  of  e(|uity 
equally  beneficial  to  both  countries, 
and  applicable  in  time  of  peace  as 
well  as  in  time  of  war.  have,  in 
consequence,  agreed  to  enter  into 
negotiations  for  the  conclusion  of 
a  treaty  of  navigation  and  com- 
merce :  tor  which  purjjose  the 
I 'resident  of  the  l'nited  States  lias 


Traite  de  Commerce  et  de 

XAVKiATlON 

Entre  Sa  Maje^te  le  Rai  de 
Prusse,  et  les  Etats  Unis 
d'Amerique. 

Sa  Majeste  le  Roi  de  I'russe, 
et  les  litats  Unis  d'Amerique, 
egalement  aninies  du  desir  de 
maintenir  les  rapiiorts  de  bonne 
intelligence  qui  ont  si  hcureuse- 
ment  subsiste  jusqu"ici  entre  Leurs 
ILtats  respectifs :  et  d'en  etcndre 
et  consolider  les  relations  com- 
merciales ;  et  convaincus  que  cet 
objet  ne  sauroit  etre  mieux  rem- 
pli  qu'en  adoptant  le  systeme 
d'une  entiere  liberte  de  naviga- 
tion, et  d'unc  parfaite  recipro- 
cite,  base  sur  des  principes 
•I'equite  egalement  avantageux 
:iU\  deux  I'ays.  et  applicables  en 
temps  de  paix  comme  en  temps  de 
guerre:  sont,  en  consei|uence.  con- 
veiius  d'entrer  en  negoeiation. 
])our  conclude  nn  Traite  de  Coni- 
iiKTce  et  de  XaviL'ation,  A  cet 
eflfet.  Sa  Majeste  le  Roi  de  Prusse 
a  iiuuii  de  PJeins  I'ouvoirs  le  Sieui 


'  ('..Mcli:.!  .!  \1,.>  I.  IS_>«:  ratifu-atinn  ailvi- ,1  l.y  ih.-  Sma!-  M.i>  4.  '.H.'B;  rati- 
fication auaii;  a'lvi-<'i|  ami  time  fnr  exclianuc-  ot  ratitiration-  fslriuli'd  hy  tlu' 
Senate  Mardi  ''.  1«2<';  ratituatinn-  excliaiitr.l  March  14,  1H."»;  proclaimed  t>y 
tl'c  I're-idciit  Marc'.  14,  1S."»  f.  V.  Statm.s  al  l.,u:u\  vol.  K,  p.  .17S.  ami  vol 
IH.  pt,  1.  p  ()?6:  Mallov,  I'rrnlics.  i  ••imiti^'iis.  I>ilrrii,ili.'iiil  .i,ts.  I'r.'iocols  and 
.l>l>r,}iunts  h,l:..-,-n   iiw   I'liitc;!  SttitiS  dnj  Ollirr  /'■•urrs.   ;-,-''/',"»;.  p.  14%. 


TRRATV  OF  COMMKRCE  AND  NAVIGATION,  1828  51 


conferred  full  powers  on  Henry 
Clay,  their  Secretary  of  State ;  and 
His  Majesty  the  King  of  Prussia 
has  conferred  like  powers  on  the 
Sieur       Ludwig       Xiederstetter, 
Charge  d'Affaires  of  Mis  said  Maj- 
esty near  the  United  States ;  and 
the  said  Plenipotentiaries,  having 
exchanged  their  said  full  powers, 
found  in  good  and  due  form,  have 
concluded  and  signea  the  follow- 
ing articles : 


ARriCLK    I 

There  shall  be  between  the  ter- 
ritories  of    the   high   contracting 
parties  a  reciprocal  liberty  of  com- 
merce and  navigation.    The  inhab- 
itants  of   their   respective   States 
shall  mutually  have  liberty  to  enter 
the  ports,  places,  and  rivers  of  the 
territories  of  each  party,  wherever 
foreign    commerce    is    permitted. 
They  shall  be  at  liberty,  to  sojourn 
and  reside  in  all  parts  whatsoever 
of  said  territories,  in  order  to  at- 
tend to  their  affairs ;  and  thev  shall 
enjoy,  to  that  effect,  the  same  se- 
curity and  protection  a3  natives  of 
the  country  wherein  they  reside, 
on  condition  of  their  submitting  to 
the  laws  and  ordinance-  there  pre- 
vailing. 

Articlh:  II 

Prussian  vessels  arriving  either 
laden  or  in  ballast  in  the  ports  of 
the  United  States  of  America,  and. 
reciprocally,  vessels  of  the  United 


f.udwig      Niederstetter.      Charg^ 
d'Affnires    de    Sa    dite    Majes'te 
prcis  les  Etats  Unis  d'Amerique; 
et   le    President    des    Etats    Unis 
(i'Amerique   a    muni    des    memes 
I'ouvoirs  Henri  Clay.  I.eur  Secre- 
taire d'Etat;  lesquels   Plenipoten- 
tiaires.  apres  avoir  echange  leurs 
dits    Pleins   Pouvoirs.   tnmves  en 
bonne  et  due  forme,  ont  arrete  et 
signe  les  articles   suivans : 

Artici.i:   r 

H  y  aura,  eiitre  les    Territoires 
des  Hautes  Parties  Contractantes. 
liberie  et  reciprocite  de  commerce 
et  de  navigation.    Les  habitans  de 
Leurs    Etats    respectifs   pourront, 
reciproquement,    entrer    dans    les 
ports,  places  et  rivieres  des  terri- 
toires de  chacune  d'i:ijes,  parloui 
ou  le  commerce  etranger  est  per- 
mis.     lis  seront  libres  de  s'y  ar- 
reter.  et  resider  dans  quelque  par- 
tie  que  ce  soit  desdits  territoires, 
pour  y  vaqucr  a  leurs  affaires ;  et 
ils    jouiroiit,    a    cet    effet.    de'  la 
nieme   securite  et    protection   que 
Ii's  habitans  du  pays  dans  I,-(|up1 
ils  resideront,  a  charge  de  se  sou- 
"lettre  au.K  lois  et  ordonnances  y 
etablies. 


Aktk  r.i;  H 

I-es    bAtimens    Prussiens    arri- 

vant,  sur  lest  on  charges  dans  Ics 

P'Tts  des  i:tats-Unis  d'Anu-rique; 

et,    recipnxiuement.    les   bAtimens 


If 


52    TREATIES  BETWEEN  THE  UNITED  STATES  AND  PRUSSIA 


States  arriving  either  laden  or  in 
ballast  in  the  ports  of  the  King- 
dom of  Pnissia,  shall  be  treated 
on  their  entrance,  during  their 
stay,  and  at  their  departure,  upon 
the  same  footing  as  national  ves- 
sels coming  from  the  same  place, 
with  respect  to  the  duties  of  ton- 
nage, light-houses,  pilotage,  sal- 
vage, and  port  charges  as  well  as 
to  the  fees  and  perquisites  of  pub- 
lic officers,  and  all  other  duties  and 
charges,  of  whatever  kiud  or  de- 
nomination, levied  in  the  name  or 
to  the  profit  of  the  Government, 
the  local  authorities,  or  of  any 
private  establishment  whatsoever. 

Article  III 

All  kinds  of  merchandise  and 
articles  of  commerce  either  the 
produce  of  the  soil  or  the  industry 
of  the  United  States  of  America, 
or  of  any  other  country,  which 
may  be  lawfully  imported  into  the 
ports  of  the  Kingdom  of  Prussia, 
in  Prussian  vessels,  may  also  be 
so  imported  in  vessels  of  the 
United  States  of  America,  with- 
out paying  other  or  higher  duties 
or  charges,  of  whatever  kind  or 
denomination,  levied  in  the  name 
or  to  the  profit  of  the  (Government, 
the  local  authorities,  or  of  any  pri- 
vate establishnu-nts  whatsoever, 
than  if  the  same  merchandise  or 
pro(Uice  had  been  imported  in 
Prussian  vessels.      And.    recipro- 


des  Etats  Unis,  arrivant,  sur  lest 
ou  charges,  dans  les  ports  du  Ro- 
yaume  de  Prusse,  seront  traites, 
a  leur  entree,  pendant  leur  sejour, 
et  a  leur  sortie,  sur  le  meme  pied 
que  les  batimens  nationaux  ve- 
nant  du  meme  lieu,  par  rapport 
aux  droits  de  tonnage,  de  fanaux, 
de  pilotage,  de  sauvetage  et  de 
port,  ainsi  qu'aux  vacations  des 
oflficiers  publics,  et  a  tout  autre 
droit  ou  charge,  de  quelque  espece 
ou  denomination  que  ce  soit,  per- 
Cus  au  nom  ou  au  profit  du  dou- 
vernement.  des  autorites  locales, 
ou  d'etablissemens  particuliers 
quelconques. 

ARTiri.r:  III 

Toute  espece  de  marchandises 
et  objets  de  commerce,  provenant 
du  sol  ou  de  I'industrie  des  Etats 
Unis  d'Amerique,  ou  de  tout  au- 
tre pays,  qui  pourront  legalement 
etre  importes  dans  les  ports  du 
I\oyaunie  de  Prusse  sur  des  bati- 
mens Prussiens,  pourront  egale- 
ment  y  etre  importes  sur  des 
h'ltimens  des  Etats  Unis  d'Ame- 
rique. sans  payer  d'autres,  ou  plus 
forts  droits  ou  charges,  de  qucl- 
c|Uf  espece  ou  denomination  que 
ce  soit.  pergus  au  nom  ou  au  pro- 
fit du  Gouvernemcnt,  des  autori- 
tes locales,  on  d'etablissemens 
particuliers  quelconques.  que  s'ils 
i-toient  importes  sur  des  batimens 
Prussiens. 


TKKATV  OK  COMMI-RCK  AND  NAVIGATION,  1828 


cally,  all  kind  of  merchandise  and 
articles   of  commerce,  either  the 
produce  of  the  soil  or  of  the  in- 
dustry of  the  Kingdom  of  I'rus- 
sia,  or  of  any  other  country,  which 
may  be  lawfully  impotted  into  the 
ports  of  the  United  States  in  ves- 
sels of  the  said  States,  may  also 
be  so  imported  in  Prussian  vessels, 
without    payinjj   other   or    hifjlier 
duties    or    charges,    of    whatever 
kind   or   denomination,   levied   in 
the  name  or  to  the  profit  of  the 
Government,  the  local  authorities, 
or  of  any  private  estahlishnients 
whatsoever,  than  if  the  same  mer- 
chandise or  i)roduce  had  been  im- 
ported  in    vessels   of   the   Tnite.! 
States  of  America. 

Article  I\' 

To  prevent  the  possibihty  of  any 
misunderstandin-,  it  is  hereby  de- 
clared that   the  stipulations 'con- 
tained in  the  two  preceding  articles 
are  to  their  full  extent  applicable 
to  Prussian  vessels  and  their  car- 
.goes  arriving  in  the  jorts  of  the 
I  tilted   States  of   America,   and 
reciprocally,  to  vessels  of  the  said 
States  and  their  cargoes,  arriving 
"1  the  ports  of  the   Kingdom  of 
IVussia.  whether  the  .^aid  vessels 
clear  directly   from   the  ports   of 
the  coumry  to  which  thev  respect- 
ively belong,  or  from  the  ports  of 
any  other  foreign  countrv. 


53 

lit  reciproquement,  tout  espece 
de  marchandises  et  objets  de  com- 
merce,   provenant    du   sol   ou    de 
I'industrie  du  Royaunie  de  I'russe, 
ou  de  tout  autre  pays,  qui  pour- 
roiit  legalcnient  etre  importes  dans 
Ics  ports  des  Htats  Lnis  d'Amer- 
"lue    sur    des    batimcns    desdits 
litats.  pourront  egalenient  y  etre 
importc's  sur  des  batimcns   I'rus- 
siens,  sans  payer  dautres  ou  plus 
torts  droits  ou  charges,  de  quel- 
que  espece  (.u  di-nomination  que 
ce  soit.  percus  au  n<mi  ou  au  profit 
du    r.ouvernenient.    des   autoritcs 
locales,    ou    detablisseinens    par- 
ticuhers     quel-conques,    qiu-     .'lis 
I'-toient  importes  sur  des  Iwtimens 
des  Ltats  I'nis  d'Anierique. 

Aktici.k  I\- 

Afin   de    prevcnir   tout   iiiesen- 
tendu   et    equivoque    possibles     il 
est    declare    que    les    stipulations 
contenues   dans  les  deux  articles 
precedens    .o„t.    dans    toute    leur 
plenitude,    applicables    aux    bati- 
mens    IVussiens   et    leurs   cargai- 
sons.  arrivant  dans  les  ports  des 
'•-tats  Ums  d'Amerique;  et  reci- 
proquement.    aux    batimens    des 
dus  Ei.us.  et  leurs  cargaisons.  ar- 
rivant Jans  les  ports  du  Rovaume 
de  Prusse.  soit  que  les  dits  bati- 
mens viennent  des  ports  du  pays 
auquel   ils   appartienncnt.   soit  de 
cenx  de  tout  autre  pavs  etranger 


H' 


i# 


II 


54    TRKATIF.S  BETWEEN  THE  UNITED  STATES  AND  TKLSSIA 


Article  V 

Xo  higher  or  other  duties  shall 
be  imposed  on  the  importation  into 
the  United  States  of  any  article 
the  produce  or  manufacture  of 
Prussia,  and  no  hightr  or  other 
duties  shall  be  imposed  on  the  im- 
portation into  the  Kingdom  of 
Prussia  of  any  article  the  produce 
or  manufacture  of  the  United 
States,  than  are  or  shall  be  pay- 
able on  the  like  artic'-"  being  the 
produce  or  manufacture  of  any 
other  fori.'ign  country.  Nor  shall 
any  prohibition  be  imposed  on  the 
im]K)rtation  or  exportation  of  any 
article  the  produce  or  n.anufacture 
of  the  United  States,  or  of  Prus- 
sia, to  or  from  the  ports  of  the 
United  .'states,  or  to  tir  from  the 
ports  of  Prussia,  which  shall  not 
equally  extend  to  all  other  nations. 


.\KruLi;  \ 

11  ne  sera  impose  d'autres  ni  de 
plus  forts  droits  sur  rimport.ition 
dans  les  Etats  Unis,  des  articles 
provenant  du  sol  ou  de  I'industrie 
du  Koyaume  de  I'russe;  et  il  ne 
sera  impose  d'autres  ni  de  plus 
forts  droits,  sur  riniportation  dans 
le  Royaume  de  Prus.-;e  do  arti- 
cles provenant  du  sol  ou  de  I'in- 
dustrie des  F.tats  Unis,  que  cenx 
qui  sont,  ou  seront  impixe-i  sur 
les  memes  articles  pnivcii.int  liu 
sol  ou  de  I'industrie  de  tout  autre 
pays  etrangcr.  De  meme  il  ne 
sera  im]iose  sur  I'iniportation  ou 
sur  rex])ortation  des  article-;  pro- 
venant du  sol  ou  de  I'industrie  des 
Etats  Unis,  ou  du  Royaume  de 
Prusse,  a  I'cntree  ou  a  la  sortie 
des  ports  des  Etats  I'nis,  ou  de 
ceux  du  Royaume  de  Prusse.  au- 
cune  prohibition  qui  ne  soit  pas 
egalement  applicable  a  toute  au- 
tre nation. 


Articli;  \'I 

All  kinds  of  nierchandise  and 
articles  of  commerce,  either  the 
produce  of  the  soil  or  of  the  indus- 
try of  the  United  States  of  .Amer- 
ica, or  of  .my  other  couiury,  which 
may  be  lawfully  ex])orted  from 
the  ports  of  the  .said  United  States 
in  national  vessels,  may  also  be  ex- 
ported therefrom  in  Prussian  ves- 
sels without  paying  other  or  higher 
duties    or    charges,    of    whatever 


Article  \'I 

Toute  cs]K'ei-  ile  m.irehandises  et 
objets  de  coniiiierce  provenant  du 
sol  ou  de  I'industrie  des  Etats 
Unis,  ou  de  tout  autre  pays,  qui 
pourront  etre  legalement  exportes 
des  ports  des  dits  Etats,  sur  des 
batimens  nationaux,  pourront 
egalement  en  etre  exportes  sur  des 
batimens  Prussiens,  .sans  paver 
d'autres  ni  de  plus  forts  droits  ou 
charges,  de  quelque  espece  ou  de- 


N*"" 


TKKA 


(>V  COMMrCKCE  AND  XAVICATION.  1H28 


'<in(l  or  (lenonniiatior,  Ievit<!  in 
I  Ik-  name  or  to  the  profit  oi  tlu- 
•  .')vernriR-nt,  the  local  authorities, 
or  of  any  private  eslahlishnieni. 
whatsoever,  than  if  th  ■  same  mer- 
chandise or  produce  had  been  ex- 
ported in  vessels  of  the  Inited 
States  of  America. 

An    exact    reciprocity    shall    he 
observed  in  the  ports  of  the  isini;- 
doni  of  Prussia,  so  that  all  kind 
of    merchandise   and    anicks    of 
commerce,  cither  the  produce  of 
the  soil  or  the  industrv  of  the  s.iid 
Kingdom,  or  of  any  other  coun- 
try,   which   may   be   lawfullv   ex- 
ported from  Prussian  jxirts  in  na- 
tional   vessels,    may    also    be    ex- 
ported therefrom  in  v-'ssels  of  the 
I'nited  States  of  America,   with- 
out paying  other  or  higher  duties 
or  charges  of    whate\er  l;ind  or 
denomination,  levied  in  the  name 
or  to  the  profit  of  the  C.overnment, 
the  local  authorities,  o-  of  anv  pri- 
vate    establishments    whatsoever, 
than  if  the  same  merchandise  or 
produce    had    been    exported    in 
Prussian  vessels. 


.Article  Vl.T 

The  preceding  articles  are  not 
aF)pIicable  to  the  coastwise  naviga- 
tion of  the  two  countries,  which  is 
rer.pectively  reser^-cd  by  each  of 
the  high  contracting  parties  ex- 
clusively to  itself. 


I 


iionnnatuiii  que  ce  soil,  pergus  au 
iK'in  ou  au  profit  du  ( iouverne- 
nieiit.  des  autorites  locales,  ou 
d  etablissemens  particuliers  quel- 
conques,  que  si  ces  menies  mar- 
chandises  ou  denrees  avoient  etc 
exiKirtees  par  batimens  des  Htats 
I'nis  d'Anierique. 

Une    parfaite    reciprocitc    sera 
obscrvee   d.ins   les   ports   du    Ro- 
yaume    .le    Prusse,    de    sorte    que 
tonte   e.si)ece   de  marchaudises   et 
objets  de  commerce,  ()rovenant  du 
sol  ou  de  I'industrie  du  Royaume 
de  Prusse.  on  de  tout  autre  pays, 
qui  i)ourront  etre  legalement  ex- 
portOs  des  ports  (hi  dit   R.,,ainne 
sur  des  batimens  nationaux,  jjour- 
ront   egalement   en   etre   export^s 
sur  des  batimens  des   F.tats  Fnis 
d'Anierique    sans    payer    d'autres 
ou  de  plus  forts  droits  ou  charges. 
de   quelque   empire  ou   denomina- 
tion que  ce  soit,  pergus  au  noni  ou 
an    profit    du    Gotivenuiiunr.    des 
autorites    locales,    ou    d'etablisse- 
mens      particuliers      quelconques. 
que  si  ces  marchandises  ou  den- 
rees avoient  ete  exportees  sur  des 
batimens  Prussiens. 

.\RTrcr.E  \"ir 

Les  articles  precedens  ne  sont 
pas  applicables  a  la  navigation  de 
cotes,  ou  cabotage  de  chacun  des 
deux  pays,  que  ITne  et  I'Autre 
fles  flautes  Parties  Contractantes 
se  reservent  exclusivement. 


f 


V 


P5 


56    TREATIES  BETWEEN  THE  UNITED  STATES  AND  I'RUSSIA 


Article  VIJI 

\o  priority  or  preference  shall 
be  (jiven,  directly  or  indirectly,  by 
either  of  the  contracting  parties, 
nor  by  any  company,  corporation, 
or  agent,  acting  on  their  behalf  or 
under  their  authority,  in  the  pur- 
chase of  any  article  oi  commerce, 
lawfully  imported,  on  account  of 
or  in  reference  to  the  character  of 
the  vessel,  whether  ii  be  of  the 
one  jiarty  or  of  the  other,  in  which 
such  article  was  imported ;  it  be- 
ing the  true  intent  and  meaning  of 
the  cc  .trading  parties  that  no 
distinction  or  dilTerence  whatever 
shall  be  made  in  this  respect. 


Article  \'III 

11  ne  sera  accorde,  ni  directe 
ment,  ni  indirectement,  par  I'L'nc 
ou  par  I'Autre  des  Parties  Con- 
tractantes,  ni  par  aucune  coni- 
pagnie,  corporation,  ou  agent, 
agissant  en  son  nom,  ou  par  son 
autorite.  aucune  prioritii  ou  pre- 
ference quelcoiKjue,  pour  I'achat 
d'aucun  objet  de  commerce,  le- 
galement  importe,  a  cause  ou  en 
consideration  de  la  nationalite  du 
navire  (pii  auroit  importe  les  dit> 
(ibjets.  soit  cpi'il  apparfienne  a 
rUne  des  Parties,  soit  a  I'Autre : 
I'intention  bien  positive  des  Par- 
ties Contractantes  etant.  (|u'au- 
cune  dilTerence  ou  distinction 
queIcon(]ue  n'ait  lieu  a  cet  egard. 


Article  IX 

ii  either  parly  .-.hiill  hereafter 
grant  to  any  nlher  nat.'on  any  par- 
ticular favor  in  na  ligation  or 
coiiimeree,  it  shall  immediately  be- 
eimie  eninmoii  in  llic  other  party, 
freely,  where  it  i^  freely  granteil 
to  such  other  n.ition.  or  on  yielding 
the  same  enmpensation,  when  the 
grant   is  conditional. 


Akticli     \ 

III!'  )  \\i<  iiinir.ieliii-  i.arlies  have 
graiiti  tl  lu  laiti  ntlier  the  liberty 
III  having,  f.ieh  in  the  purl-  uf 
the  iilher,  (  iii-n!  .  \'iec  (  niisiiK. 
.Agents,  .md  f  miiini'^^.ii  lis  uf  ihcii 


.■\rticle  IX 

.Si  line  des  i';ii[ie>  (.  muiaet- 
antes  accorde,  par  la  suite,  a  d'au- 
tres  nati(jns,  queUjue  faveur  parti- 
euliere.  en  fait  de  commerce  ou  de 
navigation,  ceite  faveur  devien- 
dra  aussitot  commune  a  I'anfre 
Partie.  (|ui  en  jouira  gnituile- 
nicnt.  si  la  conces<ii)n  e-it  gtatuite  ; 
on  en  accordant  la  meme  compen- 
sation, si  la  eoiiei'?.^ion  e^l  condi- 
liontu'lle. 

Arth  1  I-:  X 

l.es  (ieu\  I'arties  I'untr.ielaiite-. 
>e   soiit    accorde  mutuellemcnt    la 
f.ietilte  (le  tenir.  d.iUs  biii'^  |iorts 
rc-pectifv,  ill-.  IoiinuK.  \ie<'-<  on 
^iil-.     Xyeii'-    rl    ("ommissaires    de 


'It-^^T'^BP-. 


T^r'-X"?-" 


TREATY  OF  COMMERCK  AND  KAVIGATION'.  1828 


own  appointment,  who  shall  enjoy 
the  same  privileges  and  powers  as 
those  of  the  most  favored  nations. 
But  if  any  such  Consul  shall  exer- 
cise commerce,  they  shall  be  sub- 
mitted to  the  same  laws  and  usages 
to  which  the  private  individuals  of 
their  nation  are  submitted,  in  the 
same  place. 


The  Consuls,  \ice-ronsuls.  and 
Commercial  Agents  shall  ha\e  the 
right,  as  such,  to  sit  as  judges  and 
arbitrators  in  such  difTerences  a- 
may  arise  between  the  captains  an! 
crews  of  the  vessels  belonging  U> 
the    nation    whose    inter  >ts    are 
com-   itted  to  their  charge,  without 
the         rference  of  ihe  local  au- 
thorities, unless  the  conduct  of  the 
crews  or  of  the  ca)  .  ,,,1  should  di>- 
turh  the  order  or  tranquillitv  of  the 
country,  or  the  said  Consuls,  \ice- 
Consuls,    or   Commercial    Agents 
should  require  their  assistance  to 
cause  their  drcisions  »o  be  carried 
mid   I'tTect   or   supported.      It    i.. 
however,     uiidcrstuiid     that     this 
species  of  judgment    .r  arbitration 
shall   not   deprive  the  contendin.; 
parties  of  the  right  they  have  t.. 
resi.rt.  on  their  return,  to  the  judi 
cial  aulh.iritv.if  their  ,  uuntrv" 

Article  X  1 

I  he  said  Consuls.  \  ice-(  oiisnls, 
and  Commercial  \g<.ii>  ;,n-  aii- 
thoriM-d  (o  require  tl;e  assistance 
•  •f   the   local   authoritii-s.    f(,r   the 


leur  choix.  qui  jouiront  des  me- 
mes  privileges  et  pouvoirs  dont 
jouissent  ceux  des  nations  les 
plus  favorisees.  .Mais  dans  le  cas 
oii  les  dits  Consuls  veuillent  faire 
le  conmierce.  ils  seront  soumis 
aux  memes  lois  et  usages,  aux- 
quels  sont  soumis  les  particuliers 
'ie  leur  nation  a  I'endroit  oil  ils 
resident. 

f-es   Consuls.    \  ,ce   Consuls,    et 
•\,i,'ens    commerciaux.    auront     le 
droit,   comme   tels.   de    servir   de 
itiges  et  d'arhitres  dans  les  ditTe- 
rens  qui  jwurroient  selever  entre 
les  eapitaines  et  les  c-quipages  des 
hatmirns    de    la    nation    dont    ils 
so.gnent  les  interets.  sans  que  les 
autorites  locales  puissent  v  inter- 
venir.  a  moins  que  la  conduite  des 
i-quipages    ou     du    capitaine     ne 
froublat  Tordre  ou  la  tranquillite 
'In  l)ays ;  oti  que  les  dits  Consuls. 
\  ice  Consuls  ou  A-ens  commer- 
ciaux.  ne  requissent  leur  interven- 
tion pour  faire  executer  ou  main- 
tenir  leiirs  decisions    [;ien  enfruh, 
que  cette  .'spoce  de  jugement  on 
d'arbitrage    n<-    saurnjt.    pniirtaiit. 
priver  les  parties  contendantes  du 
'In 'it  <|uVlles  „„t,  a  |,„r  retour  de 
rec.urir  auv  autoril.s   judiciaires 
dr  leur  pays. 

ARTirrr  Xf 

I.es  dits  (^,nsuls,  \ice  C,,m- 
suls.  ou  Agens  commerciaiix.  s.-- 
!ont  autoris,-.s  a  requerir  Passis- 
lanee  des  autorites  locales.  po„r  la 


•M\ 


I  i 

f 


l«!5 


58    TkKATIES  BETWEKX  THE  UNITED  STATES  AND  I'kUSSlA 


st-arcli.  arrest,  and  imprisonment 
oi  the  deserters  from  the  ships  of 
war  and  merchant  vessels  of  their 
country,  l-'or  this  purpose  they 
shall  apply  to  the  competent  tri- 
himals,  judjjes,  and  ofificers.  and 
shall  in  writinj,'  demand  said  de- 
M'rters.  proviui;.  hy  the  exhibition 
nl  the  registers  of  the  vessels,  the 
rolls  of  the  criu,  or  hy  ntlur 
official  do>i  H-nts,  tha»  such  indi- 
viduals formed  part  of  the  cre\\>: 
and.  on  this  reclamation  beinj;  thus 
suhstanti.iU'd,  the  sur''end<'r  shall 
not  he  refused.  .Such  deserters, 
when  arrested,  shall  be  placed  at 
the  disposal  of  the  spid  Consuls. 
\  ice-Consuls.  or  Commercial 
.\s,'eiu-;.  and  may  he  confined  in  the 
public  prisons,  at  the  request  and 
cost  of  those  who  shall  claim  them, 
in  order  to  be  sent  to  the  vessels  lo 
which  they  belonged,  or  to  others 
of  the  same  country.  Rut  if  not 
sent  back  within  th'-cc  months 
fron)  the  day  of  their  arrest,  they 
shall  be  set  at  liberty,  and  shall  not 
be  ,ii:ain  arrested  for  the  same 
cau>e.  Hovvever.  if  the  deserter 
should  Ik'  found  to  have  committed 
any  crime  or  otTence.  h's  surrender 
may  be  delayed  imtil  the  tribunal 
before  which  his  c.i^e  ^h.ill  be  de- 
piiulini,'  -h:ill  have  pronounced  it'- 
venleiH'e.  ;ii)d  ■•ncli  -rnteiiee  shall 
have  been  c.irrii  d  into  itTect. 


recherche,  I'arrestation,  la  deten- 
tion el  remprisonnemenl  de^ 
de.serteurs  des  iiavires  de  {guerre 
et  marchands  de  leur  pays ;  ils 
s'adres.seront,  pour  cet  objet,  aux 
tribunaii.x,  juges  et  ofhciers  com- 
])etens,  et  redanieront,  \y,\r  ecrit. 
ie>  (lesertelirs  su>-menlior.nes,  en 
lirouvant,  par  la  communication 
de.s  rej;istres  dts  navires,  ou  n.les 
(U'  leciuipau'c,  ou  par  d'.iutres 
documens  ofticiels.  tjue  de  tels  in- 
dividns  ont  fait  partie  dcsdits 
equipages  et  cette  reclamation 
ainsi  jjrouvee,  I'extradition  ne 
.-■era  ])oint  refugee.  I  )e  lels  deser- 
teur>.  lorsi|u'ils  .luroni  ete  arre'.es. 
seront  mis  a  la  (lisjMisition  desdits 
(onsuls,  Nice  Consuls  on  Aliens 
conimerciaux.  et  pourront  etre  en- 
fernies  dans  les  prisons  iiubli(|ues, 
a  la  re(|uisition  et  an\  frais  tic 
ceux  (|ui  les  reclament.  pour  ctrc 
cnvoyes  aux  navires  auxquels  ils 
appartenoient,  ou  a  d'autres  de  la 
meme  nation.  Mais  s'ils  ne  sont 
pas  renvoyes  dans  IVsp/ace  de 
trois  niois,  a  compter  du  jour  de 
leur  arrestation.  ils  seront  mis  en 
liberte,  et  ne  seront  plus  arretes 
pour  la  meme  cause.  Toutefois, 
si  le  desertenr  se  trouvoit  avoir 
eommis  ()uel(|ue  crime  ou  delit.  il 
pourra  etre  sursis  a  son  extradi- 
tion, iusfpi'a  ce  que  le  tribunal 
sai»i  de  I'.-itTaire,  aura  rendu  sa 
sentence,  el  que  celle-ci  ait  Ti\\i 
son  execution. 


,e  •«...  atf.'7  ■v:^-^^:m^r  mm^m 


TKT-ATV  or  COMMKRCE  A\D  .\AVir.ATK)\.  \m 


Ahticlk  XII 

The  twelfth  article  of  the  treaty 
of  amity  and  commerce,  concluded 
between  the  i)arties  in  1785,  and 
the  articles  from  the  thirteenth  to 
the    twenty- fourth,    inclusive,    of 
that  which  was  concluded  at  15erlin 
in  ]?)'>.  with  the  exception  of  the 
last   iJaratjraph   in   the  nineteenth 
article.    relatiMi,'    to    treaties    with 
Cireat  I'.ritain,  are  he.vhy  revived 
with  the  same  force  and  virtue  as 
if  they  made  part  of  the  context 
of  the  present  treaty,  it  being,  how- 
ever, understood  that  the  stijfula- 
tions  contained  in  the  articles  thus 
revived  shall  he  alway-  considered 
as  in  no  manner  atTectini,'  the  trea- 
ties or  conventions  concluded  by 
either    party    with    oilier    pnv  ■•;.. 
during   the    interval    between    the 
expiration   of   the   said   treaty  of 
1"''9,  and  the  commencement  of 
the  operation  of  the  present  treat\ . 
The  parties  being  still  desirous, 
in  confornn'ty  with  their  intention 
declared  in  the  twelfth  article  of 
the  said  treaty  of  17'».  to  establish 
between  themselves,  or  in  concert 
with  other  maritime  Powers,  fur- 
ther provisions  to  ensure  just  pro- 
tection   and    freedom    to    neutral 
navigation    and    commerce,    and 
which  m;iy.  at  the  saire  time,  ad- 
vance the  cause  of  civilization  and 
humanity,  engage  again  to  treat  on 
this   subject   at    some    future  and 
convenient  period. 


ARTirLt:  XII 

l-'Article      douze      du       I  raite 
d'Amitie  et  de  Conunerce,  conclu 
entre  les   Parties  en   1785;  et  les 
A.rticles  Treize  et  suivans,  jusqua 
I'Ariicle    \  ingt-quatre,    inclusive- 
ment,  du    Traile  conclu  a   Herlin, 
t-ii   17'><).  en  exceptant   le  derniei 
paragraphe  de  lArticle  Dix-neuf, 
touchani      les     Traites     avec     la 
<-rande    Mretagiie,    sont    remi>   en 
vigueur,  et  auront  la  mcnie   force 
el  valeur  (|Ue  s'il>  laisoient  partie 
du  ])resent  Traits:  il  est  entendu, 
cependant     ,|ue     ks     stipulations 
i-o!itrn,u.   dans   les   .\rticles   ;unsi 
remi>  en  vigueur.  >eront  toujours 
ccn-ees  ne  run  ciumger  aux  Trai- 
tes et  (  onveiilioiis  concius  de  part 
et     dautre,    a\<c    dautre^     Puis- 
sances, d.m.  Initervalle  ecoule  en- 
trj,-    I'expiration    dudit     I  raite    de 
l/'";,  et  '-■  commencement  de  la 
misf  I'll  vigueur  du  i)resent  Traite. 
Les    Parties    Contractantes    de- 
^iraut   toujours.   conformement   a 
I'intention  declare  dans  lArticle 
Douze  dudit  Traite  de  17f»<).  pour- 
voir.    entre    Riles,    on    conjointe- 
ment    avec     d'autres     Puissances 
maritinies.  a  des    tipulations  ulte 
rieures  (jui   puissent   servir  a  g^i- 
rantir  une  juste  pr  -tection  et   li- 
berte  an  conunerce  et  a  la   navi- 
gation des  neutres,  et  a  aider  la 
c;.u-e  de  la  civilisation  et  de  Vhn- 
manite,     s'engagent     ici,     conniie 
alors  a  concerter  eu'-emble  snr  ce 
sujet.  a  quelque  (p<M|ue  future  rt 
convennble. 


y 


w/n^m.  ^m^vfmssw  '**  * 


if' 

iff , 


60    TREATIES  BETWEEN  THE  UNITED  STATES  AND  PRUSSIA 


Article  XIII 

Considering  the  remoteness  of 
the  respective  countric"  of  the  two 
high  contracting  parties,  and  the 
uncertainty  resulting  therefrom, 
with  respect  to  the  various  events 
which  may  take  place,  it  is  a-rt  >d 
that  a  merchant  vessel  I)elonging  to 
either  of  them,  which  may  be 
bound  to  a  port  supposed  at  the 
time  of  its  departuie  to  be  block- 
aded, shall  not,  however,  be  cap- 
tured or  condenmed  for  having  at- 
tempted a  first  time  to  enter  said 
port,  unless  it  can  be  proved  that 
said  vessel  could  and  o;:g;u  ■  j  have 
I-^arnt,  during;  its  vova;:;e,  that  the 
blockade  of  the  place  in  question 
still  continued.  Hut  all  vessels 
which,  after  havmg  been  wariKil 
oflF  once  shall,  durini^  the  same 
voyage,  attempt  a  second  time  to 
enter  the  same  blockaded  port, 
during  the  continuanco  of  the  said 
blockade,  shall  tiien  subject  them- 
selves to  be  detained  and  on- 
denuicd. 


Article  XIII 

Vii  i'eloignement  des  Pays  res- 
pectifs  des  deux  Hautes  Parties 
Contractantes,  et  I'incertitude  qui 
en  resuke  sur  les  divers  evene- 
mens  qui  peuvent  avoir  lieu ;  il  est 
convenu  qu'un  batiment  mar- 
chand,  appartenant  a  I'Une  d'El- 
les,  qui  se  trouveroit  destine  pour 
un  port  suppose  bloque,  au  mo- 
ment du  depart  de  ce  batiment,  ne 
sera  ccpendant  pas  capture  ou 
condamne,  pour  avoir  essaye  une 
premiere  fois  d'entrer  dans  iedit 
port,  a  moins  qu'il  ne  puis'^e  etre 
prnuve  que  Iedit  batiment  avoit 
pit  et  du  apprendre  en  route  que 
letat  de  blocus  de  la  place  en 
((uestion  duroit  encore ;  mais  les 
batimcns  qui,  apres  avoir  ete  ren- 
voyes  une  fois.  essayeroient.  pen- 
dant le  meme  voyage  d'entrer  une 
seconde  fois  dans  le  meme  port 
bloque.  durant  la  continuation  de 
ce  blocus.  so  trouveront  alors  su- 
jets  a  etre  detenus  et  condamne''. 


.Aktict.f  XI\' 

The  citizens  or  subjects  of  cruli 
party  shall  have  powe'  to  disiin^c 
of  their  personal  goo'ls  wi  'lin  the 
juri-^diction  of  the  other,  by  testa- 
ment, (Innatiiin,  or  utlurwise  ;  and 
their  representatives,  being  citi- 
zens or  subjects  of  the  other 
p.nrty,  •<\y.i\\  -ncet'ed  to  their  saiil 
prrsoiial  ui"  il-.,  whitlicr  by  te^ta- 


Artici.i:  XI\' 

I.fs  t  itoyens  oti  Siijcts  de  cha- 
cune  des  Parties  I'oiitr.ict.iiites, 
auront,  dans  li  ■.  F.tats  de  lautri-, 
la  liberie  de  (lis|ios(T  de  leurs 
biens  persnmiels.  -.oit  p:ir  testa- 
iiK-iil,  dnii;ilioti,  on  amr<iiictil,  et 
leurs  lieritiers.  etant  sujets  ou 
citoyens  de  I'antre  Partie  Con- 
tr.utaiitf.     siKieiliriiiu     ,'i     l<-urs 


TREATY  OF  COMMERCE  AND  NAVIGATION,  1828 


ment  or  ab  intestato,  and  may  take 
possession     thereof,     either     by 
themselves  or  by  others  acting  for 
them,  and  dispose  of  the  same  at 
their  will,  paying  such  dues  only 
as  the  inhabitants  of  the  country 
wherein  the  said  goods  are  shall 
be   subject  to  pay  in  like   cases. 
And  in  case  of  the  absence  of  the 
representative,  such  care  shall  be 
taken  of  the  said  goods  as  would 
be  taken  of  the  goods  of  a  na- 
tive, in  like  case,  until  the  law- 
ful owner  may  take  measures  for 
receiving  them.     And  if  question 
should  arise  among  several  claim- 
ants to  which  of  them  said  goods 
belong,  the  same  shall  be  decided 
finally  by  the  laws  and  judges  of 
the  land  wherein  the  said  goods 
are.    And  where,  on  the  death  of 
any    person    holding    real    estate 
within  tl..-  territories  of  the  one 
party,  such  real  estate  would,  by 
the  laws  ot  the  land,  (u  scend  on  a 
citizen   or    subject   of    the   other, 
were  he  not  .lis(|ualifii'd  by  alien- 
age, such  citizen  or  subject  shall 
be  allowed  a   reasonnble  time  to 
sell  the  same,  and  to  withdraw  the 
proceeds  without  molestation,  and 
exempt  from  all  duties  .f  detrac- 
tion, on  the  i)art  of  the  Govern- 
ment of  the  respectiv  .States.    But 
this  article  shall  not  derogate  in 
any  ttianner  from  the  force  of  the 
laws  already  piiblislicd.   or  lu-rc 
after  to  hv  piihli.hrd.  l)v  His  Maj- 


61 

biens,   soit   en   vertu   d'un   testa- 
ment, ou  ab  intestato,  et  ils  pour- 
ront  en  prendre  possession,   soit 
en    personne,    soit    par    d'autres 
agissant  en  leur  place,  et  en  dis- 
poseront   a   leur   volonte,    en   ne 
payant  d'autres  droits  que  ceux 
auxquels  les  habitans  du  pays  ou 
se  trouvent  lesdits  biens  sont  as- 
sujettis  en  pareille  occasion.     En 
cas    d'absence    des    heritiers,    on 
prendra     provisoirement     desdits 
biens  Ics  memes  soins  qu'on  au- 
roit  pris  en  pareille  occasion  des 
biens  des  natifs  du  pays,  jusqu'a 
ce  que  le  proprielaire  legitime  ait 
agree  des  arrangemens   pour   re- 
cueillir     Theritage.      S'il     seleve 
des  contestations   entre   diflfcrens 
preiendans  ayant  droit  a  la  suc- 
cession,  elles   seront   decidees   en 
dernier  ressort,   selon  les  lois  et 
par  les  juges  du  pays  ou  la  suc- 
cession est  vacante.    Et  si,  par  la 
mort  de  quelque  personne  posse- 
dant  des  biens-fonds  sur  le  terri- 
toire  de  I'une  des  Parties  Contrac- 
tantes,  ces  biens-fonds  venoient  i 
passer    selon  los  lois  du  pays,  a 
un  citoyin  ou  sujet  de  I'autre  Par- 
'ie.    celui-ci.    si,    par    sa    qnalite 
d'etranger.    il    est    mhabile    a    les 
posseder.  oI)ticiidra  un  delai  cnn- 
venable  ponr  les  vendre,  et  pour 
en  retirer  le  produit  sans  obstacle, 
et   exempt   de   tout   droit   de    re- 
temic  He  la  i)art  du  Oouvernemenf 
des    Flats    respectifs.       ^.r.iis    cet 


■m^mwMmuM^  -MtL 


'■ar.-*'«»" 


•¥.il 


iLBL 


62    TREATIES  BETWEEN'  THE  UNITED  STATES  AND  PRUSSIA 


esty  the  King  of  Prussia,  to  pre- 
vent the  emigration  of  liis  subjects. 


Article  XV 

The  present  treaty  shall  con- 
tinue in  force  for  t'velve  years, 
counting  from  the  day  of  the  ex- 
change of  the  ratifications ;  and  if 
twelve  months  before  the  expira- 
tion of  that  period,  neither  of  the 
high  contracting  parties  shall  have 
announced,  by  an  official  notifica- 
tion to  the  other,  its  intention  to 
arrest  the  operation  of  said  treaty, 
it  shall  remain  binding  for  one 
year  beyond  that  time,  and  so  on 
until  the  expiration  of  the  twelve 
months,  which  will  follow  a  sim- 
ilar notification,  whatever  the  time 
at  which  it  may  take  place. 

Article  X\'I 

This  treaty  shall  be  approved 
and  ratified  by  the  President  of  the 
United  States  of  America,  by  and 
with  the  advice  and  consent  of  the 
Senate  thereof,  and  b\  His  Maj- 
esty the  King  of  Prussia,  and  the 
ratifications  shall  he  exchanged  in 
the  city  uf  W'ashin'rton,  within 
nine  months  from  th"  date  of  the 
signature  hereof,  or  sooner  if  p(js- 
sible. 

In  faiih  whereof  the  rrs|)ective 
I'leiiipotentiarics  have  signed  the 


article  ne  derogera  en  aucune  ma- 
niere  a  la  force  des  lois  qui  ont 
deja  ete  publiees,  ou  qui  le  seront 
par  la  suite,  par  Sa  Majeste  le 
Roi  de  Prusse,  pour  prevenir 
I'emigration  de  ses  sujets. 

Article  X\' 

Le  present  Traite  sera  en  vi- 
gueur  pendant  douze  annees  a 
compter  du  jour  de  I'echange  des 
Ratifications ;  et  si,  douze  mois 
avant  I'expiration  de  ce  terme,  ni 
I'L'ne  ni  I'Autre  des  Ilautes  Par- 
ties Contractantes,  n'annonce  a 
I'autre,  par  une  declaration  offi- 
cielle,  son  intention  d'en  faire  ces- 
ser I'efTet,  ledit  Traite  restera  ob- 
ligatoire  pendant  un  an  au-dela  de 
ce  terme,  et  ainsi  de  suite,  jusqu'a 
expiration  des  douze  mois  qui  sui- 
vront  une  telle  declaration,  a  quel- 
que  epo(|ue  qu'elle  ait  lieu. 

.\rticle  XVI 

I.c  ])resent  Traite  sera  approuve 
et  ratifie  par  Sa  Majeste  le  Roi 
de  Prusse.  et  par  le  President  des 
i'.tats  liiis  d'.Xmerique,  par,  et 
avec  I'avis  et  le  consentement  du 
Scnat  (ksdits  I'.tats.  et  les  Ratifi- 
cations en  seront  echangees  en  la 
ville  de  Washington,  dans  I'es- 
|)ace  de  netif  mois,  a  (later  de  ce 
jour,  ou  plutut,  si  faire  se  pent. 

En  foi  de  quoi  les  Plenipoten- 
tiaires  respectifs  ont  siglie  les  .'\r- 


TREATY  OF  COMMERCE  AND  XAVIGATION,  1828 


above  articles  both  in  the  French 
and  English  languages,  and  they 
have  thereto  affixed  tlieir  seals; 
declaring,  nevertheless,  that  the 
signing  in  both  languages  shall 
not  be  brought  into  precedent,  nor 
in  any  \vay  operate  to  the  preju- 
dice of  either  party. 

Done  in  triplicate  at  the  citv  of 
\\'ashington  on  the  first  day  of 
-May,  in  the  year  of  our  Lord  one 
thousand  eight  hundred  and  twen- 
ty-eight, and  the  fifty-second  of 
the  Independence  of  the  I'nited 
States  of  America, 
fi- s.]   H.  Cl.w. 

fL.S.]     LlDWin    XlEDF.RSTETTP.R. 


63 

tides   ci-dessus,   tant  en   franqois 
qu'en    anglois,    et    y    ont   appose 
leurs    sceaux;    declarant,    toute- 
fois,    que    la    signature    dans   ces 
deux  langues,  ne  doit  pas,  par  la 
suite,  etre  citee  comme  example, 
ni.  en  aucune  maniere,  porter  pre- 
judice aux  Parties  Contractantes. 
Fait  par  triplicata  e.i  la  Cite  de 
Washington,  le  Premier  Mai.  TxXn 
de  Grace  Mil  huit  cent  vingt-huit, 
et  le  cinquante  deuxicme  de  I'ln- 
dependance  des  Etats  Unis  d'Ame- 
rique. 

ff-S.]     r.CDWK-,   XlEDK^STRTTF.R 

fL.S.]   H.  Clay, 


Decisions  of  Federal  Courts 
Opinions  of  Attorneys  General 
Neutrality  Proclamation  of  1870 


Decisions  of  Federal  Courts 


THE  BARK  ELll'IXE  KRfil'lJS' 

■''T'i  ''i??7p  ■^"^'•''--^'"/•--"«-'    on    SUorc.-Co,uuL- 
—t.icciitne  Rcco ignition. 

uhed.  and  that  they  be  kept  .n  custody  prel,mi„arily,  a„d  stating  that  he 
could  not  reccve  the  mate  «„  board  again.  TIu-  co„.u  then  i  ue7a  en.i' 
ton  to  a  con.m,ss.oner  of  the  Circuit  Court  of  the  Un.tcd'  S  tte'  t  '« 
t  at  the  men  had  deserted,  and  asking  for  a  warrant  to  arrest  the  men  ad 
.f  sa.d  charge  be  true,"  that  they  be  detained  until  there  shouTl  b.  an 
op|...rtun.ty  to  send  them  back.  The  requHtion  the  captlu,  k  ,  the 
pohcejust.ce.  who  thereupon,  wuhout  examn,ati„n.  con,n't,.d  1  ,h  ,  n 
to  the  county  ,a,l,  where  they  lay  f,.r  ton  days.  On  the  direction  f'" 
consul,   they   were   then   released,   and   .  ame    ,.,   the   c..„  nl'       ,  i 

^cy  were  advised  to  go  to  the  ship,  and  ask  „.:  ^a  Jn'  ^  X  :^:: 
Son,e  of  hem  went,  and  the  captain  agre.d  to  nuet  the  erew  at  the  c.^'  u  'i 
office  „e.xt  day.  He  came  there,  but  the  part,,  .  ,aile,l  ,„  n„  ,  ■  ,■■  ,1  l 
_-^^.l  -hereafter  the  seamen  execute,!  a.s„„,„,„„  „f  ,„..,  „.^,^,       ,   '  ,,      "'"•• 


'  4  B, 


mate. 


■n.Mict.  41.?:  8  i:cd,r,>l  Casrs.  5'*.'  ,  Case  44.7, ,  Decunh.  r    l-7l. 

wai  :;,^;!b- .^;';,r^:::x't^-a;^.i;;rp'  ''"-''■  •"  "-^ -'"■'  • '''^'' •"-  •• - 

appli..,i,.n   was  made     o    he^u        , '  c:„n'  T^''  '""';""■  ^--"'^•'-      ^■> 
Crcut.  Court  to  pa.  upon  the  tnln.rbit  ^s    e  u  ,,."^"/w;'';p   ;4  ^7::^  ""■ 


ill 


68 


DECISIONS  OF  FEDKKAL  COURTS 


but  without  consideration,  and  he  filed  this  libel  against  the  vessel,  to  recover 
the  wages  of  all.  The  captain  was  part  owner  of  the  ship.  He  defended 
the  suit,  and  claimed  that  the  men  had  forfeited  their  wages  by  desertion ; 
that  they  had  agreed  in  the  articles  not  to  bring  the  suit;  and  that  the  court, 
under  the  treaty  between  tlie  Uinted  States  and  Prussia,  had  no  jurisdiction. 

Held,  That,  as  to  the  mate  and  L.,  there  could  be  no  pretinse  of  desertion, 
for  they  left  the  vessel  with  the  captain's  consent ; 

That,  as  the  other  seamen  only  left  the  ship,  without  taking  their  clothes,  to  go 
and  see  the  consul,  the  charge  of  desertion  was  not  made  out  against  them ; 

That  the  conduct  of  the  captain,  in  imprisoning  the  men,  was  unlawful,  and 
sufficient  to  dissolve  the  contract  of  llie  mariners ; 

That  no  law  p'^rmits  the  imprisonment  of  deserters  in  our  jails,  except  on  proof 
of  the  facts  before  a  competent  tribunal ; 

That  the  men  were  not  prevented  from  bringing  this  suit  by  the  clause  in  the 
article  referring  to  that  provision  of  the  German  mercantile  law,  that 
"the  seaman  is  not  allowed  to  sue  the  master  in  a  foreign  port,"  because 
this  is  not  a  suit  against  the  master,  and  the  master  having,  by  his  unlawful 
conduct,  absolved  the  men  from  their  agreement,  had  absolved  them  from 
this  portion  of  it  with  the  rest; 

That  the  clause  in  the  treaty  between  the  United  States  and  Prus'^ia,  that  "the 
consuls,  vice-consuls,  and  commercial  agents  shall  have  the  right,  ns  such, 
to  act  as  judges  and  arbitrators,  in  such  differences  as  may  arise  between 
the  captains  and  crews  of  the  vessels  belonging  to  the  nation  whose  interests 
are  committted  to  their  charge,  without  the  interference  of  the  local  authori- 
ties, unless,  etc.,  etc.,"  was  not  sufficient  to  oust  this  court  of  its  jurisdiction 
over  this  controversy. 

Whether  this  clause  has  any  application  to  suits  in  rem — ijuicre. 

That  the  Prussian  consul  had  not  acted  in  this  matter  as  judge  or  arliitrator, 
which  words  must  be  taken  in  their  ordii  nry  sense,  implying  investigation 
of  facts  upon  evidence,  the  exercise  of  j  .igment  as  to  their  effect,  and  a 
determination  thereon  ; 

That  the  consul  is  not  a  court,  and  neither  his  record  nor  his  testimony  is 
conclusive  on  this  court ; 

That,  as  the  consul,  though  really  appointed  as  consul  of  the  North  (icnnaii 
Uniiin.  was  ricognized  by  tlie  executive  department  as  consul  (>f  Prussia  by 
virtue  of  such  appointment,  the  action  of  the  executive  was  binding  on  tlie 
court,  and  he  must  be  held  to  be  the  Prussian  consul ; 

That  the  seamen  might  fde  a  petition  to  be  now  made  colihcllants,  and  on  sucli 
petition  being  tiled,  ami  tlie  cancellation  of  their  assignments  to  the  mate, 
tluy  would  lie  entitled  to  decrees  for  their  wages. 

In  admiralty,  minors  are  allowed  to  sut  for  wages  in  tlieir  own  names. 

Bi:.\i.i)ii.T.  District  Judge. 

.X.irain,  it  is  said  tliat  this  is  a  Prussian  vessel,  and  tturcforo  the 
court  is  without  jurisdiction  in  the  premises  by  reason  of  tlie  treatv 
hctwcin  the  Cnited  States  and  Prussia,  ratified  in  1828  {U.  S.  Stat.  L., 


'.  WM:jasm9J>SvS=3s^ss4ijmK  ■ 


THK  KARK    lilMlxn  KKllI'LlX  5,; 

vol.  8  p.  382).'  This  position,  which  has  been  ur^ed  uj^n  my  con- 
..  era  ,un  w.h  earnestness  and  al.ilitv ,  has  received  nn-  careful  con- 
s.derat.on.  The  provision  of  the  treaty  is  as  follows:  "The  consuls 
vice-consuls  and  commercial  agents  shall  have  the  right,  as  such  to 
s.t  as  judges  and  arbitrators  in  such  differences  as  mav  arise  l.etw'een 
he  captams  and  crews  of  the  vessels  belonging  to  the  nation  whose 
nte  ests  are  commuted  to  their  charge,  without  the  interference  of 
the  local  authont.es,  unless  th  duct  of  the  crews  cr  of  the  captain 

iiiu'-.ility  of  (he  country,  or  the  said 

II'     '1  require  their  assist- 

ect  or  supported.     It 


should  disturb  the  order  --.■ 

consuls,  vice-consuls  or  (    .nm 

ance  to  cause  their  decis  ■  ..-.  \i\ 

IS.  however,  under>tor  ■   •:  :: 

shall  not  deprive  the  •  ^     .m.'',  ■ 

on  their  return,  to  t        ;.       \.^,  ; 

In  considering  thi     f  •  ci    ■    r 

first,  that  its  langii         -;.  , ,  ,  ,  : 

the  present.     Such  a.i    ,  m-.t-  1, 

the  master  and  the  ere,,       !t 

ship  and  her  condemnation    n  : 

of  any  express  words,  it  is 


»   rar:  ■, 


Ji, 


I' 


in  f- 


■  .1  ■  '  ment  or  arbitration 
e  I-  -p.  »hey  have  ti>  resort. 
Hie!'  -■   intr\-." 

tiic  brcsent  case,  I  reniark 

■  <  •  m  action  /;/  >r»;  like 
a  r  1  re  difference  between 

i-cstion  of  lien  upon  the 
tli  same.  In  the  absence 
..lat   it   was   intended  to 


r  iiiai    11    «its   iiuenueu  t( 

confer   upon   consuls   and   vice-con,M,ls.    the   power   to   direct   a   con- 
demnation and  sale  of  a   shij>-a  proceeding   which   brings   up    for 
determination,    many    questions    besides    those    relating    to    seamen 
Moreover   the  statute  of  August  8.  l.m.^  which  was  patsed  to  render 
effective  this  provision  of  this  treatv,  confers  upon  the  Commissioners 
of    IK.  Circuit  Court  full  power,  authority  and  jurisdiction  to  carrv  into 
effect  the  award,  arbitration  or  decree  of  the  consul,  and  for  tha^  pur- 
pose to  issue  remedial  process,  mesne  and  final,  and  to  enforce  cbrdience 
hereto  by  imprisonment.    It  certainly  can  not  be  supposed  that  it  was 
he  in  ention  to  give  to  the  Commissioners  of  the  Circuit  Court  power 
o  make  a  decree  ,„  rem.  .md  direct  the  sale  of  a  ship.     This  positio.i 
that  tne  treaty  ,s  not  applicable  to  the  present  c-se  bee:     ,e  it  is  r  pro' 
ceed.ng  ,„  rem.  which  did  not  strike  me  with  mu    >  force  ,oon  the  argu- 
ment, has  gained  strength  in  my  mind  by  reflection,  and  .  confess  that  I 
am  now  inclined  to  the  opinion  that  it  is  well  taken  ;  bu^  I  do  not  intend 
to  rest  my  determination  upon  it.     .Vor  do  I  discuss  the  position  that 
tiu^reaty  was  not  intende.l  to  applv  to  any  difference,  except  personal 

V'«V.%  p.  50. 

-  f  .  .S".  Slatuti-s  at  f.arr/,',  vol  <).  p.  78. 


,   I 


Im 


t!il 


iir  Mil  II      riiw  I'll  II ■III II  Miiii     ^aotv"- 


^r«j«  -.  ■  ::«*i^'i>--»^.A?tes 


70 


DELISIO.VS  OF  FEDKRAL  COURTS 


tlirtcrciicfs,  Ixtwetn  tlie  master  aiid  tlie  seamen  alone,  such  as  as.-aults 
ami  tlic  like,  and  does  not  cover  differences  as  to  wages,  to  wl  h  the 
owners  as  weil  as  the  ship  are  always  real  parties. 

L-ut  1  pass  on  to  consider  whether  the  effect  of  this  treaty  is  to 
prevent  the  Courts  of  Admiralty  of  tlie   United  States  from  taking 
cognizance  of  any  action  brought  by  seamen  to  recover  wages  earncil 
by  them  on   bi^ard  of  a  I'russian  vessel.     At  the  outset,  it  appears 
>traii^'c  10  iiiar  it  contended  that  the  jurisdictiun  of  the  District  Courts 
of  tiie  L  nited  States  is  ilni>  td  be  limited,  because  of  an  agreement 
aiTuid  at  hitui-en  Prussia  and  our  (ioveriiment,  as  to  the  jurisdiction 
of  oiir  own  courts.     Conn-  are  created  and  their  jurisdiction  tixcd  l>v 
the  law-making  power:  and  the  extent  of  their  jurisdiction  doo  not 
apjiiar  ;  .  ]■<.■  a  tit  Mil.jtci  of  an  agreement  with  a  foreij,'!!  Power.     If, 
in  aii>   case,  tiie  powers  exercised  by  the  courts  become  ::  -iibn'Ct   of 
'li-cu.>-ion   iietween   our  (ioveriiment  and  a   foreign   nation,   and   any 
limitation  of  the  jurisdiction,  already  conferred  by  law.  be  foiiiid  to 
lie  df-irable.  tile  natural,  if  not  the  only  way  of  accomplishing  mkIi  a 
re-uit  would  be  by  the  action  of  the  law-making  power,  iiisteai  of  the 
ireatv-makint;   power.      It   api^-ars   reasonable,  therefore.   ,it    lea.t    to 
re<|uire  that  an  intention  to  accomplish  such  a  result  bv  a  treaty,  -l-.ould 
be  nianilVsted  by  express  words.    The  treat\  under  considerati..n  con- 
tains no  such  definite  provision.     It  simply  declares  that  the  consuls 
sh:ilt  h.ive  the  riijht  to  -it  a-  judges  and  arbitrators  in  certain  cases, 
uitbi'itt  the  interference  of  the  local  .iiitborities,  which  is  a  ver\   dif- 
ferent thin,'   frf>m  saying  that  the  courts  ,,f  the  United   States  sliall 
not    have   jiinsdictioii    in   such    cases.      Furthermore,   the   law-making 
power  established   the   District   Courts   of   the   United   States   and   the 
iuris.Hction  thereof,  and  gave  to  them,  in  civil  cases  of  admiralty    ind 
maritime  jiiris.liction.  all  the  judicial  jKiwer  veste<l  in  the  national  <  iov- 
ernment  by  the  Constitution:  aii<l  it  is  not  to  Ik-  lightlv  supp.sed  th.it 
the    President,    nctiiit,'    \\itl,    the   advice   of   the    Isenate   ,is    the   tr.'aty- 
inaking  [M.wer,  has  iindert;ik'n  to  rojH'al,  fro  hint,',  an  eNi-im^   l,iw 
relatin-  to  the  jurisdiction  of  the  cniirts.  an<l  to  remove  from  tbe"  'ris- 
diction  of  th.    District  Courts  certain  classes  of  actions.  i,ii-l  th.it  by 
•'  1-.  11  of  t:„.,r  siibiect-n).itt<  r.   f.r  the  provision  i„  tlijs  treatx    is  not 
.""•n>e,l  1,\   ,iv  |.„m,i.ii:,    t..  PriisMaii  subiects,  but  apjdies  t..  .dl  s,,,,,.,.,, 
'>ii    Pmiss,,,,,   vessels   «ii|„,„t   re;;ard  to  their  nationalitv.      It   scenis  to 
nie  <h:,t  ,„,  .,„|,  „.t,„ti..ii  .b..!il.|  be  impute,]  to  the  treatv.  if  .inv  other 
■  I'l  '  e  .Ii.,er'ied      :in.|  :, nattier,  and  a  re:ison;il,Ie  intention  >;m  be  dis- 


Ml 


*,:xs*'^  '< 


:  -^  v^3:^i^i^- 


THE  BAKK    ELUiSE  KHEPLIN 


7\ 


cerned  when  we  consider,  in  connection  witli  the  treaty,  the  weU- 
known  practice  of  maritime  courts  in  respect  to  actions  brought  by 
stamen  to  recover  wages  earned  on  foreign  vessels.  Such  actions, 
Courts  i,f  Admiralty  have  long  been  accustomed  to  entertam  or  to 
dechne,  in  their  discretion.  CJrdinarily,  in  the  exercise  of  a  sound 
discretion,  they  have  refused  to  entertain  such  actions,  when  the  consul 
of  the  loreign  P.nver  shows  reasonable  grounJs  for  sucii  declination, 
and  Ins  willmgnes-  to  determine  tile  matter  in  controversy  (  The  \ina 
W.  cS:  11.  .U.  1X0,  II.  1  J  ■        , 

Having  this  practice  in  view  it  may  be  well  inferred,  fr.<m  the  lan- 
guage use.l  in  this  treaty,  th.it  the  object  of  the  provision  in  question 
was   to  insure,  so  far  as  i)o>sible,   with. ml   a  repeal  of   the  e   istiiig 
law,  a  decimation  of  such  action,  by  the  court-  in  all  ca.ses  where  the 
consul  has  acted,  and  i>erhaps  also  where  he  expresses  a  willingness 
to  act,  as  ju.lge  or  arbitrator  between  the  parties-thus  giving  to  the 
foreign  nation  the  guarantee  of  tlii-  nation  for  the  cntiiined  Exercise 
by  the  courts.  >.f  that  sound  di-cretimi  which  has  nrdinarily  been  exer- 
cised, and  comm.itmg  the  nation  to  an-wer  anv  demand  which  mij;ht 
an-e  from  any  omissi,,,,  by  it-  courts  to  exercise  such  a  discreti.m  in 
this  class  of  cases.     .^„ch  an  effect  given  to  the  treatv   ai.,xv.rs  to 
my  mind   to  be  reasonable  an.l  sufficient   to  accomi.lish  all   that   was 
mtende.l.     To  hold  that  the  treaty  repeals  f^ro  Umto  the  act  establishing 
the  Di-tnct  Courts,  and  ousts  tluni  of  all  jurisdiction  \v  this  class  of 
cases,  w.uil.l  permit   coiiotls  to  refuse  to  act.  an.l  at   the   same  time 
wiihlu.ld   from  seamen— and   .Niiurican  citizens,  it  mav  be-all  rij^ht 
of   resort  t.>  the  courts  of  the   land.      It   would  give  .^pi.ortumty    f..r 
great   frauds,  ami  open  a  \\i.Ie  door  for  the  oppression  „f  a  class  of 
men  entitled  by  the  maritime  law.  above  all  others,  t.)  the  protection 
of   maritime   c.urts.      of   the    use    which    -vould   be   ma.ie    of   such    a 
c.mstructi..n  ..f  the  treaty,  the  present  attempt,  in  violation  of  all  law 
to  appn.priate   some   $I.1()()  ,.f   ,1„.   earning,   of   these   n-en.    is   n..t   a 
bad  illustration. 

ruder  the  view  of  the  treatv  above  in.iicato.l.  I  am  thus  brought  to 
cnsMler  whether  tlu^  ,  videnc-  sustains  the  nvermenl.  that  the  consul 
general  ..f  IVtissia  has  alreads  cog„i,.ance  a-  a  ju.lge  .,r  arbitrator  of 
the  .leinan.l  ,,f  these  seamen.  .- n,|  makes  .,„t  a  case  uliere.  for  that 
re.iso,,.  this  court  should  .lecline  to  entertain  the  action 

Til-'  w.-rds  ■ludge  and  arbitrator."  used  in  the  treatv.  nuist  Ik: 
taken  in  their  onlinary  significance.      Ihev  inipiv  investigation  of  the 


41 


r  tl 


"2  Dr.cisrf>N's  f)r-  fedkrai.  courts 

facts  upon  evidence,  tlie  exercise  of  judRnient  a.s  to  tlie  ellect  to  be 
given  tliercto  and  a  determination  tlierefroni.     And  tlie  use  of  these 
words  indicate  an  intention  not  to  deprive  tlie  seamen  of  a  full  and 
fair  hearing  of  their  cause  and  a  decision  thereof.    If  such  a  hearing 
had  been  given  tiicse  men  by  the  consul,  the  case  would  have  been 
diflferent.     But  here  nothing  has  been  done  which  can  in  any   fair 
sense  be  called  a  hearing  of  the  cause.    The  consul  has  not  even  gone 
through  the  form  of  sitting  as  judge  or  arbitrator  in  resix-ct  to  the 
demands  of  these  men.     He  examined  no  witnesses,  he  did  not  bring 
the  parties  before  him,  and  he  matle  no  definite  determination  what- 
ever.    'I'he  men  say  that  he  refused  to  hear  their  story  at  all.     The 
mate  swears  that  he  demanded  to  see  the  captain's  charge  against  him. 
and  he  was  refused.     The  vic.-consul  denies  this,  and  says  that  he 
did  h-ten  to  the  men,  and  U-cause  they  admitted  themselves  deserters, 
there  was  nothing  to  du  but  to  teil  them  that  they  had  forfeited  their 
uage>.  which  he  did.     Hut  he  can  not  say  what  iXM-ons  admitted  liav- 
inir  deserted,  ,ind  on  cross-examination  he  shows  that  the  .idniKsion 
was  Mtnpiv  an  admission  by  ~omi-.  he  does  not  know  whom,  of  havin<,r 
left  the  vessel  without  leave      "e  admits  having  iirscd  the  men  to  go 
and  .(•!•  Ihe  caiUain,  .md  cxpre-sr,!  c.^nfidence  th.it  if  thcv  spoke  civil 
tlie  niaslcr  would   [kin    them  their   wages,   wliich  apjK-ars  to  b<-   uKnu- 
sistent  with  the  ide;,  that  he  bad  passed  on  the  dem:md  .md  ndjudge.1 
the  niiri  not  cnfitl.-d  to  anv  wages  whatever 

The  con-nl  i-  not  a  court,  aiul  neither  Itis  record  nor  his  tctinionv  is 
co,.,!iiMVc  on  Ibis  rotitt.  He  >an  not  ^hitf  lii>  do.  .r  in  the  f.-.ce  of 
parti...  .Hid  the-..  h\  diviaring  that  he  has  a.ljndicat  I  njx.n  the  d.-mand, 
cut  the,,,  otT  fiM,„  :,  ,-,.-.  ,rt  to  tl„.  ,o„rf..  IVfrin-  h,-  cnv  rail  „|..,n  the 
ro„rts  to  decline  to  ,-nl(Tt.iin  die  action,  he  must  sh,,u  that  he  I,.,  ■  v,.,i 
or  I.  wlbn-  to  eivc.  to  the  sp.-imen  Hint  hearint:  «hirh  the  ,,  ,tv 
'iitinds  thcv  shoid.l  liivf  Here  the  \  i.r  conv-il  him-. if  !e.titM-s.  -V,, 
adtndication  was  made  in  writintr-   a  m.^monnidnm  ..ntv  was  ,„,i,lc.     It 


v\  a 
.111' 
.III 


ii..t.-.!  on  th 

■-rl\   ti  t' 


protocol  ,1-,  f.,llows-  'N  rei]iiiMti..i,  has  Ih-ch  ma.!-- 
the  .Mpt.iin  to  !k-  tjiveii  to  the  .  i,irt  '  "  Tli.  Miakint'  siuh 
I  s, 111, III  ,,  ni.li,,.  ,ir  .irliitr.-itor  on  fl„.  present  demand 
lo  l:o!,!,  ,„,  s,i>|,  ,,r,„,f.  ,|,,.|,  ,|„,  vice  cons,,!  bas  a.ted  a^  iiidt,'-  or  a* 
arhitr.tor  ,.,  re-.(„M-t  t,,  tii,-  .1,  ni.ni.l,  w,,„i.l  ,-.,iintenance  a  mode  of 
proce^lnre  u!i,.|,  |  .|,..,,M  1„.  v,rr\  to  s.,-  ,,|,t.„n  \I.  con,  iii-ion,  there- 
''"■'•  '^  ''■•"  ''"■'■•■  ''■'■  '"■'•'  'i«  ■,.•!,  ,s.,iiii,,,,ti..n  ,i,,.|  .1  l.iidi.iiion  ..f 
tht  f.itt.T  111  li.iiid  ),>  Ml.  i  .,1-  ■  ,,.  ||„.  ,,,,,ii. 
III'.  II. N  t.)  v.-i-M,,. 


.|.n 


M.|  til.-  treatv 


i^•^H•i,«^":M:^ 


THE  BAkK    iSUnx/i  K/0:l>!.IX  j^ 

1..  the  ab,ence  then  of  any  legal  linntaf  on  of  the  jurisdiction  uf  th- 
court  by  the  treaty,  and  in  the  absence  of  any  proof  of  such  act,.., 
on  the  part  of  ti,e  consul  as  should  call  upon  the  court  to  dc-cline  to 
entertain  the  action,  I  dcen,  it  my  duty  to  proceed  to  render  a  decree^- 
and  I  do  th,>  the  more  w,il,„gly  l,ecau>e  the  master  of  this  vessel  is  half 
owner  of  her,  a-ui  is  here  present,  where  also  the  seamen  ar.,---a,.l 
lx.cause  the  slup  ,s  laid  up  here  by  reason  of  war,  nor  can  u  In-  ,oid 
when.  ,f  ever,  she  will  return  to  her  home.     It  i,  a  vain  thin...  there- 
tore,  to  say   to  tiiese  sailors,   who.  althoujjh   navin.^  some  Sl.KK)  of 
wapes  due.  and  unpai.l,  are  left  paujKT,,  that  thev  must  go  to  I'rn-sia 
and  there  awa.t  the  return  of  the  sh,p  in  order  to  enforce  their  dan.u,; 
If  they  can  not  now  maintain  this  action,  they  are  practicaMv  d-privod 
of  all  remedy,  ..nd  thrown  upon  this  cmmunitv  wnnile..'     Again-t 
s.uh  a  result  my  ....e  of  justice  revolts,  and  I  am  unwilling  t.  helM.ve 
that  ,t  ,s  compelled  In   the  law.     I.  therefore,  without  hesitation    t,r,. 


nounce  in  this  case  the  decree  which  t'le  maritime 


fact 


law,  .•ipp!i<vl  ti.  tl 


^f.u.res,  and  con.lemn  the  ves.el  to  pav  the  wage,  of  th.  mc, 
ms,dermg  this  case  thus  far,   I   have  treated  the  ,> f  .,  .,f  ,'  . 
vu-e-cnsul  as  equivalent  to  that  of  ,1,,.  consnl.  :md  l,;,ve  -.,  .,,„,'„.,     .• 
-t.      Inponn  „r   ,..„•(    !  .,-    Ro,  m,,,-.  ,h.  cum,!  ,en,Tal  wl,„  m-m,,!  t!„ 
'0  :n,-,t..,„,  w>nrh  :,  th-  ..niv  official  .net  proved,  aside  fro-,,  thr  n.n-r,. 
randnn,  on  the  proto<-ol.  never  saw  either  the  master  or  the  nun    ,h.. 
v,ce-cons,,l  ncn„«  for  him  in  even^-thinu,  .xcpt  signing  th.  r.-.,-i. ;•;.., 
h.-,vo  .-d..     .pnkvn  of  the  cr,n<nl  a.  the  consul  nf  Pru.Ma,  an.l  have 
o.n-.dere,i  Inm  to  !,e  ,he  official  referred  to  in  the  treatv  witi,  Prn^M,-, 
""'  P""H  h:^■^  hern  t.-.ken  that  the  x^v..,i.  .|,nw   Or    Roe-in-  t,.  ,„. 
oon<u    general  of  the   Xonh  German   Pnion  :  t!,at  there  are  ^nv  n„ 
r..n<Mls  of   Prussia,  nor  anv   similar  freatv   with   the    \nrth   -  lennm 
'   n,..n.     I,„t  ,t  appears  from  the  law,  proved,  that  the  con^nl  of  the 
^..^th    <,er,„a„    fni,,,,    j,    j,,,    ,„„^„i    ^,f    ^^,,,,,    ^^_^^.^,^    comprehends 
'-'  '!'<■  1  '"..n.  wliTh  ,>  .,  confedernhon  rathe,  ,(,:.„  .->  ! 'nion      PcMde. 
the   evecmne    department    rerogni.es    Or     R.H-sing   a<    the    .o,,.,,!    of 
tnsMM.hv  virtue  of  h,.  npix.intnunt  as  coumiI  general  of  the   Vnrth 
■  •-•nun  I  men.  and  the  cnrts  are  ho„„,|  l,v  ,)„.  .action  of  the  executive 
I"  M.ch  a  matter,  the  ,|.„..,ion  he,ng  p.,!„i...d,  and  not  nuliciat 

I  here  remams  ,,.  allude  to  ,he  ph.M-  „f  the  case  which  ,.  ■-csented 
"V   ti..-    fac,   that   ,hc   !,!„•    ,-   fUd   !„     Ve.,„,,„,  „,,  „,„.,.    ,      ,,.,.^^,^^ 

:;.'7'";'™':      ^"^■"    >  !—  '-..-l  .h.    ....:,.  ,f  an  ,1.  men 


"4 


DKCISIOXS  OF  FEDERAL  COURTS 


Ihe  evidence  shows  the  execution  of  a  formal  assignment  to  tlie 
nwtc  ui  the  claims  of  the  other  men,  but  it  also  appears  that  the  assign- 
miiu  was  without  consideration,  and  that  the  men  all  expect  to  receive 
whatever  may  l)e  recovered  as  their  wages.  This  nio<le  of  procedure 
t'.  save  multiplicity  of  suits  seems  to  have  been  adopted  in  ignorance 
nf  the  rule  of  the  admiralty,  which  enables  several  seamen  to  join 
!!i  one  action;  and  the  mate,  upon  the  trial,  filed  a  consent  that  the 
■  ther  men  l.e  n<.w  joined  -.i-  coiiliellants  and  receive  in  their  own 
I><TS(.ii<  wiiateviT  mi-ht  U-  awarded  for  their  claims.  Tpon  such  a 
C'ti-eni  an  J  <nch  fact-.  I  .r,-!-  it  competent  to  permit  ,ill  the  -eamen  to 
\<w  m  the  .ictii'ii.  upon  pi-tition  to  lie  made  colilifllant^;,  and.  on  show- 
)v.i[  thr  c:iiu(.lla!i.!i  •■(  tli.-r  ..--i^-nmenl-  t.i  tlu-  in-tc.  f..  take  a  decree 
in  ihrir  owu  name-  for  the  wa,i:c-  found  due  them.  Two  of  tlicni  .-ire 
minors,  it  ;-  true,  l.!;t.  -n  the  adniiraltv.  minor-  nh.  .ire  manners 
arc  i.cnnitte<i  to  -ne  to-  iluir  wa;,'iv  in  tiicir  ••\\<\  nntnc>^.  \!1  seamen 
are  v<  a  rert.nn  -en-e  treated  a-  min.  r-  in  ni.iritlinr  court-. 

Ill  .u  -rdance  <v  itii  fhe-c  m.w-,  let  a  denee  lie  <  lUered  in  favor  f 
the  m.ite.  in-  }„<  \v;,^.(..  earmd  in  the  -ervi'-e-  of  ibi-  ve-.-eI.  anrl  -ti'! 
nnpni.!  with  i  reference  to  ascertain  the  .amnnnf,  .,nil  let  -imi'ar  derrec- 
i'e  mad.  'T,  f  ivor  of  }]•,'  -eamen.  n[ion  the  f^lini:  -f  tl'cir  petition,  and 
^liowitv     the  c.anrellatfon  of  tl  eir  a--i£:nment';  to  the  n\a!e. 


I  111-    l-IAl  l\!     KKiri.lS' 

•  r-       I.I    !    .Ik    ->    I'l.'  ',;-.%     .1    I'liJi  !:.N    TnKxrv   \  v<  s 

h    Kl  -Mil  TICN     14     1.1,1    VI      (    ,.I    nr^ 


\'Oil.     10  I  1    tir  irr.if.    1..  tun  II  tin-  rnac!    --t.a- -   .e  .1   ih,    Kihk   •  I    I't  a  -i.i. 
■  •    M,i>    1     l><JS    (.-    --I...      .7,X,  .i,-*.'!.   j.r.M.le-.    lli.it    tl.e    ,     ii-ul-,    viie-.-ii  til^   .niil 

;  ..infill  O  I, il    .1^1  't^    ..!         nil    p.irn       •Ol.lll    !;.ur    ih.      -Ifllt.    .,  -    -lull,    \,,    -it    .,-     Ml.!;,..- 

.inl  ir' i;r.i!.  1  •.  -uiii  .litTi  reiHt  •  ;i~  iii.r,  .in-.  .:-.m.  n  the  capl.iiii-  .ai'l  i  o  ..^  - 
1    '■  ■     ..--(I-         •'  '  t:iiic    111   ill.     iialj.'ii    v\!i.:-.     iiiti  r.    ■      .ire   omi'iiiiii  .|    t-    i    i  ir 

ili.iriie.    Willi  .lit    III      nil  rtiTi-ncc   of   llie   l.i..l    .iiitl'.  .     n  ^,"    -iit.uil    <■■  the    riy!  t 

i.f  til.  1  i.lili  ml'ia-  pari].-  "to  re-..rf.  on  tin  ir  r.  Iiirii.  !..  ili,  iii'lui.il  ,iiilli..ril> 
I    !l:tir   i..iiilr\       .111:1    1,.   ill.    riu'lit    of    Ihe   ifii-iiK.    vue  ...ii-iiK   , .:    ,  ,  .imiirr.  ..il 

.i^'>n!      ■■■    T..,i.ir      lii,     .i.i-t.iiHT    ..t    till     l...,il    aiill'.-ntii  t..    i.ai   .     lli.  ii     .i. 

■i-ie  ■■•■  '■'  I. line.!  lilt..  .(Irit  .  .r  -iipii..!  ti  .1  "  Tlir  e;i  v\-  .1  .i  I'rii-i.in  -..--il 
ii''i    '  '  '    1"    r,  >ii     111   .i.|inir.ilt\     in    tin    l)i-liiit    i..iiri     i.     ri..:\.i    «,i,.-     ill  .;.  ■! 

.</    lll,.l.lo..r.!    4vv.     H   l.il.r.il   I  .,-,  ,     ^K)^      (   11, „|.    (  ,.,|f     !..,o,t,,    |i-  o„t    .  I 
N'ew    'i  .  a     I  ■  i.  ii.ii;.    .'.!     1H7.'     T- \.  tMii^  11..    /;,,...    it.Hiii    .n/.',      |.    (-7 


THE  El.n  l\'E  KREl'UX  75 

to  be  due  .0  them.  The  master  of  the  ve.sel  answered.  dcnyinR  ,he  debt,  in- 
vokinB  the  protection  of  sai.l  treaty,  denying  tlie  jurisdiction  of  the  court 
and  avernnK  that  the  claim  for  wages  had  already  leen  a.ljudicate,!  by  the 
FrusMan  co„.u  at  New  ^  ork  The  consul  aho  protested  formally  to  the 
court  against  the  exercise  of  its  jurisdiction.  The  case  was  tried  in  the 
•hstrict  court  and  it  appeared  that  the  consul  ha.l  adjudicated  on  the  claim 
for  wages.  1  he  district  o.urt  decreed  in  favor  „f  the  libellants :  Hrld.  that  the 
<listrict  court  had  no  jurisdiction  of  the  case. 

\\<H,mvyi-.    lirctm    JtulKf.      i;>    th.    ,c„t!.    artKle,    nf    tl>c    treaty 
ma.lc  hv  t,;o  Lii.tc]  .states  with  the  Kinn  of   I'ru..sia.  nn  the   Nt  of 
May,  1S2.V  ^H  C.  .s.  .S7,„.  A  .  ,,,1.  S.  ,,,,.  ,v.y.  .;,._>,..  „  „  .,..  ,,  .  ,,   ,,,,, 
the  couMiN.  v.a-c<,ns„K.  an.l  connnercal  a.i^eni^,"-- which  each  of  the 
l.art,.->   tn  ,h,-   irealv   ,.  ,1, rlarr,l   entitl.-.l   „,  Ik.v,-   i„   the  purt.  of  the 
other----h.-,ll   liave   th,.   rmin,   a>   Muh.   t„   .it   a,   jtid^-e.   and   arbitra- 
tors. >„  >,Kl,  .hll.rences  a>  ^,a^   ariM-  helwren  the  captains  and  crews 
"I    the    vr-M-K    h,i.,n,^inL:    L.    ih.'    nali..n    wli.,s,.    i„„,re>ts    are    coni- 
ni.lted   V.  l!:,,r^char,i,.e.   w-thom  th,-   interference  of  ilie  I„cai  anthori- 
'"■'                       '''    '^'   l'""'V(r,   understood,   iliat    this   specie-   uf    jud"- 
•".nt    ,,r   ,=  ri.,irat.on    .hall    n,„    d.pnv,-   th,.    contending   trarties   „t    the 
rmht    tl„-.    have   to   re.,,r!.   ,,„   ,h,.,r    r-lnrn.   to   ilie    jn.lic.l   author.tv 
"•  ''■■'■ir  « ■■niKrv  ■       i  „  th:  •  .,'e,urai  rnle  ih,  n-  ,.  a  .jiiahficati.m  ■    ••rii- 
Ip.    the    conduct    ,.,    th,    ,n.w..    ,„-    ,,1     ,h,-    captain,    .honid    d.Mnrh 
the  order  or  ti,,n,|niiht .   of  tlu^  c.nntrv,  or  the  siid  cnMiL.  vice-cm- 
M.1-,   or  coninurcal   ...j,-nt~    .!,onI<l    n,|ni:r   ihr.r  a--. stance"    (the   as- 
s.Manc-  n,    the   local  anthont.e,  ,     'to  ean.e  their  <lecis,on-   to  he  ear- 
ned  into  etlec;   or  Mipporte-i    •      Ihi.  treatv  ,..  hv  the  (  on.titl.tion  of 
llie   I  nned   .-taf..  :!„    !au   o.   the  lan.i,  and  th.  Conrt.  of    Ulstuv  are 
'"■>""lt--t-.    sr  -t      Uh.M,i...-e.,ri„.,  ulnrh  ,.  witlin,  th,.  pr.u  ,.,on 
■t    the   tte.itv.    ,n.„d.Ct;   n    the,.,.,    I.-Iom...    to   the   conM,!.    Mce-co„M,l 
..:-  conwnercal  a.,  nt   .  I    t-.    Pa,,.,   uho-,    ,ntere-t.   are  co,nn„t,ed   to 
In.  cliar^e,  an,l  ,.  uh  th.   .  x,.>  ,-.-  ,.;  ,|,,i,  ■in,-dht,o„  ,lu-  ;,K-al  trihnn  ,'s 
■"-■  '""  ^"  ''I'Mv    tonn.rf.n.  M..a-.^   -,uh  ro,,..:''    uo-cohmi!,  or  com- 
nienaal   a^ent    i...,nre.   li.ir   ...m-1..!u  e,   to   ,,,,,-.    ,1,,.:      ■,,,.„.„   to   he 
>  .arneil  int-  ■  e!!(  .  t  .■!   .iij •  t.   i 

,  ;'  '■  •'■■•'•  •''  ni.  ;  nd  ..  ,,■  /  ,,f  ,..,.  ,-.,,,  ,,f  ,,„,  ,,,,^,|„_. 
/  /.vote  Ar,,'-  „  pioMvnl.  1  th.ir  l,h,l.;,  .un-tth.  ve  -,1  ,.,  :!■,■  diMt 'cl 
""'"■    '•'    "'■     ' '■'■■^    '■■     ■'-'■    •'!!>^:''!    '■     i-  .1:..   ,.     tb.-,M.    ,v|„ch 


.iMi 


■I    II 


iled    ti)    lie    dll,       'I;.oii 


•   (. 


ri'   ^'.  .■'■ 


76 


DECISIONS  OF  FEDERAL  COURTS 


and  the  vessel  wa>  attached  to  answer.  The  master  of  the 
barque,  intervening  for  tlio  interest  of  the  owner,  sets  up  in 
his  answer,  various  grounds  of  defence  to  the  claim,  some  of  which 
arise  under  the  laws  of  Prussia :  and,  especially,  he  invokes  the  pro- 
tection of  the  treaty  above-mentioned,  and  denies  the  jurisdiction  of 
the  district  court,  allegmg,  moreover,  that  the  matter  in  ditTerencc— 
the  claim  of  the  libellants  for  wa^cs-has  alrea.lv.  in  fact,  been  ad- 
judicated by  the  Prussian  consul  at  the  p,.rt  of  Xew  York.  I'.efore 
the  cause  was  tried  in  the  District  Court,  the  consul  ijeneral  of  the 
N'orth  German  I'nion  presented  to  the  District  Court  bis  formal  protest 
against  the  exercise  of  jurisdiction  by  that  court  in  the  matter  in 
difference.  He  invoked  tlierein  the  tre.-itv  above  referre.l  to,  and 
claimed  exclusive  jurisdiction  of  such  matter  in  difference-  .ind  he 
also  .leclared.  that,  before  the  filing  of  the  libel,  the  siid  in.-.tter  had 
been  adjudicated  by  him.  and  insisted  that  his  adjudication  was  binding 
Ixtween  the  parties,  <-md  could  only  be  reviewed  by  the  judicial 
f-ibunals  of  Prussia. 

The  bar(|ue  is  a   Prussian  ve^^el.  the  mate  and  crew  are   I'nissian 
,men.  who  shipped  in  IVtis-ia.  under  an<i  with  express  reference  to 
'aws  of  Prussia,  referral  to  in  the  shipping  articles,  an.l  it  should 
-sumed.  that  the  treatv   uhich  binds  this  nation  an.l  its  citizens 
^e.amen.  binds  also   Prussia  and  her  subject-  an.l   ^eamen.     The 
-ul-general  of  the   X.irtb  Cennan   L-ni.ni  is  a)mmissi..ne<l  by  the 
.'  .if  Prussia,  and.  by  certificate  .)f  the  Secretary  of  .state  of  the 
itf.l  .<t.-itr<,  ii,„|er  the  seal  of  that  department,  it  ap()ears,  that  the 
live      ^Danmeiit    of    the    Cnite.!    States    recognizes   the    c..n>uK 
Oernian  Vw<m  as  on-uls  of  each  .me  of  the  soverei-ii 
ing  that  Inion.  "the  s.ime  as  if  they  h.ad  l)cen  commi- 
h  one  of  such  states."     The  Kingdom  of  Prussia  is  ..ne 
!<     rnmpoNMig  the  X..rtl)  ( lerinan  I'nion.     The  treaty  .I.r's 
.   that  the  c.nsul,,  vice-cnsuls,  etc..  shoiiM  h.-ar  anv  specific 
is  stiHicieiit.  that  the  "interests"  of   Prussia  "are  comniitt.d 
charge."   and   ,|uite   sufficient,   that    the   Government    r,f   th.- 
I  tilt.. I  Stairs,  by  Its  ex.ciitiv.-.  recognizes  ibc  cinsul  .„  ,..,isiil  ,,f  ib,. 
kill". ji. Ill  lit   Prussia. 

I'll.'  .Iiscussii.ti  of  the  caM  at  the  bearing  ,.i,  ib,-  aiipe,.!,  «,,,,  ,,n  the 
part  ..f  Ibe  libellants.  verv  largelv  .ievot.vl  t..  th.-  m.-ni-  ,,f  tli.-  .laim 
for  «ag.-s,  npo.i  prin.-i|.!,s  a,,|,l„-able,  it  niav  !.,•.  t..  tli..  Mibf.  i  if  no 
sU.-b  tr.-.ir,   ,\a.  .11  foi.-,-.    ,11,1  im.liT  .l.-.-ix,.,;-,  .,{  ..n.  ,-..iirt.  m  r.-M.-n.-e 


le  X. 

s    CO' 


IK  It 

Ti.im 

t.i   il 


THE  ELH/Mi  KREI'LIN 


77 


to  the  riglits  ami  duties  of  seaman  and  master,  the  effect  of  the  mis- 
conduct of  either  upon  the  obhgation  of  the  other,  for  the  purpose  of 
showing  that  the  treatment  of  tlie  lit)ellants  by  the  master  exonerated 
them  from  their  duty  to  serve  according  to  the  terms  of  tlic  shipping 
articles,  and  also  from  ail  others  of  its  stipulations,  even  from  such 
as  arise  from  the  laws  of  I'nissia  foniiing  a  part  of  the  terms,  stipula- 
tions, and  conditions  which  enter  into  the  relation  of  the  crew  to  the 
master  and  owners,  and  to  the  vessel.  That  discussion  was  very  full, 
and  was  presented,  in  argument,  with  great  abilitv,  by  the  counsel  for 
the  lil)€llants.  With  most  of  the  rules  uf  the  law  invoke<l  by  the 
counsel,  when  considered  apart  from  and  independent  of  any  treaty 
stipulation,  the  claimants  have  no  contest:  and  they  are,  no  doubt, 
settled,  by  the  cases  cited.  Mut  the  prior  question  of  jurisdiction 
must  be  determined,  before  it  is  competent  even  to  enquire  into  the 
merits  of  the  libellants'  claim  to  recover  their  wages. 

In  the  first  instance,  it  would  seem  clear,  that  a  claim  of  the  crew 
of  a  Prussian  vessel  to  recover  wat;es  which  the  master  of  the  vessel 
either  denied  to  be  due.  or  refused  to  pay.  was.  par  .minrnic,  a  matter 
in  difference  between  the  cai)tain  and  crew,  which,  by  the  very  terms 
of  th<'  treaty,  the  IVus-ian  consul  or  vice-consul  had  jurisdiction,  as 
judge  or  arbitrator,  to  detennine,  '•without  the  interference"  of  the 
courts  of  thi-  couiifr\  :  ,iiid  Mich  jurisdiction,  when  it  exists,  is.  In 
such  terms  ;,s  tliCM',  e\<liiM\c  It  is,  however,  claimed,  that  the 
present  caiisr  i.  not  ,tt  al!  cmlnMed  within  the  treatv,  for  the  reason, 
that  1!  is  a  prfKeediii^;  tn  mil.  to  enforce  a  maritime  lier:  upon  the 
vessel  Itself,  and  not  a  ditTereiue  between  the  caiuain  and  crew;  and. 
also,  because  the  I'rusnan  consul  lui-  no  power  to  conduct  and  carr\ 
into  effect  a  proceeding  m  rem  for  the  enforcement  of  such  a  lien. 

1  he  treaty  can  receive  no  sncji  n.iridu  ami  leclimcal  construction. 
1  he  m.ister  is  the  re|iri  sfutatn  e,  in  this  port,  of  the  vessel,  and  of 
all  the  interests  coiueriied  therein,  lie  is  plainly  so  regarded  in  the 
treaty.  The  matter  in  difference  in  this  cause  is  the  claim  for  wages, 
lii.it  arises  iKtueen  the  crew  .md  the  master,  either  as  master,  or  as 
the  represeiu.itive  hen-  ..f  \tssri  and  owners  |t  ,s  precisriy  that  which 
is  in  htigatmii  m  this  ^-.im-.  The  hen.  ,iiid  the  i»o(C((ling  in  rem 
a(.,',iinst  the  \ism1.  .ippert.iin  |o  iIk-  rem:ily.  ..  •  '  •■■Jv  t-  •')(•  rernedv. 
The  very  first  -tep  ni  tin-  ■.\ms,  is  i  ,  M-ttle  the  iii.ittiT  in  di-pntc  If 
the  claim  be  i  st.iM;,],,.,],  t'un  ,i  incident  t.  i!ic  ri^'ht  !>■  the  u.,^cs, 
the  lien  .iikI  its  'n'orceiiu-nt   .•ii.,'anist   the   vessd   follow.      Thp   l>i-.  net 


II 


78 


DECISIONS  OF  FEDERAL  COURTS 


Court  can  have  no  junsdicfon  of  the  lien,  nor  jurisdiction  to  enforce 
.  .  If  It  has  no  jur,sd.ct.on  of  the  difference  or  dispute  touching  the 
clann  for  vvas:es.  To  hold  that  the  jurisdiction  of  the  consul  is  con! 
fined  to  cases  m  which  there  is  no  maritime  lien,  and  in  which  no 
hbel  o  the  vessel  could,  apart  from  the  treaty,  be  maintained,  fs  to  take 
from  he  treaty  verv  much  of  its  substance.  The  existence  of  any  hen 
and  of  any  r.^ht  to  charge  the  vessel,  is  in  difference  here.  To  say' 
that  the  treaty  ^nves  the  consul  juris.liction  of  claims  against  the 
master  ,„  personam,  and  does  not  include  a  claim  to  remove  the  ves  el 

tne  of  all  the  nuerests  therein,  that  the  ^oyage  may  be  broken  up 
and  tie  vessel  sohl  for  the  wages  of  the  crew,  and  that  a„  effort 
by  juchcal  proceeding,  to  do  this,  is  not  included  in  the  terms,  a 
Ifference  ansmg  between  captain  and  crew.  secn,s  .o  me  to  destroy 
e  very  substance  of  the  stipulation,  and  defeat  its  obvious  purpo.se, 

.on's'or.l!^  p""'"^"'  """^  "'  ''"'""  '°  ^"'•-  "S'^^^  -"1  ^i^p- 
t-ons  of  the  Prussian  laws,  and  con,pel  olK-dience  to  its  n.andates. 

And,   be  ,t  observed,   the   treaty   gives   the   same   protection   to,   and 

re-itures  the  like  obedience  by,  tiie  nustcs  and  crews  of  ves.seN  of  the 

t  n.tcl  .sf,u-s.     It  d..s  not  ad,I  t„  ,lu-  legal  reasons  for  this  view    but 

.    a  vessel  ot  the  Unite,!  .States  were  .sold  in  a  port  in  Prussia,  to  pay 

the  ua,,r.  of  „s  crew,  aliegcl  by  the  n,a.,t.r  „ot  to  bo  pavahle.  and  i„ 

rep„d.at,n„  of  any  right  of  the  Inited  .States  consul  at  th.U  p„rt  t„  act 

a>  ju.lge  or  arbitrator  upon  that  claim,  it  would,  at   least,  stimulate 

our  quu-kness  of  apprehension  to  discover,  an,|   would   incline  us  „. 

.ns,>r.  that  the  treatv  intended  to  protect  our  ship  owu.t.  .-..nn.t  li.. 

appbcat.on  of  foreign,  laws,  and  the  decisions  of  foreign  rour;..  to  our 

ve..rN  and  the  relations  of  the  master  and  crews  thereof 

lo  the   sn^.;...,,io„.  that   the  consul   has   „o  power  to   enfonv   tbe 

niantum-  1,.,-n.  and  cause  the  vessel  to  be  soM.  to  .-.tisfv  the  wa.n'.. 

■t  I.e  >Iu„d,|  h„,l  th,-„  uage.  are  dne  and  pay.d.le,  it  is  sutlH-ieut  to  ^v' 

••■-•t  the  treatv  I,a,  been  delibera.elv  entere-l  int..,  and  h.-.s  !„.eome  .lie 

'••'^^   '"•  '-«!-  ^'^'li-.^.     i:.u-h  preferred  to  empl,  ,v  ,t-  oun  otheer.      The 

l;uwe-   ,ne„  ,o  eonsnl.  to  aet  as  i,„|^e  or  arburalor  i,  M,,t  n,a,le  .i„a! 

""-  I'  iv,  the  ndii  of  re..,rt  to  the  tribunal,  of  their  ou„  eoini- 


■  I' 


eonehule.I   h\    t!:.-   .|.-,-iM..n>   ..f   t 


'le 


oiisii!. 


his 


tr\.    \\ith..nl    hiin 

"'\''''."'^"'  "   ^^'"'^'""  !--"teet,.n.  ,111,1  „.  a-r.,,!,   f„,  ,.„•  time  iieuig 

•'    ^'"""•■■'    '■^■^''■''^    "■■   '"'li.    Hi.iMer  a.,,1   eieu;   ..n,i   ,t  r    not    f„r   thi, 

•"""    ■■'    -^.   l!ut    n„     uuu.h    here.   U    ..,la,l:,„e,U„l  ::,.    v,,.d     ,,,„ 


THE  ELWINE  KREPLIN  79 

be  more  efficient  and  useful,  and.  on  that  o;round,  to  apply  it.  Besides, 
this  court  can  not  know  that  the  remedy  \>y  resort  to  the  vessel  is  not,' 
if  it  exists,  so  regulated  in  Prussia,  that  it  wns  intended  that  her  sea- 
men should  not  invoke  against  the  vessel  the  remedies  permitted  by  our 
laws,  under  the  mode  of  administration  and  rules  of  decision  by  which 
our  courts  are  governed.  And.  further,  under  the  expressed  exception, 
which  peniiits  resort  to  local  tribunals  by  consuls,  etc.,  who  may  re- 
quire their  assistance  to  cause  their  decisions  to  be  carried  into  effect 
or  supported,  it  is  plausible,  at  least,  to  say,  that,  if  the  consul  decide, 
oil  a  difference  between  captain  and  crew,  that  wages  are  payable, 
the  power  of  the  court  to  attach  and  condemn  the  vessel  for  their  pay- 
ment may  be  invoked  to  support  and  give  effect  to  such  decision. 

Again,  it  is  said.  that,  in  this  case,  the  captain  and  crew  were  not 
confronted  before  the  counsel,  witnesses  were  not  examined,  no  ad- 
judication in  writing  was  made,  but  the  consul  only  orally  declared 
his  judgment  of  the  matter  in  difference,  after  hearing  the  statement 
of  the  master  and  the  statement  of  the  libellants,  and  then  declared 
that  he  had  nothing  further  to  do  therein.     The  proceeding  does  not. 
It  is  true,  confomi  to  our  ideas  of  the  requisites  of  a  judicial  pro- 
ceeding; but,  are  the  courts  of  tins  country  to  prescrilje  to  the  Prus- 
sian consul  the  forms  and  modes  of  proceeding  which  he  must  adopt 
when  he  acts  as  a  judge  or  arbitrator  between  master  and  crew  under 
this  treaty  .="    Mu>t  he  follow  the  i^ractice.  and  be  governed  by  the  rules, 
governing  trials  and  arbitrations  under  our  laws?  Must  our  consuls 
in  Prussia  follow  the  rules  and  practice  of  the  courts  of  that  kingdom? 
If  .so.  then  the   District  Cuurt  here  was  sitting  as  a  court  of  error, 
to  review  the  judgment  or  award  of  the  Prussian  consul.    What  can  this 
court  say  are  the  formal  re(|ui>itcs  of  a   Prussian  arbitration?     It  is 
nianife.-t,  by  the  reservation  of  the  right  to  resort  to  the  judicial  tribu- 
nals of  tlie  home  country,  without  being  concluded  by  the  decision  of 
the  consul,  that  the  proceclini,^  before  liitn  as  an  arbitrator  or  judge  was 
intcn.lo.i  to  be  siinmiary,  and  its  condiut  left  very  much  in  his  discre- 
tion :  ,in<l.  esjiecially.   it   is  manifest,  that   the   nations   rcsjiectively  in- 
tended to  confide  in  their  c.iiivn!.  ,in.'  teniponirily  iiitru-t  to  him  tile 
adjustment  of  ditrerrnce^  lntue.'n  otificT  and  irew  of  their  vc--el  in 
the  jH.rt  of  the  other,  and  it  ua-,  not  intendcl  tiiat  tin   coiin-  of     iich 
other  nation   shoiili!  .>it   111    indL;iiiciit   iip..n   tin-   form  or   rci;n!.iri!\ .  or 
tlic    iiistice.   of   the   act--   ot    ihc   con-iil.   or   niti  rtorc   tluicuith    n     any 
manner      It  ua^  (Iccmed  -ate  ,in.l  proinT  to  Kmv,    x-.,  ,;;  1,  lon-uU  this 


m 


IP 


80 


DFXISIONS  OF  FEDERAL  COURTS 


assured  that  they  wuuhi  act  with  fairne.s  and  integrity  therein  In, 
yet  «.v.ng  the  r.ght  of  full  and  final  n.ve.tigation  L.  adiudiaul 
a  hon,e.  where  hon,e  laws,  ho.ne  ren.edies,  and  ho.ne  n.  ,  es  o  in 
ves  .g^u.on  con  d  be  resorted  to.  The  District  Court  here  not  ol 
passed  upon  the  re-juisites  of  the  proceeding  as  judical  or  as  m 
arburaxnent  but  assumed  .  ,nc,nire  „,to  the 'detail  of  , t  Z^,^ 
te"  ified  S'b  the  dec...red  grou.,ds  u,>on  which  the  ti^-cZi 
lesfhcd  that  he  acted,  an.l  winch  he  ..a>s  were  before  hin,  ,n  the 
dm,ss.ons  o  the  crew-thus.  in  effect,  review,,,,  the  law  a,  d  t le 
facts  which  the  consul  n.ade  the  basis  of  his  decs.on 

det^rmi^^r''  '"'  'T  T'''  '''  "°^  ^^'  ^  J""»^^  -  -^itnUor  to 

ctd  rjin  ""'  *'^'''  '"^  ""^  "^^■■"^'  '^l^^"  n.risd,ct,on.  a  pro- 

cc  dn,g  ,n  our  courts  ,s  no  interference  .n  disregard  of  the  treaty      It 

hy  no  means  clear,  that  the  attachtnent  of  the  vessel,  on  tl  e  li^l  o 

,.'    ,,    ,        ,  '  '"  "'"  "-''■■  ""•"  ••'■■gunient  .lisreganls  the  cle-.riv 

c^a  hs  ed    act.  that  the  consul  or  his  vice-consul   ,  tho  .s      m^^ 

nzes   .  dd  hear  the  part.es  res,K-ctively.      On  the   statement  of  the 
cas     by  the  crew   (who.  wlnchsoever  of  then,  was  the  fi    t  spe.J. 

the  opponun.ty  to  tell  their  story,,  he  pronounced  agaLil  n  : 
On  the  r  own  story,  he  .lecde.l  that  they  had  forfeited  tlu„  wages 
b>  the  1  russtan  law.  applied  to  the.r  contract  of  shipment;  and.  after- 
com  'thaM  h'T";  ^"r  """"""""•  "^'  '"-•^">-  -I--nt-^  to  the 
claimed  that  h,s  jun.sd.ct.on  for  that  pur,H...e  is  exclusive  of  ,I,e  a.urts 

itw'IhTrT    •"^'V'T '''-'  "^'^'^^^*''^"  -'^ '- '»---  -  - 

,,      :    T-  r?""'  "'"  '''^'  ^■^■^"•'  "'-'^  ''"''  "!'•  •■"■-^-'  "H'.n  to  see 

K^.pan,    and.  by  cu,l  an.l  concil.a.ory  deponmen,.  „.,i„ce  hin,  to 

".V     the  for  e,  ure  and  pay  ,1,..  wa,..  which  had  accrued.     I„  the 

ut,on  m  wh,c     t  e  ves.,  and  her  master  then  were,  it  .s  obviou^ 

'•"•  ".""    '";■".  ''^''  ^-••■"•■''  ""■"    -a,..   <of  which   I  here  express 

-  "P..M<.n  ,.  the.r  acts  ha.i  wn„„|,t  „„  ..eat  i,arm.  the  captain  had  „o 

l.n-..t    need   o     the   service,   of    .,  „„„,.   .,,,,,   ,„„„    J^.^.J^^ 

m..l.t  Properh      ave  move,,  h,,,,  ,,,  p.v  their  wn,e>  a,.d  let  them  ^ 
ll-.a.lvK-e  of  the  cons,,,    „„l,e,„e,l   ,h,„    he   ,ho„,ht   the  los.  .„•  „,eir 
M-rvue  was  „o  ,nco„ve,„e„e..  ,o  the  e:,pt.un  and.  even  ,f  w,,.,..  there- 
tofore, they  had  cla,„,s  ,o  I,,.  eo,,.,,erat,,,,,,   .bile  d.-,,t„te  and  ^a 


THE  liUliXL  KKEri.lX 


81 


foreign  country,  which  niifjht  aiul.  ptThni.s.  out,'lit  to  indiiie  iiiiii  tu 
pay  their  wafjcs.  ilii,  is  all  'hcri'  is  of  tlu'  arj,'iiniciit,  tliat  the  coiisii! 
Iiiinsi'lf  rcj,Mnlo(|  tlii'  crew  a>  i)ractically  ihscharj,'etl. 

1  do  not  proix.se  tu  examine  the  merits  oi  the  hk-ilants'  claitn  for 
wa^es.  That  they  were,  on  the  re<|iiiMtion  of  tlie  consul,  and  without 
sulticient  fjround^  tlieretor,  held  in  pris(.n  as  deserters,  is  most  prol)- 
ahle.  That  tlieir  dei)artnre  from  tlie  ves-el,  and  jjoinj,'  ashore  witliout 
leave,  and  .igainst  tlie  will  of  the  master  (  save  as  to  one.  who  had  his 
consent),  is  not  desertion  hy  our  law,  unless  it  was  done  without  the 
intention  to  return,  is,  no  douht.  true.  That  the  ma-ter  did  not.  in 
fact,  consent  to  tlie  discharge  of  .my  of  tiiem,  is.  1  think,  clear,  while 

I  think  it  in  the  highest  degree  i)rol)al)le,  that,  if  tiiis  difficulty  had  not 
arisen,  he  would,  in  view  of  the  laying  up  of  the  vessel,  liave  consented 
to  [)art  with  most  of  them. 

1  do  not  think  it  certain,  that  an  ini|)risonment,  on  the  requisition  of 
the  ccmsul,  though  induced  by  a  statement  of  the  facts  by  the  captain, 
o])erated  to  discharge  the  seamen  from  tlieir  articles,  even  though  the 
impri.sonment   was  not   warranted  by  the   facts.     Jordan   v.   ll'illiaws 

I I  Curtis'  C.  K.  R..  (.9,  S.?|.  .\or  is  it  certain  that,  under  this  treaty,  and 
the  act  of  M.irch  2.  1S_N  i  I '.  .S.  .V/<;/.  /...  vol.  4,  p.  .^?9).  a  state  magis- 
trate can  have  no  jurisdiction  to  arrest  and  detain  a  seaman  charged  as  a 
deserter.  True,  the  laws  of  the  L'liited  .'States  may  not  luak  ■  it  the  duty 
of  a  .state  judge  to  act;  but  it  <loes  not  follow,  that,  if  be  is  included 
in  the  law,  hi-  acts  will  be  without  authority.  There  are  many  powers 
conferred  upon  state  magistrates  hy  the  laws  of  the  Inited  .States, 
which,  if  e.\ecute<l.  are  valid.  Whether  such  magistrate  is  bound  to 
accein  the  authority  and  act  uihhi  it,  is  another  i|nestion.  The  act  of 
l^-"!.  in  determining  the  iluty.  confers  the  power  on  "anv  court,  judge, 
ju-tice,  or  otlier  magisir.ite  having  competent  (nnver,  to  issue  war- 
rants" to  arrest,  etc.  See  F'ars.  Sbipp.  \-  .\dm.  102;  Kciitiuky  \. 
n,iiiiis.'n.  24  Mow.  |<o  T.  S.]  (rf),  107,  108.  It  is  apparent,  that  the 
re(|uisitinn  was  given  to  the  master  to  be  delivered  to  the  justice  at 
Staten  Island,  who,  as  the  captain  informed  the  consul,  then  detained 
the  seamen;  .md  if,  ,1-  stated  bv  counsel  (  ihougb  it  <loes  not  api)ear 
as  printed  in  the  co|iy  proof-  b.iuded  to  met.  it  was  addressed  to  "anv 
magistrate,"  etc.,  the  power  of  the  nia-istrate  is  not  clearly  wanting. 

Hut  all  these  and  other  (piestioiis  go  to  the  merits  'Ihey  bear  on 
the  broad  liuestion.  whether,  iimler  the  terms  of  the  shipping  articles, 
and    the    ['russian    rules   contained    in    the    navir.ition    book.    etc..    thp 


m 


f 


^/:-    -:i»-^   -■   $>: 


■M3m 


W^KxmW 


MICIIOCOPY    HESOIUTION    TEST    CHART 

ANSI  ond  ISO  TEST  CHART  No    1} 


1.0 


i.t 


•^  1^     112.2 


1.8 


>-25    I  1.4     IIIIII.6 


i     APPLIED  I^A^GE     Inc 


82 


DhXISIONS  OF  FEDFRAL  COURTS 


seamen  had  a  riRht  to  their  wages.  Tlu-  effect  of  the  stipulation  not 
to  sue  in  a  foreier:!  country,  which  api^ars  to  be  ,.ne  of  tiiose  rules. 
also,  and  wiiat  amounts  to  a  discharge  from  the  contract,  actual  or 
constructive,  are  (luestions  on  the  merits;  and  the  svmpathv.  which  tiie 
condition  of  these  men.  pennik-s  in  a  foreign  land,  whether  with  or 
without  fault  on  tiieir  part,  must  awaken  in  everv  mind  susceptible  of 
human  emotion,  strongly  inclines  to  a  condemnation  of  the  c.  iiduct 
of  the  master  in  this  matter. 

But  I  am  constrained  to  the  conclusion,  that  the  treaty  rciuired 
that  this  matter  in  diiTerence  should  have  been  left  where.  1  think, 
the  treaty  with  Trussia  leaves  it— in  the  hands,  and  subject  to  the 
determination,  of  their  own  public  officer.  The  necessirv  result  is  the 
dismissal  of  the  libels. 


EX  P.\KTE  XEW.MAX' 

Certain  Pru^^uu,  .ailor,  libellc-l  a  I'r.HMan  vo.-.!  i„  X.u-  Vork  ,„  admiralty 
for  wages,  k-s  in  amount  than  J2.(KX).  Tho  master  set  up  a  provision  in 
a  treaty  of  tlie  CnUo,!  Status  uith  Piu.sia.  l.y  which  it  wa,  stipulated  that 
the  consuls  of  the  respective  countries  should  sit  as  judRos  m  ".litTcronces 
between  the  crews  and  captains  of  vessels"  l,elon,i.ing  to  their  respective 
countries:  and  the  consul  of  Prussia,  coming  into  the  District  Court  pro- 
tested agau  t  the  District  Court's  taking  jurisdiction.  The  District  Court 
however,  did  take  juris.liction.  and  decreed  $71J  to  the  sailors  0„  appeal 
the  Circuit  Court  .-evcrsed  Uie  decree,  .and  di-niisse.!  the  lihel  because  of 
the  consul's  excluMve  jurisdiction.  HM.  that  man.lamus  would  not  lie  to 
the  Circuit  judge  to  compel  Inni  to  entertain  jurisdiction  of  the  cause  on 
appeal,  and  to  hear  and  decide  the  -ame  ..n  the  merits  thereof-  and  that 
this  conclusion  of  this  court  was  not  t,.  he  alt,  re,l  hv  the  f.ict  that  owing 
to  the  sum  in  controversy  being  less  than  J.',(H>).  i,.,  a..peal  or  writ  of  error 
from  the  Circuit  Lourt  to  this  court  e.Msted. 


I'KTiTio.N  for  writ  oi  maiidanu;-  to  L"iiited  .^tate-  Circuit  judge 

for  the   l-.a-tern    l)isti,,i   ,,f   \ev,-   York;  the  ciso  being  thus: 

I'he  (  oiiM,i„t„,n  onkiiii.-  that  the  ju.licial  power  of  the  United 
•■States  sh.ill  eMond   "to  ;ill  ca-c,   ,,f  :,d:tiir,rt\    and  maritime  jurixiic- 


tioil 


14  Wall.uv,   1.;.'.   n.,,n,brr   Term,    IH71 
.\rticle  .1.  Si 


rrf^-'^w'i 


EX  PARTE  NEWMAN' 


83 


Thr  tc-mh  article  of  the  tmity  of  tlie  United  States  with  the  King 
of  Prussia,  made  May  1st.  1S28,'  contains  this  provision: 

Ihe  consuls,  vice-consuls,  and  C'^nimercial  agents  shall  have 
the  right,  as  such,  to  sit  as  judges  and  arbitratois  in  such  ditFer- 
enccs  as  may  arise  between  the  captains  and  crews  of  the  vessels 
belonging  to  the  nation  who>e  interests  are  committed  to  their 
charge,  without  tiie  interference  of  the  locil  authorities,  unles~ 
tile  conduct  of  the  crews  (jr  of  the  captain  should  disturb  the 
order  or  tranquillity  of  the  country,  or  the  said  consuls,  vice-con- 
suls, or  commercial  agents  should  retjuire  their  assistance  to  cau-e 
their  decisions  to  be  carried  into  elUct  •  .r  xupi)nrted.  It  i>.  how- 
ever, understood,  that  this  species  of  judgment  or  arbitration  shall 
n(jt  deprive  the  contending  parties  of  the  right  they  li.ave  to  re- 
sort, on  their  return,  to  the  judicial  authority  of  their  countrv. 

".All  treaties  made,  .>r  wliich  shall  i)e  made,  under  the  authority  of 
the  United  States,"  it  i>  ordained  by  the  Constitution  of  the  United 
Stales.-  "shall  be  the  supreme  law  of  the  land." 

With  this  treaty  thus  in  force,  the  mate  and  several  of  the  crew,  all 
Prussians— who  had  ship[)ed  in  Prussia  on  the  I'russian  bark  lUz^iiu- 
Krc/'liii.  under  and  with  express  reference,  made  in  the  shippiing  arti- 
cles, to  the  laws  of  Prussia— got  into  a  difficulty  at  Xew  Y.,rk  with 
the  master  of  the  bark,  who  caused  several  of  them  to  be  arrcsteil 
on  charges  of  mutiny  and  desertion.  They,  on  the  other  hand,  to.ik 
the  case  before  the  I'russian  consul;  denying  all  fault  on  their  part, 
and  claiming  wages.  The  vice-cnsul  heard  the  case,  and  decided  that 
on  their  own  showing  they  had  forfeited  their  wages  by  the  Prussian 
law  a])plied  to  their  cntract  of  shipment.  In  addition  to  this  he  issued 
a  requisition  addressed  to  any  iii.arshal  or  m.igistrate  of  the  United 
States,  reciting  that  the  nia-ter  and  .rew  had  been  guilty  of  de-er- 
tion.  and  re(]uiring  such  marshal  or  magistrate  to  take  notice  of  their 
oft'ence 

The  mate  and  men  now  tiled  ,i  libel  in  the  District  0>un  at  Xew 
York  .iganist  the  bark  for  the  recovery  of  wage>  (less  than  $2,(W), 
which  they  alleged  were  due  to  them-  and  tin  b.irk  was  attached  to 
answer.  The  master  of  the  bark  interveiiii'g  for  the  interest  of  the 
owners  answered,  and  set  up  v.arions  i;rotmds  of  defense  to  the  claim, 
some  of  wi.ich  arose  under  ihe  l.iws  of  Prus-ia.  and  especially  he  iti- 


m 


iM 


11 

il 


'  r    V    V,',,,',  !.,,  \,,l,  H.  |i.  .?7K  \,,nt,-.  p    .sO], 
-   \ri:ili'  Il 


fi'^^V^^^- 


84 


DFXISIONS  OF  FEDERAL  COUF-tTS 


yoked  the  protection  of  the  clause  in  the  a'wve  quoted  treaty  between 
his  country  and  this,  and  denied  the  jurisdiction  of  the  District  Court, 
alleging,  moreover,  that  the  matter  in  difference,  the  claim  of  the 
libellants  for  wages,  had  already  in  fact  been  adjudicatetl  by  the 
Prussian  consul  at  the  port  of  New  York. 

Before  the  cause  was  tried  in  the  District  Court,  the  consul  general 
of  the  North  German  Union  presented  to  that  court  his  formal  pro- 
test against  the  exercise  of  jurisdiction  by  that  court  in  the  matter  in 
difference.'  He  invoked  therein  the  same  claus.  in  the  treaty,  and 
claimed  exclusive  jurisdiction  of  such  matters  in  difference;  and  de- 
clared also  that,  before  the  filing  of  the  libel  the  matter  had  been  adjudi- 
cated by  him,  and  insiste  l  that  his  adjudication  was  binding  between 
the  parties,  and  could  only  be  re\  icwed  by  the  judicial  tribunals  of 
Prussia. 

Ihe  District  Court  pioceeded  notwithstanding  to  hear  and  adjudge 
the  case;  placing  its  right  to  do  this,  on  the  ground  that  the  suit  be- 
fore lY  was  a  jiroceeding  in  rem  to  enforce  a  maritime  lien  upon  the 
vessel  it.self,  and  not  a  "difTerence  between  the  captain  an>'  crew;" 
and,  also,  because  the  Prussian  consul  had  no  power  to  conduct  and 
carr\-  into  effect  :i  pr(Ke>?ding  in  rem  for  the  enforcement  of  such  a 
lien,  and  had  not  in  fact  passed  at  all  and  could  not  pass  upon  any 
such  ca-e.  Accor(lin<,dy  after  a  careful  examination  of  the  facts,  that 
court  decreed  in  favor  of  the  libellants  $712.  The  case  then  came 
by  appeal  to  the  Circuit  Court.  This  latter  court  considered  that  the 
District  Court  had  given  to  the  treaty  too  narrow  and  technical  a  con- 
struction.    The  Circuit  Court  said : 

The  nia-ter  i-  the  representative  in  this  ])ort  of  the  vessel  and 
of  all  the  interests  concerned  therein.  He  i-  plainly  so  regarded 
in  the  treaty.  The  matter  in  dirierence  in  this  cause  is  the  claim 
for  waLTc-.  That  ari-e-  between  the  crew  and  tiie  ma-ter,  either 
as  in.ister  or  as  the  rejireseiitative  lure  <<i  vessel  and  owners. 
Ihe  lien  and  the  proceeding  in  rnn  ag.iin-t  the  ve--el  apiK'rt.iin 
only  to  the  remedy.  The  very  t^^^t  <tep  m  ihi-  raii-e  i-  to  settle 
the  mailer   in   <livpule.      If  tlu'  claim   be  e-l;ibli~lied.   then,   ;is   in- 

'  Th.  cmi  ii|.t;i'H(ral  ff  tli.-  \..rlli  Ci  rm.ir  IJiiioii  -,  ,.  ,-,inimis-in„c.l  |,v  the 
Knit:  c,f  I  nipi;,,  I'nis~,;,  |„inL;  one  nf  tl„.  .St.,|,.-  compo-iim  the  .V.irth  Grrman 
l.in.,,,.  .nul  hy  nrlituat,-  .,f  H,,.  S.rrct.irv  ,.f  State  of  the  Ciiitcl  States,  „,uler 
tlu'   M'.^il  ni    ilMt   ,l>i,armni<l.   It    apprart.l   lliat   tin-   F-:xcnitivr    D.partmftit   ,,f   the 

Viutcl    St.it.  .    r,Toi;ni;-,-   thr    omimiK   nf   tin-    .\,)rtli    Ccrnnti    l' ii    as   roiiMiN 

of    .-a.!]    ,:,)v   ,.f   tlu     snvrr,  iiili    Slat,  s   nMMpovi,,^;    tiiat    ltii..ii.    -tlir    -.imv   as    if 


they   li.i.l   Iku;   ii.iiimi--iniui|   liy   racli 


if    siirli   .St.iti's," 


r^^??^i^l?«r"^x^f^ 


1 


EX  PARTE  NEWMAN 


85 


cident  to  the  right  to  the  \vage>,  the  heii  and  its  enforcements 
against  the  \essel  follow.  The  District  Court  can  have  no  juris- 
diction of  the  lien,  nor  jurisdiction  to  enforce  it  if  it  has  no  juris- 
diction of  the  difference  or  dispute  touching  the  claim  for  wages. 
To  hold  that  the  jurisdiction  of  the  consul  is  confined  to  cases  in 
which  there  is  no  maritime  lien,  and  in  which  no  lihel  of  the 
vessel  could,  apart  from  the  treaty,  he  maintained,  is  to  take  from 
the  treaty  much  of  its  ^nhstance. 

The  Circuit  Court  ad\erted  to  and  relied  on  the  fact,  that  the  Prus- 
sian consul  had  moreover  actually  heard  the  mate  and  sailors,  and 
prononnce<l  against  them. 

The  C"ircuit  Court  accordingly,  while  it  cxjiressed  on  a  general  view 
of  the  merits  its  sympathy  with  the  sailors,  and  a  strong  inclination 
to  condemn  the  conduct  of  il-  ■  ma-~ter  in  the  matter,  yet  was  "con- 
strained to  the  conclusion  tha'  the  treaty  ref|uired  that  the  matter  in 
difference  should  have  lacn  left  where  the  treaty  with  Prussia  leaves 
it,  viz.,  in  the  hiuuh  and  subject  to  the  determination  of  their  own 
piihlic  of^cer."  The  result  wa-  the  dismissal  of  he  libels  by  the 
Circuit  Court  for  want  of  iurisdiction. 

Therenjion  Xewnian  and  the  others,  by  their  counsel,  Messrs.  P. 
I'hillips  and  P.  McMalum.  liled  a  petition  in  this  court  for  a  writ  of 
mandamus  to  the  Circuit  judge,  commanding  him  '"to  entertain  juris- 
diction of  the  sai<l  cause  mi  appeal,  and  to  hear  and  decide  the  same 
on  the  merits  thereof."  The  jiuk^e  returned  that  the  Circuit  Court 
had  enlertaiiici!  the  appeal,  and  had  he;ird  counsel  on  all  the  que>- 
tions  raised  in  tlie  cisc.  and  had  decided  it;  and  that  the  said  court 
had  decided  th.it  tlie  matter  in  oiiUrover>y  wa>  within  the  jurisdiction 
of  the  eiMistil  under  tlie  tre.it\.  .and  ihat  in  the  exercise  of  the  jurisdic- 
tion so  iriveii  li:?ii.  lie  h;id  decided  tile  matter,  and  that  therefore  the 
court  had  dismissed  the  libel. 

I  he  <|uestion  now   was  whether  the  mandamus  sliould  issue. 

I  he  reader  will  of  cuir-ie  renuMiilier  the  pro\  ision  in  the  l.^th  sec- 
tion of  the  Jiiiliciar\-  act.  bv  which  it  i<  enacted: 

That  the  .^nprenie  (  niivt  -li:i!l  h.ne  power  to  isstu'  writs  of 
ni.iml  I'lnis  in  cases  w  arr.iiili'il  hy  the  jiriiiciples  and  usages  of 
law.  to  any  courts  .-ippointed  or  persons  holding  oflice  uniler  the 
.-uithorily   of   the   I'liiteil    Slates, 

.'\nd  also  the  pnxision  of  ihe  -?2d  -(vtion,  extended  by  an  ,ict  of 
IS(),i  to  ai)p(  lis   in  admiralty,  bv   w'lich  it   is  eii.icted  : 


4 

V 

'b 

i:  I 

■■X\'\ 


m 


^f'  DECLSIOXS  OF  FEDER  \L  COURTS 

That  final  juiigirems  and  decrees  in  civil  actions  ...  in  a 
Circuit  Court  .  .  .  removed  there  hv  ai)peal  from  a  Di-trict 
U'pJ3^  ,^  "'^  "''''"*''■  '"  '''^Pute  exceeds  the  sum  or  value  of 

5>-,(U).  exclusive  of  costs,  niav  be  reexamined  an.l    reversed  or 
athrnied  m  the  Supreme  Conn. 


-Mr.  Justice  Clifford  delivered  the  opinion  of  the  court. 
.\ttenipt  was  made  in  the  first  place  to  prosecute  the  suit  in  the 
name  of  the  male  fur  him>elf  and  as  assignee  of  the  crew,  but  ihe 
court  before  entering  the  decree  suggested  an  amendment,  and  the 
crew  were  admitted  as  colihellants,  which  will  render  it  unnecessary 
to  make  any  further  reference  to  that  feature  of  the  pleadings. 

Proceedings  in  rem  were  instituted  in  the  District  Court  against  the 
bark  Eiwinc  Krcplni,  by  the  ;u;.;e,  [.r  hini.sc-lf  and  in  behalf  of  >he 
ercw  of  the  bark,  on  the  twenty-fourth  of  August.  1870,  in  a  case  of 
subtraction  of  wage-  civil  and  maritime,  and  thev  allege  in  the  libel,  as 
amended,  that  the  bark  is  a  Prussian  vt-sel.  and 'that  thev  are  Prussian 
subjects,  and  that  they  were  hired  by  the  master  and  legallv  shippe.l 
on  board  the  bark  for  a  sjiecified  temi  of  .service,  and  that  they  con- 
tinued Nvell  and  truly  to  perform  the  duties  they  were  shipped  to  ful- 
fil, and  that  they  were  obedient  to  the  lawful  commands  of  the  mas- 
ter, until  they  were  discharged.  They  also  set  forth  the  date  when 
they  were  -hipped,  the  length  of  time  they  ha,l  served,  the  wages  they 
were  to  receive,  an.l  the  amount  due  and  unpaid  to  them  respectively 
for  their  senices.  and  aver  that  the  owners  of  the  bark  refuse  to  pa'v 
the  amount. 

Pr.xress  was  issued  and  >;ervcd  by  the  seizure  of  the  bark,  and  the 
master  appeared,  as  claimant,  and  filed  an  answer.  He  admits  that 
the  ai.pellants  shipped  on  boanl  the  bark  at  the  place  and  in  the  cipac'i- 
ti<-  and  for  the  wages  alleged  in  the  libel,  but  he  avers  that  thev  -i.r„ed 
the  shipping  articles  and  bound  themselves  bv  the  rules,  re-mlation. 
and  directions  of  the  ship,,ing  law  and  niles  of  navigation  of  the 
country  to  v.liich  the  bnrk  belonged,  and  he  denies  that  they  well  and 
tni'v  performe.I  their  ,lntie-,  or  that  thev  were  obedient  fohis  lawful 
c  mmand..  0„  the  c^ntrnrv.  be  allrge^  that  thev.  on  the  .lav  thev 
were  discharged,  were  t:,„!,v  of  gro.-  m-nbordination  and  mutinous 
conduct,  that  thev  re-i.ted  the  l.-,wfnl  commands  of  the  master    and 


1 


E\  PARTE  XEWMAN 


87 


refused  to  obey  the  same,  and  interfered  with  him  in  the  performance 
of  his  duty,  and  with  force  and  threats  prevented  In'm  from  perform- 
ing: the  same,  and  thereafter,  on  the  >anie  day,  dc.-erted  from  the 
vessel. 

-Apart  from  the  merits  he  ;i1no  set  uj)  the  followim;  defenses: 

1.  That  the  court  had  no  jurisdiction  of  the  matter  contained  in  the 
libel,  because  the  bark  was  a  Prussian  vessel,  owned  by  Prussian  citi- 
zens, and  because  tlie  libe'.lant^  were  Prussian  Mi'iects  belonging  to 
the  crew  of  the  vessel,  and  were  also  citizens  of  that  kinofdom. 

Support  to  that  defense  is  derived  from  the  tenth  article  of  our 
treaty  with  that  Government,  which  provides  that  consuls,  vice-con- 
suls, and  commercial  agents  cf  the  respective  countries,  in  the  ports 
of  the  other,  shall  ha\e  the  right,  as  such,  to  -it  as  judges  and  arbitra- 
tors in  snch  difference^  as  m;iy  arise  between  the  captains  and  crews 
of  the  vessels  belonging  to  the  nation  whose  interests  are  committed 
to  their  charge,  without  the  interference  of  the  local  autliorities.  un- 
less the  condnct  of  the  crew-,  or  of  the  captain,  should  disturb  the 
order  or  tran(|uil!ity  of  the  country,  or  the  consul-,  vice-consuls,  oi 
commercial  agent-  -lunilil  require  their  :i--i-t.-!n<-c  i,,  cnusc  tlieir  de- 
cisions to  be  carried  into  etTect,' 

He  set  up  tliat  provi-ion  nf  the  treaty,  and  prayed  that  he  might 
have  the  same  advantage  of  it  as  if  the  same  was  separately  and  for- 
mally pleaded  to  the  libel. 

2.  That  the  libellants  in  signing  the  -hipping  articles  bound  them- 
-elves.  under  the  penalty  of  a  forfeiuire  ni  wages,  not  to  sue  or  bring 
any  action  for  any  cause,  again-t  the  ve-sel.  or  the  master,  or  owner- 
thereof,  in  any  court  nr  tril)U!i:il  excei)t  in  tho-v  of  I'ru-sia. 

3.  That  the  con-ul  general  of  the  \orth  ( lerman  I'nion.  re-ident  in 
the  city  of  Xcw  York,  which  Government  included  Prussia  and  other 
sovereigntie-.  heanl  and  examined  the  que-tion=  of  difference  between 
the  libellants  ,ind  the  claimant  and  adjudicated  the  same:  that  the  libcl- 
lant";  ajiiK-ared  before  the  cmirt  on  the  occasion  and  presented  their 
claim  to  be  discharged  and  their  c!ai:ii  for  wage-,  and  that  the  consul, 
in  his  character  a-  -uch.  heard  and  ex.imined  their  -aid  claims  and  ad- 
judged that  the  liheMnnts  should  retuni  to  the  vessel,  an<l  that  no 
wages  were  due  them  or  would  be  due  then;  until  ihcv  complied  with 
'he  contract  of  -hipment. 

'  r.  S.  Suit.  I ..  vnl    s,  ,,.  ,f,^J   [,„,.',.,  p    56]^ 


i  '  I 


88 


DFXISIONS  OF  FEDF.RAL  COURTS 


Testimony  was  taken  in  the  District  Court,  and  tiie  District  Court 
entered  a  decree  in  favor  of  tlie  lihellants  for  the  amount  due  them 
for  their  wages,  and  referred  tiie  cause  to  a  commissioner  to  ascertain 
and  report  the  amount.  Subsequently  he  reported  that  the  amount  due 
to  the  hl)ellants  was  seven  hundred  and  forty-three  dollars  and  forty- 
one  cents.  Exceptions  were  filed  by  the  claimant,  and  the  District 
Court  upon  further  hearinjj  reduced  the  amount  to  seven  hundred  and 
twelve  dollars  and  thirty-two  cents,  and  entered  a  final  decree  for 
that  amount,  with  costs  of  suit.  Thereupon  the  claimant  api>ealed  to 
the  Circuit  Court,  and  the  record  shows  that  the  appeal  was  perfected, 
and  that  the  cause  was  duly  entered  in  that  court.' 

On  the  fifth  of  the  last  month  the  petition  under  consideration  wa^ 
filed  in  this  court  in  behalf  of  the  appellees  in  th.it  suit,  in  which  they 
represented  that  the  cause  appealed  was  fully  argued  before  the  Cir- 
cuit Court  on  the  same  pleadings  and  proofs  as  those  exhibited  in  the 
District  Court,  and  that  the  Circuit  judge  reversed  the  decree  of  the 
District  Court  and  dismissed  the  libel  for  want  of  jurisdiction  in  the 
DiNtrict  Court  to  hear  and  determine  the  controversy:  that  the  Circuit 
judge  declined  to  entertain  the  cause  <^r  to  consider  the  same  on  the 
merits,  and  that  no  final  decree  on  the  appeal  has  been  entered  m  the 
Circuit  Court  or  signed  iiv  the  Circuit  judge. 

His  refusal  to  eiiti.rt.iiii  jurisdiction  and  to  hear  and  decide  the 
merits  of  the  ca-e  wa,  i)lac(d,  as  they  allege,  uixot  the  ground  that  the 
matter  in  ditTerence,  under  the  tenth  article  of  the  treaty,  was  withiii 
the  e.\clusive  cognixmice  of  tlie  consul,  vice-consul,  or  commercial 
agent  therein  descrilie<i,  and  in  omseiiuen.'e  thereof  that  the  District 
Court  wa.-,  without  ,iny  jurisdiction,  which  they  contend  is  an  error 
for  the  following  reasons: 

(1.)  Because  llie  trc.ity  stipulation,  if  >o  construed,  is  uncon>titu- 
tioiud  and  void, 

(2.)  Hecau>e  that  article  of  the  treaty  .applies  only  to  .li^putes  Ix?- 
tweeii  the  masters  .md  crews  of  vessels,  and  has  no  reference  to  suits 
(II  rrm  ;igain-t  the  ve-sel. 

( .V  )  I!ic;mse  the  record  in  thi-  case  -hows  th.'il  the  Prussian  .au- 
thoriiie-.  refused  to  entcrt;iin  jurisdiction  of  the  controversy. 

1 4. )  Rir;ui>e  the  treaty  is  with  IVussia.  and  it  apjiears  that  her 
(fOveriniK-nt  lias  no  consul,  vice-consul,  or  ci'iit'iicrcial  airent  at  that 
port. 


I  Ante   p.  74 


EX  I'ARTr-:  NEWMAN- 


the 


(5.)    I'.ccausc  that  tlie  consul  who  acted  in  the  case  re(|iu-.te. 
District  Court  to  take  jurisdiction  of  the  matter  in  ditVerence. 

Hearing  \va>  liad  on  the  day  the  petition  was  presented,  and  this 
court  -ranted  a  rule  re((uiring  the  Circuit  judge  to  show  cause  on  the 
day  therein  named  why  a  i)creniptory  writ  of  mamlamus  should  not 
issue  to  him  .lirecting  him  to  hear  the  appeal  of  the  petitioners  and 
decide  tlie  same  on  the  merits.  Due  >ervice  of  that  rule  was  made,  and 
the  ca-e  now  comes  before  the  court  upon  the  return  of  the  judge  to 
that  rule.  He  returns,  among  other  things  not  necessary  to  be  repro- 
duced, as  follows:  That  the  cau>e  of  the  libellants  proceeded  to  a  de- 
cree in  their  favor  in  the  District  Court ;  that  an  appeal  from  that  de- 
cree was  taken  in  due  form  to  the  Circuit  Court  for  that  district;  that 
t!ie  Circuit  Court  did  not  refuse  to  entertain  the  api>eal  nor  did  the 
Circuit  Court  refuse  to  decide  the  case  on  the  appeal  nor  hold  or  de- 
cide that  the  Circuit  Court  had  no  jurisdiction  to  hear  or  decide  the 
same,  as  retjuired  by  the  proofs  or  by  the  law.  On  the  contrary,  the 
Circuit  Court  did  entertain  the  appeal,  did  hear  the  counsel  of  the 
parties  fully  on  all  the  f|ue-.tions  raised  in  the  ca-e,  .m.l  did  decide 
the  same.  Rut  in  making  sucli  decision  tlic  said  court  did  hold  and 
decide  that  the  matter  in  controversy  was  within  the  jurisdiction  of 
the  consul,  under  the  treaty,  and  that  the  consul,  in  the  exercise  of  that 
jurisdiction,  after  hearing  the  parties,  had  decided  the  matter.  Pur- 
suant to  those  views  the  Circuit  Court,  as  the  retuni  shows,  did  there- 
uiKm  direct  that  the  ckvree  of  the  District  Court  be  reversed,  and  that 
the  libel  of  the  petitioner-  I)e  dismissed. 

Power  to  i>sue  writ,-  of  mandamus  to  anv  courts  apijointed  under 
the  authority  of  the  United  .^tates  wa-  given  lo  this  court  bv  the  ihir- 
teenth  section  of  the  Judiciary  .\ct,  in  cases  warranted  bv  the  princi- 
ples and  usages  of  I.av.'  When  passed,  the  section  also  empowered 
the  onm  to  issue  -uch  writs,  subject  to  the  same  conditions,  to  per- 
son, hnldJntr  oftice  Uhuer  the  L'nited  .States,  but  this  couit.  very  early, 
decided  that  the  latter  provision  wa-  unconstitutional  and  void,  as  it 
a--nnu<l  i,,  enlarge  the  original  jurisdiction  of  the  court,  which  i- 
delnied  by  the  Constitution. - 

.\liplications  f,,,-  ,a  mandamus  to  a  -ubonlinate  court  are  warranted 
''>"  "'^'  l"'i"^'ii>I^->  ■•""1  tisage>  ,.f  law  in  cases  where  the  subordinate 

'  r.  s.  \i„i.  I ..  vol.  1. ,,.  SI. 

-Marburx  v.  Mr.dis.n,.  I   francli,  17,=;;  /;■.,-  /.,„■/,■  Itoyl.  H  FVtor-.  i'X). 


90 


DECISIONS  OF  FEDERAL  COURTS 


court,  having  jurisdiction  of  a  case,  refuses  to  hear  and  decide  the 
controversy,  or  where  such  a  court,  having  heard  the  cause,  refuses 
to  render  judgment  or  enter  a  decree  in  the  case,  but  the  principles  and 
usages  of  law  do  not  warrant  the  use  of  the  writ  to  reexamine  a  judg- 
ment or  decree  of  a  subordinate  court  in  any  case,  nor  will  the  writ  be 
issued  to  direct  what  judgment  or  decree  such  a  court  shall  renrler  in 
any  pending  case,  nor  will  the  writ  be  is-ued  in  any  case  if  the  party 
aggrieved  may  have  a  remedy  by  writ  of  error  or  appeal,  as  the  cjnly 
office  of  the  writ  when  issued  to  a  subordinate  court  is  to  direct  the 
performance  v\  ,i  ministerial  act  (  r  Ui  conmiand  the  court  to  ;ict  in  a 
case  where  the  court  ha>  jurisdictinn  and  refuses  to  act.  but  the  super- 
visory- court  will  never  prescribe  what  the  decision  of  the  subordinate 
court  shall  be,  nor  will  the  >upvrvi>Mry  court  interfere  in  any  way  to 
control  the  judgment  ir  discrttioii  of  the  subordinate  court  in  dis- 
posing of  the  controversy.'  Where  a  rule  is  laid,  as  in  this  case,  on 
the  judge  of  a  subordinate  court,  he  is  ordered  to  show  cause  why  the 
peremi)tor\-  writ  of  mandanuis  shall  not  issue  to  him.  commanding 
him  tn  do  some  .id  which  it  is  alleged  he  lias  power  to  do,  and  which 
it  is  his  duty  to  ilo,  and  which  he  has  improperly  neglected  and  refused 
to  do,  as  recjuired  by  law.  Due  service  of  the  nile  being  made  the 
judge  is  re(|uire(l  to  make  return  to  the  charge  cntitained  in  the  rale, 
which  he  may  do  b}-  denying  the  matters  charged  or  by  setting  up  new 
matter  as  an  answer  to  the  accusations  of  the  relator,  or  he  may  elect 
to  submit  a  motion  to  quash  the  nile  or  to  demur  to  the  accusative  al- 
legations. Matters  charged  in  the  rule  and  denied  by  the  respfmdent 
niu<t  he  proved  by  the  relator,  and  matters  alleged  in  avoidance  of 
tile  ch.'irue  made,  'f  denied  by  the  relator,  must  be  proved  bv  the 
respondent.-  Motions  to  (|uash  in  such  cases  are  addressed  to  the  dis- 
cretion of  the  court,  but  if  the  respondent  demurs  to  the  rule,  or  if  the 
relator  demurs  to  the  return  the  party  demurring  admits  evervthing 
in  the  ru'e  or  the  return,  ns  the  case  may  be.  which  is  well-pleaded,  and 
if  the  rcIatiT  rlccis  Ui  pniceed  to  hearing  on  the  return,  without  ])lfad- 
ing  to  the  s.inie  in  any  w.iy,  the  matters  alleged  in  the  return  must  be 
taken  to  be  irue  t"  the  s.-;me  extent  as  if  the  relator  had  demurred  to 


1.1?  :    /:  I-    ,^,•| 
522;  /;;,r.r,j" 


(':'.  V.  H'l.'.t,.!!.  8  IVtcrs  .'02;  rni'cd  Sl.itrs  v.  /'.-/rr,;,  .'  fliunli, 
;,■  rr.uis:rrcl.  7  Prtcr-,  ''.48:  li.v  rr.rtc  Mai:\.  14  Howard,  24: 
■  \.  /.ii:.T,ii(  (  ,  .'  r)a'l,-i>;,  42:  C<'m'ms/;wiu-r  v.  U'hitch.  4  Wall.ice. 
,■  (       V.  .!d:ws.  ')  Peters  602. 


-' -Ainirll  ^-  ,A->v^  on  Cnrpcratinii^,  'til  eel.  Sec.  727:  Cait,i,r  v 
.'\M,.itt''-   I'r.unee.   \    S.   78 


,S  !(/',■): 


EX  PARTE  NEWMAN 


91 


S 

■i 


tlic  return.'  Subordinate  judicial  trilmnals,  when  the  writ  is  addressed 
10  tliein,  arc  usually  required  in  exercise  some  judicial  function  which 
it  is  alle,L;e<l  they  iiave  improperly  neglected  or  refused  to  exercise, 
or  to  render  judgment  in  some  case  when  otherwise  there  would  be  a 
failure  of  justice  from  a  delay  or  refus'ii  to  act.  and  the  return  must 
either  deny  the  fact~  stated  in  the  rule  cr  alternative  writ  on  which 
the  claim  of  the  relator  is  founded,  or  mu-t  stale  other  facts  sufficient 
in  law  to  defeat  the  claim  of  the  relator,  and  no  doubt  is  entertained 
that  hwt'.i  of  tl:o>c  defenses  may  be  >et  up  m  the  same  return,  as  in 
the  case  before  the  court.-  Several  defenses  may  be  set  up  in  the 
s.ame  return,  and  if  anv  one  of  them  be  -ulVicient  the  return  will  be 
upheld.' 

Evidently  the  District  judge  was  inclineil  >  .idopt  the  proposition, 
advanced  by  the  lilieil.-'iu-.  that  the  ~uit  for  wages,  .is  it  was  pro>ecuted 
by  a  libel  in  rem.  was  not  witiiin  the  treaty  stipulation,  nor  a  contro- 
versy within  the  jurisdiction  of  the  consul,  but  he  did  not  place  his 
decision  upon  that  ground.  He  did.  howe\cr.  rule  that  the  treaty  did 
not  have  the  effect  to  change  the  jurisdic^'on  of  the  courts,  except 
to  require  them  to  decline  to  liear  matter-  i  ditference  between  the 
masters  and  crews  of  vessels  in  all  ca.-es  ■,  ;ere  the  consul  had  acted 
or  ])erhaps  wa--  ready  to  act  as  judge  or  arbitrator  in  respect  to  sucl; 
ditlerences.  lieyond  doubt  he  assumed  that  to  be  tile  true  constrnclio.i 
of  the  treaty,  and  having  settled  that  matter  he  proceeded  to  incjuire 
whether  the  consul  had  adjudicated  the  jiending  controver-y.  or 
whether  the  evidence  siiowed  that  he  was  ready  to  do  so  and  having 
answered  those  in(|uine-  in  the  negative  he  then  jiroceedea  [■ 
the  pleadings  and  proofs,  and  came  to  the  conclusion  in  the  ' 
is  expressed  in  the  decree  from  -.vhich  the  ai>peal  w;i>  i  ; 

Circuit  C"oiirt. 

.Ml  of  those  matters  were  again  fully  argued  in  the  Circwit  i 
and  the  Circuit  judge  decided  to  reverse  the  decree  of  tin  1  > 
Court  ujion   the   following  grounds:    (1.)    That   the    I'russian   c' 


amni' 
vliic 


'  Ta|>piiiK  (111  M;iii(lanuis.  M7 :  Moso^  mi  M;iinlamiis,  JIO;  c  .  m.  Pjiik  \ 
iiiisjufu-rs.   10   Weil, 1, -11,   2^:   A'vmi   v.    A'!.,v.v,/.   1    .Milintt's   Practiro.   X.    S 
Ihinalmu   \.    l:.'ard   ,if  l'"luc.  .?6   X.u-   \'nrk.  .^l(l;  M'ddlctnii   v,   C'>mmi.'<- 
yj   Pennsvlvania   State,  24.i ;   .^   Stcpluns's   Xfsi   I'rius.  2.i2fi ;   (>  P.acoti'^     ^'-i 
Meiit.  cd.   18.i6.  447. 

-  Sprin<ifi,-ld  V    Hiinidt-n.  10  Picktriii','.  .s<) ;  I'r.'pl,-  \.  I'.immisxirr.-r:    11    i  !•  w 
anIV  Practice.  M) ;  I'.-npl,-  v.  Cluunr-".  I'l  loliiiMiii.  61. 

■M(>i,;/i/   V.   f<u>.rfi.  4   Riirr<nv.  2041:    Nb>s,  ~   ,.n    Map.i'i"i\i-.  .'14. 


%?-^- 


92 


DECISIONS  OF  FEDERAL  COURTS 


uiidiT  the  treaty,  had  jurisdictiMi  of  the  subject-matter  involved  in  the 
suit  in  the  District  Court.  (J.)  That  the  jurisdiction  of  the  consul 
under  the  treaty  was  exclusive.  (3.)  That  the  proofs  showed  th  it 
the  cc)n>ul  heard  and  adjudicated  the  matter  involved  in  the  suit 
aijpealed  to  the  Circuit  Court,  and  that  the  libellants  were  bound  by 
that  adjudication. 

Such  questions  were  undoubtedly  raised  in  the  pleadings,  and  it  is 
equally  certain  that  they  were  decided  by  the  I)i>trict  Court  in  favor 
of  the  libellants.  Raised  as  they  were  by  the  pleadings,  it  can  not  l)e 
successfully  denied  that  the  same  questions  were  also  presented  in  the 
C  ircuit  Court,  and  in  view  of  the  return  it  must  be  conceded  that  they 
were  decided  in  the  latter  court  in  favor  of  the  resjwndent.  Sujjport 
to  that  proposition  is  also  found  in  the  opinion  of  the  Circuit  judge, 
and  in  the  order  which  he  made  in  the  ca.se.  Suffice  it,  however,  to 
say,  it  So  appears  in  the  return  before  the  court,  and  this  court  is  of 
the  o])inion  that  the  return,  in  the  existing  state  of  the  proceedings, 
is  conclusive. 

Conf'.'ssedly  the  petitioners  are  without  remedy  by  appeal  or  writ  of 
error,  as  the  sum  or  value  in  controversy  is  less  than  the  amount 
refjuired  to  give  that  right,  and  it  is  insisted  that  they  ought  on  that 
account  to  have  the  remedy  sought  by  their  petition.  Mandanuis  will 
i.ot  lie,  it  is  true,  where  the  party  may  have  an  appeal  or  writ  of  error, 
but  it  is  equally  true  that  it  will  nut  lie  in  many  other  cases  where 
the  party  is  without  remedy  by  appeal  or  writ  of  error.  Such  remedies 
are  not  given  save  in  patent  and  revenue  cases,  excei)t  when  the  sum 
or  value  e.xceeds  two  thousand  dollars,  but  the  writ  of  mandamus  will 
not  lie  in  any  case  to  a  sutxirdinate  court  unless  it  appears  that  the 
court  of  which  complaint  is  made  refused  to  act  in  respect  to  a  matter 
within  the  jurisdiction  of  the  court  and  where  it  is  the  duty  of  the 
ontirt  to  act  iti  the  premises. 

.Admiralty  Courts,  it  is  said,  will  not  take  jurisdiction  in  sudi  a  case 
eNiHpt  uhere  it  is  matiifestly  necessary  to  do  so  to  i)revent  a  failure 
of  justice,  but  the  better  opinion  is  tliat.  independent  of  treaty  stipnla- 
ti'  n.  there  is  no  constitutional  or  legal  impediment  to  the  cxcrci-e 
■  f  jurisdiction  in  ^uch  :i  case.  Such  courts  may,  if  they  -^ee  fit,  take 
jurisdiction  in  such  a  ca'^e.  hut  they  will  not  do  s-^  as  a  general  rule 
without  the  consent  of  the  representative  of  the  country  to  which  the 
vessel  belongs,  where  it  is  practicable  that  the  representative  should  be 
consulted.     His  consent,  however,  i^  not  a  condition  of  jurisdiction,  hut 


m-^w^m^ 


L'XITID  STATES  v.  DIEKELMAN 


93 


is  regarded  as  a  material  fact  to  aid  the  court  in  determining  the 
question  vi  discretion,  whether  jurisdiction  in  the  case  ought  or  ought 
not  to  be  exerciscu.' 


\ie\ved  in  the  hglit  of  the  return,  the  court  is  of  the  oi)inion  that 
the  rule  must  \tc  discharged  and  the 

Petition  Denikd. 


UMTRD  STATKS  v,   DIRKF.I.MAX- 

1.  Uiiles-  treaty  .-tipuiation^  prnvidr  c.tlicrwi~c.  :i  intrrliant  vt'S^tl  <if  one  country 

visitiiiK  Jif  port^  nf  aiicitluT  fur  tlif  jmrpovr  nf  trade,  is,  so  long  as  slie 
remains,  sulijt'ct  to  the  laws   uliicli  novcrn   tlicni. 

2.  Where,  in  time  of   war.  a   forei>;n   ve-vti.  availii  g  liiTscif  fif  a  proclamation 

of  the  I'risideiu  of  May  12.  18(ii.  entered  tlie  port  of  Xew  Orleans,  the 
blockade  of  wliirli  wa^  not  rtim  mcI,  Imt  only  rel;ixed  in  the  interests  of 
connnerce.  she  thereliy  a--ented  to  the  conditions  imposed  hy  such  procla- 
mation that  -he  should  not  take  <  mt  ^n'lds  contraband  of  war,  nor  depart 
until   cleared   by   the  collector   of   cu^tcmis   according   to    law. 

3.  .'\s   Xew  Orleans   wa^  then  governed  by  martial   law.  a  -ubject  of  a  foreign 

Power  entering  that  port  with  hi-  ves-el  under  the  special  license  of  the 
proclamation  became  entitled  to  tlie  ^atne  rights  and  privilege-  accorded 
under  the  same  circuin-tanees  ti;  loyal  citizens  of  the  United  States. 
Restrictions   pl.ie'^d   upon   them   operated   equally   upon   hiin. 

4.  Money,   silver-plate,   and  bullion,   when   de-tined   for  hostile  U'^e  or   for  the 

purchase  of  hostile  supplie-.  are  contraband  of  war.  In  this  case,  the 
determination  of  the  tpiesti.n  whetlier  -ucli  articles,  part  of  tlie  outward- 
bound  cargo  of  the  vessel,  were  contraband,  devolved  upon  the  command- 
ing general  at  Xew  Orlean-.  Believing  them  to  be  so,  he,  m  discharge  of 
his  duty,  ordered  them  to  be  removed  from  her,  and  her  clearance  to  I>e 
withheld    mitil   his    order    -hoidil    he   complied    w:th. 

5.  Where   the  detention   of  the  \e--el   ni   port   wa-  caused   by  her   resistance  to 

the  order-  of  the  properly  con-tituted  authoritie-  whom  slie  was  bound  to 
oliey.  she  preferring  sne'i  detention  to  a  clearance  upon  the  conditions 
imposed, —  llrld.  that  her  owniT.  a  -utiject  of  Prussia,  i-  not  "cntitleil  to 
any  damage-"  again-t  the  L'liiK d  State-,  under  the  law  of  r.ation-  or  the 
treaty  with  that  power.     ('.  .S'.  Mill.  /...  \<i\.  8.  p.  ,i84. 


'  2  Persons  on  Shipping.  22A:  Lyiuh  v.  (  re:,';/,-'.  2  Law  Reporter.  X.  S.  .).s.t  ; 
Thompson  v.  Xanny.  Bee.  217;  77i<-  /'<■,■.  Ware.  .i.i2 ;  Tlw  hifanto.  .Xbbott's  .Ad- 
iniralty.  263. 

-92  U.  S.  Reports,  520;  October  term,  1875. 


94 


DECISIOXS  OF  FEDERAL  COURTS 


Appeal  from  the  Court  of  Claims. 

Mr.  Assistant  Attorney  General  F.divm  B.  Smith  for  the  a])pellant. 
Mr.  J.  D.  .Mi-ritcrs.in.  cmlni. 

Mr.  Chikf  Justice  W  aitk  delivered  the  opinion  of  the  court. 

This  ,';uit  was  brought  in  the  Court  of  Claims  under  the  authority 
of  a  joint  resolution  of  both  Houses  of  Congre-s,  passed  May  4.  1S!"0, 
as  follows : — 

^  That  the  claim  of  I"..  Dickclman,  a  -ul)ject  of  the  I\;n;f  of  !'ni-- 
sia,  for  damages  for  an  alleged  detention  of  the  shi])  lissc.v  by 
the  mihtary  authoritie-  of  the  I'nited  .States  at  New  Orlean-.  ii: 
the  month  ..f  Septeinlier.  1S62.  he  and  is  hereby  referred  to  the 
Court  of  Claims  for  its  decision  in  accordance  with  law.  and  to 
award  such  damages  a-  may  be  ju-t  in  the  premises,  if  he  may 
l>e  found  to  be  entitled  to  anv  damages. 

Before  this  resolution  \\a-  pa-<ed.  the  matter  of  the  claim  had  been 
the  -tibiect  of  diplon-atic  C(,rr.-<p()nd  'iice  hetwevn  the  <  inveniiiicnts  i>{ 
the  United  ."^tates  and  Pni     -\. 

The  following  article,  ongmally  adopted  in  the  treaty  of  ix-ace  be- 
tween the  I'niterl  State-  and  Prussia,  concluded  Julv  11.  \7'^>  IC  .S" 
Stat.  I.  .  vnj,  S.  p.  IdSt.'  :uiil  ri'vived  by  the  tre.ifv  cinchided  M;i\  1. 
1S2S  I  r.  .S'.  Stilt.  !...  vol.  S.  p.  .>S4).-  was  in  fnrce  when  the  act-  com- 
piaiiuvl  of  occurred,  to  wit: — 

.\rt.  1.^.  And  in  the  same  case,  it  one  of  tin-  contracting 
parties,  beiii;,'  enL;.i^ed  in  war  with  any  other  Power,  to  prevent 
•ill  the  dit^.culties  and  mismiderrianding-  that  u>ually  ari-e  re 
-pecting  merch.-mdise  of  coiitraband.  >uch  a-  arm<.  ammunitioiv 
and  military  >tort-  of  e\  erv  kind,  no  -uch  .irticles  carried  in  the 
ve-sels,  or  by  the  -iihieci-  or  citi'ens  of  either  party,  to  the  en- 
emies of  the  citluT.  di.'ill  be  deemed  contrab.ind  -o  a>  to  iiiiluci' 
conti-iC'itiim  or  condemnation,  ;ind  a  lo--  of  property  to  individ- 
u.iN.  .\esertbele-i<,  it  -hall  be  Lawful  to  >top  such  vessels  aid 
.irtiile-,  iiiii  to  det.iin  them  for  -uch  length  of  time  .i-  the  .'.ip- 
tors  m.iv  think  iie<'e--ary  to  prevent  the  incotuenience  or  d.image 
that  m-glit  en-iie  from  tiieir  proceeding:  pacing,  iiowever.  :i  rea- 
-on.ilile  C(impen-:ition  for  the  lo-,  <uch  ati'e-t  -hall  m-ca-ion  to 
the  proprietor-:  and  it  -itall  further  be  allow<'il  to  u-e  in  the  ser- 
vice of  the  (■,ii)'or-  the   whole  or  anv  |i,!rt   of  the  mi1il:ir\    -tore- 

'  .IhI,\  V    Ir 


','?;mTmj.<iE^mi!ss>^stwy^wj^w^^^ijwjjri^^ 


UNITED  STATES  v.  DIEKELNfAX 


95 


so  detained,  paying  the  owners  the  full  value  of  the  same,  to  be 
ascertained  by  the  current  price  at  the  place  of  its  destination. 
But  in  the  case  suppo^eil  of  a  vessel  stopped  for  articles  of  con- 
traband, if  the  nia-^tcr  of  the  vessel  stopped  will  deliver  out  the 
goods  supposed  to  he  cf  contraband  nature,  lie  shall  l>e  admitted 
to  do  it,  and  the  ve-~el  <ha!l  not,  in  that  ca-e.  be  carried  into  any 
port,  ncr  further  detaiiie<l.  hut  shall  I'c  allowed  to  proceed  on 
her  voyage. 

When  the  Essex  visited  Xew  (Jrleans,  the  Inited  ."States  were 
v'',':ige(l  in  the  war  ^f  the  rebellion.  The  port  of  that  city  was,  at 
the  very  comniencemint  of  the  war,  placed  under  lilockade-.  ai'.d 
closed  against  tradt-  and  comniercia'  intercourse:  but,  on  the  litii  of 
May,  1862,  the  President,  haviiig  become  satisfied  that  the  blockade 
might  "be  safely  relaxed  with  .I'lvantage  lo  the  interests  of  com- 
merce," issued  his  ])roci;im;itiiin,  to  tile  elVcct  lliat  froni  and  after 
June  1  "commercial  interccjurse.  .  .  .  e.\ce()t  a>  to  persons, 
things,  and  information  coiuraliand  of  war."  might  "be  carried  on 
subject  to  the  laws  of  the  United  State-,  and  to  the  Hmilatiuns.  and  in 
pursuance  of  tiie  re^nl.itiiui>  .  .  .  procrihed  by  the  Secretary 
of  the  Treasury,"  and  appended  to  the  proclamation  The-e  regula- 
tions, so  far  as  they  aie  :'i)]i!ic,i!.le  to  tlie  pre-eiU  ca-e,  are  a-  follows; 


1.   To  vessels  clearing'  iroiii   toreiyii  ports  and  <les;:n.'d  ti 
Xew    ( )rleans.     .     .     ,     licenses    will    ',)■     u;:":uili'd    \i\    cok 
the  United  State-  upon  -.iti-l^ictoi)    evidence  tiiat  the  vcv- 
licen-ed  will  convey  no  persons,  property,  or  inf(jrmation  c 
band  of  war  eitlier  to  or  from  the  -aid  jwirt-;  which  license 
be  cxlii!)ited   to  the  eoHtvior  of  the   p  irt   to    which   said   \ 
may   Ik.'   respe<-ti\ely    bounl.   immediatelv   "it    arriv.il.   and. 
iniirecl.   to  ;iiiv  olViCi  r   ;;i   c!:;ir;,',e   of   the  Illoc!^ade  ;  ;ind  on   U- 
eitlier  of  said  )iort-  everv    ve--e!  wi'l  be  re(|uire(l  to  have  a 
ance  from  the  coikctor  of  the  cii-'oin-  .•'.•i-',i  !■!!-   •.,  |,.\',. 
ing  no  violation  of  the  condition-  o|   the  licen-e.     l'.  S    .V', 
vol.  12,  p.  12(4. 


lis      of 

els  so 
ontra- 
.  shall 
e--els 
i  f  re- 
iving 

•':•  11  - 
!l..-v- 
!.     I... 


rile  I'.ssiW  <;iiled  from  r,ivet|n«)I  for  \evv  i  irlean-  lime  !'•, 
1S()2,  ;uid  .arrived  \iign-t  24.  New  '  »iie.in-  w.i-  then  m  po—e-si.m 
of  the  military  force-  of  the  Unileil  St.it>-.  with  •  li'tiei;i'  I'.iitler  in 
fomm.and.  The  city  w;is  pr;u-ticallv  iii  a  -tate  of  -lege  bv  l:,n  I,  liut 
open  bv  se.a,  .and  wa-  under  niaitia!  law 

1  he  commanding  general  w.is  e\pre-slv  enj.iineil  bv  the  i.overn- 
meiit  of  tlu'  United  St.ite-  to  tak.    nua-uti'-  tint  no  -npojie-  went  mil 


^^*r.irr^'^4 


96 


DI-XISIOXS  OF  FEDERAL  COURTS 


of  the  i>oit  wliicli  could  afford  aid  to  tlic  rebellion  ;  and,  pursuant  to 
this  injunction,  he  issued  orders  in  respect  to  the  exportation  of 
nn)i]ey,  gtxxls,  or  projK'rty,  on  account  of  any  person  known  to  be 
friendly  to  the  (."onfederacy,  and  directed  the  custom-house  officers 
to  infonn  him  whenever  an  attempt  was  made  to  send  any  thing  out 
which  might  be  the  subject  of  investigation  in  that  behalf. 

In  the  early  |)art  of  Septemi)er,  lf-'()2,  (.icneral  Butler,  being  still  in 
command,  was  informed  that  a  large  ([uantity  of  clothing  had  been 
bought  in  I'.eli;ium  on  account  of  the  Confederate  (lovernment,  and 
was  lying  at  Matanioras  awaiting  delivery,  because  that  Cjovernment 
had  failed  to  get  the  nuan>  tiiey  expected  from  \i  \v  <  )rleans  to  pay 
for  it:  and  th.it  another  shi])ment,  amounting  to  a  half  million  more, 
was  (lelaye<l  in  iJelgiimi  from  coming  forward,  because  of  the  non- 
jiayment  of  the  lir'.t  -hi])ment.  lie  was  also  informed  that  it  was  ex- 
(K'Cted  the  llr-t  jiayment  would  go  forward  tlirougii  the  agency  of 
some  foreign  consuN :  and  this  information  afterwards  proved  to  be 
correct. 

lie  wa~  also  informed  early  in  Septcntber  by  the  cu>tom-house  offi- 
cers, that  large  (|iiantities  of  viKer-plate  and  bullion  were  bei"g  shi])ped 
on  the  lissi'x,  then  loading  fur  a  foreign  imrt.  by  persons,  one  of  whom 
bad  (lecl.ired  him-ilf  an  eniniy  of  the  I'nited  States,  and  none  of 
whom  would  enroll  themselves  as  friends:  and  he  thereupon  gave 
directions  th.it  tlie  specified  articles  should  he  detained,  and  their 
exportation  not  alhjwed  niuil  further  orders. 

On  the  l.^tli  September,  the  loading  of  the  vessel  having  been 
Cdniiileted,  tlu'  master  applied  to  the  collector  nf  the  port  for  his 
clearance,  which  wa^  refused  in  consefiueiice  of  the  orders  of  Gener.';! 
lUitler.  but  without  .inv  rea-on^  being  a-signed  by  the  collector.  The 
next  il.iv.  be  w.i^  infornnd,  ln.wiver.  that  hi^  -hip  would  not  be 
cleared  mile--  ccr-;iin  -periried  iiiTick's  which  -be  had  on  board  were 
liiken  out  and  landed  Miuli  ^  i  irre>-pondence  ensued  between  Cien- 
<  r.d  Hutler  .'md  the  l'ni--i;in  coii'^n!  nt  N'ew  Orlean-^  in  reference  to 
the  cle:ir:nKe,  in  which  it  wa-  di-tinclly  --tated  by  ( ieneral  Hutler  that 
the  iliar.iinc  w^uM  \u>{  he  gr.niled  imtil  the  -peeilied  good<  were 
ianiled,  ;ind  tli.it  it  wnul'l  In  gr.iiited  .1-  -0011  a-  \h\<  should  be  done. 
AIin<'-i  daiK  ini(.r\iew-  tnuK  pl.-ice  between  the  m;i-ter  of  the  ve-  el 
.itid  the  i"l'ector.  in  which  th<  -.nue  -tatemeiit-  were  made  by  the 
ci.lhctnr  The  master  refu-ed  to  lan<l  the  r;irgo.  except  u]Min  the 
return  "f  lii-  bill-  of  lad'iiir.      Sniiie  of  tlie-.e  hills  were  returned,  and 


rw 


UXITED  STATES  v.  DIEKELMAN 


97 


the  property  surrendered  to  the  shipper.  In  another  case,  the  shipper 
gave  an  order  upon  the  ma^ter  for  his  goods,  and  they  were  taken 
away  by  force.  At  a  very  early  stage  in  the  proceeding,  the  master 
and  the  Prussian  consul  were  informed  that  the  objection  to  the  ship- 
nient  of  the  articles  complained  of  was  that  they  were  contraband. 

A  pait  only  of  the  goods  having  been  taken  out  of  the  vessel,  a 
clearance  was  granted  her  on  the  6th  of  October,  and  she  was  per- 
mitted to  leave  the  port  and  commence  her  voyage. 

Upon  this  state  of  facts,  the  Court  of  Claims  gave  judgment  for 
Diekelman,  from  which  the  United  States  took  an  appeal. 

One  nation  treats  with  the  citizens  of  another  only  through  their 
Government.  A  sovereign  cannot  be  sued  in  his  own  courts  without 
his  consent.  His  own  dignity,  as  well  as  the  dignity  of  the  nation  he 
represents,  prevents  his  appearance  to  answer  a  suit  against  him  in 
the  courts  of  another  sovereignty,  except  in  performance  of  his  ob- 
ligations, by  treaty  or  otherwis.;.  voluntarily  assiuned.  Hence,  a  citi- 
zen of  one  nation  wronged  by  the  conduct  of  another  nation,  must 
seek  redress  through  his  own  Government. 

His  sovereign  nmst  assume  tlie  respon-ibility  of  presenting  his 
claim,  or  it  need  not  be  considered.  H  this  responsibility  is  assumed, 
the  claim  may  be  i)ro>ecuted  as  one  nation  proceeds  against  another, 
not  by  suit  in  the  courts  as  of  right,  but  by  diplomacy,  or,  if  need  be, 
by  war.  It  rests  with  the  sovereign  again-t  whom  the  demand  is 
made  to  determine  for  himself  what  he  will  do  ii  respect  to  it.  He 
may  pay  or  reject  it;  lie  may  -ulmiit  to  arbitration,  open  his  own 
courts  to  suit,  or  consent  to  be  tried  in  the  courts  of  another  n.ition. 
All  depends  upon  himself. 

Ill  this  case,  I  )iekcliiian,  claiming  to  have  been  injured  by  the 
alleged  wrongful  conduct  of  the  military  forces  of  the  United  States, 
made  his  claim  known  to  his  (iovernment.  It  was  taken  into  consid- 
eration, and  became  the  subject  of  dijilomatic  correspondence  t>e- 
tween  the  two  nations,  Subseiiueiitly.  Congress,  by  joint  roolution, 
referred  the  matter  to  the  Court  of  Claims  "for  its  decision  according 
to  law."'  riic  courts  of  the  I'nited  States  were  thus  opened  to  Dic- 
kelni.in  for  this  proceeding.  In  this  way  the  Ignited  States  have 
siiliniitti'il  to  ihf  Court  of  Claims,  and  throuiih  that  cmrt  n[)on  appeal 
to  lis.  the  deti'niiitirition  of  the  (|iu'~tinn  of  their  legal  liability  under 
all  the  circumstance^  of  this  ca-e  f. ir  the  payment  of  damages  to  a 
citi/en  of  Prussia  iijxiii  a  claim  orii;iiial!v  i>rcsented  by  his  sovereign 


l« 


DKCISIONS  OF  FEDERAL  COURTS 


in  his  bfliall.  This  rc(|uircs  us,  as  we  think,  to  consider  the  rights  of 
tlie  claimant  under  the  treaty  between  the  two  Governments,  as  well 
a,  under  the  general  law  of  nations.  For  all  the  purposes  of  its  de- 
cisiu'i,  tile  c"  •  is  lo  be  treated  as  one  in  which  the  (lOvernnient  of 
Prussia  is  set  in.  l.>  enforce  the  rights  of  one  of  its  citizens  against 
tile  L'liited  States  in  a  suit  at  law,  wliidi  the  two  (lovernnieiits  have 
agreed  might  be  instituted  for  that  puriKise.  We  >hail  proceed  ujioti 
that  hypothesis. 


?.  As  to  the  treaty. 

The  vessel  was  in  port  when  the  detention  occurred.  She  had  not 
broken  ground,  and  had  not  commenced  her  voyage.  She  came  into 
the  waters  of  ttie  United  States  while  an  impending  war  was  flagrant, 
under  an  agreement  not  to  depart  with  contraband  goods  on  board. 
The  question  i>  not  whether  ^lie  could  have  been  stopped  and  detained 
after  her  voyage  had  been  actually  commciui  .1.  witliout  comi)ensation 
for  the  loss,  but  whether  she  could  be  kept  from  entering  upon  the 
voyage  and  drtaiiied  by  llu-  L'niled  States  within  tlieir  own  waters, 
held  by  force  against  a  i)owerfnl  rebei'lon,  until  -he  had  complied 
with  regulations  adopted  as  a  means  of  safety,  and  to  the  enforce- 
ment of  which  -he  had  assented,  m  order  to  gel  there.  In  our  opin- 
ion, no  ])i(ivision  of  tiie  ircatio  in  force  between  the  two  (lovern- 
ments  mter feres  witli  the  ngiit  of  the  United  State-,  under  the  general 
law  of  !i:it!on>;,  to  withhold  a  cu-tom-hou.-e  clearance  as  a  means  of 
enforcing  p 'rt    resjnlalion-. 

.■\rt.  1.1  of  the  treat v  of  1S28  contemplates  the  establishment  of 
bltK-kadev  and  makes  -pccial  provi-ion  for  tlie  government  of  the 
respective  i)anies  in  ca-e  tliey  exist.  The  ve>-e!s  of  one  nation  are 
b<)und  to  resjiect  the  biockatks  of  the  oilier.  Clearly  tiie  United 
State-  liad  tlie  riglil  lo  exclude  Pni-sian  vessels  in  common  with 
tho-e  of  all  oilier  nation-.  friMii  liieir  port-  altogether,  liy  e-tablish- 
iiig  and  m.ont.iining  .1  block.ide  wliile  -ubdiiing  a  donu'-tic  in-urrec- 
lion.  The  right  t"  exclude  altogether  iii.ce--arily  carrie-  will'  it  the 
right  of  ad-iiiUiiii;  tlir'iigh  ,111  e^-ting  block.-ule  upon  coiiditinii-.  ,ind 
of  enfur.  i;i'^  111  a-i  .■i])j)rupriatc  iiiamier  the  perform:iiice  of  llie  con- 
dition- itirr  adini--iiiii  lia-  ln'cii  olit.iiticd.  It  will  wA  be  c.nitended 
that  a  cond'tr.n  wiiirli  ppilnbii-  the  taking  out  of  coiitrab.uid  giod-. 


11 


UNITED  STAT[-:S  v.  DIEKELMA\ 


99 


is  unreasonable,  or  that  its  performance  may  not  be  enforced  by  re- 
fusing a  clearance  until  it  lias  been  complied  with.  Neither,  in  the 
absence  of  treaty  stipulation^  to  the  contrary,  can  it  be  considered 
unreasonable  to  require  goods  to  be  unloaded,  if  their  contraband 
character  is  discovered  after  they  have  gone  on  board.  In  the  exi.st- 
ing  treaties  between  the  two  (Jovernments  there  is  no  such  stipula- 
tions to  the  contrary.    In  the  treaty  of  1799,  Art.  6  is  as  follows: 

That  the  vessels  of  either  party,  loading  within  the  ports  or 
jurisdiction  of  the  other,  may  not  be  uselessly  harassed,  or  de- 
tained, it  is  agreed,  that  all  examinations  of  goods,  re(|uired  by  the 
laws,  shall  be  made  before  they  are  laden  on  board  the  vessel, 
and  that  there  shall  be  no  e.xamination  after. 

While  other  articles  in  tlie  treaty  of  1799  were  revived  and  kept 
in  force  by  that  of  1828,  this  was  not.  The  conclusion  is  irresistible, 
that  the  high  contracting  parties  were  tuiwilling  to  continue  bound 
by  such  a  stipulation,  and.  therefore,  omitted  it  from  their  new  ar- 
rangement. It  would  seem  to  follow,  that,  under  the  existing  treaty, 
the  power  of  search  and  detention  for  improper  practices  continued, 
in  time  of  peace  even,  until  the  clearance  had  been  actually  per- 
fected and  the  vessel  had  entered  on  her  voyage.  If  this  be  the  rule 
in  peace,  how  much  more  important  is  it  in  war  for  the  prevention  of 
the  use  of  friendly  vessels  to  aid  the  enemy. 

Art.  1.?  of  the  treaty  of  1799.  revived  by  that  of  1828,  evidently 
has  reference  to  captures  a-id  deleiitions  after  a  voyage  ha>  com- 
menced, and  not  to  detention-  in  ix)rt.  to  enforce  ])ort  regulations. 
The  ve>sel  must  be  "-top()ed"  in  her  \  'vage,  not  detained  in  port 
alone.  There  must  be  "captor- ;"  and  the  ve-sel  niu-t  be  in  a  condi- 
tion to  Ik.'  "carried  into  |M)rt"  .ir  liet, lined  from  "proceeding"  after 
she  lias  been  •stopixd."  before  lliis  article  cm  become  operative. 
Under  its  proviMon-  the  vessel  '  -topped"  might  "deliver  out  the 
gooils  supposed  to  Ih.'  contrab.jid  ,f  war."  and  avoid  further  •'deten- 
tion." In  this  CISC  there  wa^  no  detention  upon  a  voyage,  but  a  re- 
fii-al  to  grant  ;i  clearance  from  the  port  tluit  the  voyage  might  be 
commenced.  The  vcs-el  wa-  reijuired  to  "cleliver  out  the  goods  sup- 
]x>sed  to  he  contraband"  iR^fore  >!ie  could  move  out  of  the  port.  Her 
(Kteiitinn  was  not  under  the  .iiitliirit;,  of  the  treaty,  but  in  conse- 
iinence  of  her  resistance  of  tl.e  order-  ol  the  properly  con-titutcd  port 
authorities,  whom  she  wa-  b.-und  to  oU-y.     .<he  preferred  detention 


100 


DKCISKINS  OF  FEDERAL  COURTS 


in  port  to  a  clearance  on  the  conditions  imposed.  Clearly  her  case  is 
not  within  the  treaty.  The  United  Sta>cs.  in  detaining,  nsed  the  right 
they  had  under  the  law  of  nations  and  their  contract  with  the  vessel, 
not  one  which,  to  use  the  language  of  the  majority  of  the  Court  of 
Claims,   they   held   under  the  treaty   "by   purchase"    at   a   stipulated 

price. 

As  we  view  the  case,  the  claimant  is  not  "entitled  to  any  damages" 
as  against  the  United  States,  either  under  the  treaty  with  Prussia  or 
by  the  general  law  of  nations. 

The  judgment  of  thr  Court  of  Claims  is.  therefore.  rev?rsed.  (wd 
the  aiusc  rrniamh-d  7.-ith  d'rcctions  to  dismiss  the  petition. 


NOR  ril  Ci: RMAX  LLOYD  S.  S.  CO.  v.  HEDDEX.  COLLECTOR' 

SAME  v.  MACOXE.  COLLECTOR 

{.Cireiut  Court.  D.  New  Jersey.     May  2L  1890) 

1     Cr--OM>    Dl-TU>-l.'nNMKr>TION-    OF    LaWS-ToN  X  AliK    T.\x. 

.\ct  e-,mK'  Ui.u-  2()  18.><4.  «  14.  which  levies  a  iluty  of  i  cents  per  ton  on 
all  ves^els  "from  anv  foreign  port  or  place  in  North  America,  Central 
America  the  West  Inilia  Islands,  the  Raliama  1-lands.  the  Bermuda  Islands, 
or  the  SandwK-h  Ishmds.  -r  Newfoundhnd."  and  a  duty  of  6  cents  per  ton  on 
vessels  from  other  foreign  ports.  doe>  not  eniitU-  German  vc>,eU  sailn.« 
from  European  ports  to  enter  our  ports  on  payment  of  a  duty  of  ^  cents  per 
ton.  n.:der  the  treaties  of  December  2(1,  1827.  and  May  1.  1828.  wh.cl,  stipulate 
tint  the  United  States  -liall  not  Mirant  any  particular  favor  resar.img  com- 
merce or  navigation  to  any  other  foreign  nation  which  shall  not  immediately 
become  common  to  Germany,  since  the  discrimination  contained  in  said  act 
is  merely  geographical,  and  the  .Vcent  rate  applies  to  vessels  of  all  nations 
coming  frtmi  the  privileged  ports. 
2.  Tkk.mii  -     Y.vtn  r  ok  Inuin-istknt  .A(  t  of  Coni.kkss. 

Where  an  act  of  GMniires-  is  in  conflict  witli  a  prior  treaty  tlie  act  must 
control,  since  it   is  ..f  (i|ual   force   with  the  treaty  and  of  later  date. 

.1.    (.llN-TITl-TlONAl.    Law       C'oMMlssliiNKR    OF    N .' VKIATION . 

.Act  Cong.  Inly  ?.  1H84.  S  ,\  which  makes  final  the  decision  of  the  com- 
misioner  of  n-avigation  on  all  ipiestions  "relatinB  to  the  collection  of  toiniage 
ta.\.  .oul  to  the  refunding  of  such  tax.  when  collected  .Trom.iusty  or  il- 
legally," is  constitutional. 

'4.?  I'.tiiial  l\,f'irt,r.  17.     See  aLo  tin-  opinion  of  the  .Attornev  General,  tosl. 
p.  141.  and  th<    diplomatic  corn -pondenie.  />.'.;»,  p.   \S\. 


NORTH  GERMAN  LLOVD  S,  S.  CO.  v.  HEDDF.X 


101 


At  Law. 

Samuel  F.  Bigelow  and  Henry  C.  Xeiitt,  for  plaintiff. 
Hozi-ard  IV.  Hayes,  As>t.  U.  >.  I)i-t.  .\tty.,  for  defendants. 

\\  .KLES,  J.  The  plaintitt,  a  duly  organized  corporation  under  the 
laws  of  the  Hanseatic  Republic  of  Bremen,  which  is  a  part  of  the 
(jennan  empire,  is  th'i  owner  of  a  line  of  ocean  steamship.^,  plying 
resfularly  between  the  pnrt'^  of  Bremen  and  \ew  York-,  and  brinq;'! 
these  actions,  under  section  2931,  U.  S.  Rev.  Stat.,  to  recover  the 
amount  of  certain  tonnage  dues,  alleged  to  iiave  been  unlawfully  col- 
lected from  said  ships  during  the  period  extending  from  June  26, 
1884,  to  July  28,  1888,  and  while  the  defendants  were  succe-sivelv 
collectors  of  customs  at  the  last  named  port.  The  vessels  cleared  from 
Bremen  for  New  York  via  Southampton,  England,  stoppini;;  at  or 
near  the  latter  place  temixirarilx.  to  discharge  cargo  and  pas-enger-. 
and  to  take  on  board  additional  cargo,  passengers,  and  maiN.  The 
consignees  of  the  vessels  paid  the  dues,  in  every  instance,  under  pro- 
test, and  the  plaintiff  appealed  to  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  and 
finally,  at  the  suggestion  of  the  latter  officer  and  with  the  concurrence 
of  the  Department  of  Justice,  brought  these  actions  to  determine  the 
'authority  of  the  defendant^.  The  right  of  the  plaintiff  to  recover 
depends  upon  the  following  statement  of  the  law  and  fact~ ;  Prior  t-^ 
the  act  of  Congress  of  June  26,  1884,  entitled  "An  act  to  remove  cer- 
tain burdens  on  the  American  merchant  marine  and  enoairage  the 
American  foreign  carrying  trade,"  tonnage  tax  was  imposed  uj-mn 
German  and  all  other  vessels  arriving  in  the  Uiiitcfl  State-  from  for- 
ei.gn  ports,  at  the  rate  of  .'0  cents  per  ton  per  annum,  and  up  to  July 
l«t.  of  that  year,  it  had  been  collected  in  a  lump  ^um  f'''r  a  \ear  at  a 
time.  But  section  14  of  the  act  of  1.S84  chan^'d  the  rate  and  mode  of 
collection  as  follows: 

That  in  lieu  of  the  tax  on  tonn;ige  't  tliirtv  rcn-  'ier  ton  Tic- 
annum,  heretofore  imposed  by  law,  a  duty  oi  three  cent.>  pi-r  ton, 
not  to  exceed  in  the  agirregate  fifteen  cent-  per  ton  in  an\-  one 
year,  is  hereby  imposeil  at  each  entry  on  all  vo--ol>  which  <hall 
lie  entered  in  any  port  of  the  I'liitcd  States  from  anv  f'>reign 
port  or  place  in  North  \merica.  Central  .\meri>:a.  the  Wr-t  India 
Inlands,  the  Bahama  Islands,  the  Beninida  Islands,  or  the  Sand- 
wich Islands,  or  Xewfoundland  ;  and  a  dut\  of  six  cent-  per  ton, 
not  to  exceed  thirtv  cents  per  ton  anniini,  i-  lierebv  impo-ed  at 
each  entr\-  upon  all  vessels  which  -hall  be  entered  in  the  United 
States  from  any  other  foreign  ports.     I'    <  Stat.  I...  vol,  2,^,  p.  .^7. 


lOJ 


OKCISIONS  OK  KKDHXAI.  COUNTS 


This  section  was  amendi'd  by  section  11  of  the  act  of  Congress  of 
June  19.  lSf«),  entitled  "An  act  to  abolish  certain  fees."  etc.  U.  S. 
Stat.  L..  vol  24.  p.  81.  The  amendment  consisted  in  adding'  the  follow- 
ing words  to  tliose  just  <iuoted : 

Not,  however,  to  include  vessels  in  distress  or  not  engag^cd  in 
trade ;  ]>rovide(l,  that  the  President  of  the  United  States  shall 
suspend  the  collection  of  so  much  of  the  duty  herein  im]Kise(I  on 
vessels  entered  from  any  foreign  j)ort  as  may  he  in  excess  of  the 
tonnage  and  lighthouse  dues,  or  other  equivalent  tax  or  taxes, 
imposed  in  said  port  on  .American  vessels,  by  the  Government  of 
the  foreign  country  in  which  such  port  is  situated,  and  shall, 
upon  the  passage  of  this  .ict,  and  from  time  to  time  thereafter  as 
often  as  it  may  Ix-come  necessary,  by  reason  of  changes  in  the 
laws  of  the  foreign  countries  above  mentioned,  indicate  by  procla- 
mation the  ports  to  whicli  such  suspension  shall  ap])ly.  and  the  rate 
or  rates  of  tonnage  duty,  if  any,  to  l)e  collected  under  such  susi>en- 
sion :  provided,  further,  that  such  proclamation  shall  exclude  from 
the  benefits  of  the  suspension  herein  authorized,  the  vessels  of  any 
foreign  country  in  whose  ports  the  fees  or  dues  of  any  kind  or 
nature  imposed  on  vessels  of  the  United  States,  or  the  imiwrt  or 
export  duties  on  their  cargoes,  are  in  excess  of  the  fees,  dues,  or 
duties  imposed  on  the  vessels  of  the  country  in  which  such  iwrt 
is  situated,  or  on  the  cargoes  of  such  vessels ;  and  sections  4223 
and  4224  and  so  mtich  of  section  4219  of  the  U.  S.  Revised 
Statutes  as  conflict  with  this  section  are  hereby  repealed. 

Section  4219.  title  48,  chap.  3,  Rev.  Stats.,  referred  to  in  the  fore- 
going sub-proviso,  provides  that  "nothing  in  this  section  shall  be 
deemed  ...  to  impair  any  rights  .  .  .  under  the  law  and 
treaties  of  the  United  States  relative  to  the  duty  of  tonnage  vessels  " 
Section  4227  of  the  same  title  and  chapter  is  in  these  words : 

Nothing  contained  in  this  title  shall  be  deemed  in  any  wise  to 
impair  any  rights  and  privileges  which  have  been  or  may  be  .ic- 
quired  by  any  foreign  nation  under  the  laws  and  treaties  of  the 
United  .'^tates.  relative  to  the  duty  on  tonnage  of  vessels,  or  any 
other  duty  on  vessels. 

Ry  .Article  9  of  the  treaty  of  December  20,  1827,  between  the  United 
States  and  the  llanseatic  Republics,  "the  contracting  parties     .     .     . 

engage  nuitiially  not  to  grant  any  particular  favor  to  other  nations, 
in  re-ntct  of  comnurce  and  navigation,  which  shall  not  immediately 
beciiiiie  common  to  the  other  party."  Public  Treaties,  400.  Article  9 
of  the   IVussian-.American  treaty  of  May   1,   1828,   (Public  Treaties, 


-^mr^^. 


NORTH  (;Kr^MA\  l.I.DVI)  S,  S.  Cf).  v.  HEDDl.X 


103 


f)50,)  contain-  a  like  stipulation.  'I'lu  se  trcatie-  liavx-  been  held  by 
both  the  American  and  CJerman  (iovernnients  to  be  valid  for  all  '  ler- 
niany.  (Jn  the  26th  of  January,  1888,  the  President,  in  virtue  of  the 
authority  vested  in  him  by  section  11  of  the  act  of  June  19.  1886, 
issued  his  i)roclaniation,  wherein,  after  recitinj;;  that  he  had  received 
satisfactory  proof  that  no  tonnage  or  lijrhthouse  dues,  or  any  eipii- 
valent  tax  or  taxes  whatever,  are  imposed  uijon  American  vessels 
enteiint;  tlie  jjorts  of  the  (jerman  I-lmiiire.  either  by  the  imperial  (lov- 
eniment  or  by  the  (iovernment  of  the  German  maritime  states,  and 
that  vessels  lielonging  to  the  United  .States  are  not  required,  in  ( iernian 
ports,  to  pay  any  fee  or  due  of  any  kind  or  nature,  or  any  import 
duty  higher  or  other  than  is  jjayablc  by  Cierman  vessels  or  their  car- 
goes, did  "declare  and  proclaim  that  from  and  after  the  date  of  this  my 
proclamation  shall  be  suspended  the  collection  of  the  whole  of  the 
duty  of  six  cents  per  ton  .  .  .  upon  vessels  entered  in  the  ports 
of  the  United  States  from  an\-  of  the  jiorts  f>f  the  empire  of  Germany. 
.  .  .  and  the  suspension  hereby  declared  and  proclaimed  shall 
continue  ••()  long  as  the  re(  i])rocal  exemption  of  vessels  belonging  to 
citizens  of  the  United  States  and  their  cargoes  shall  be  continued  in 
the  said  ports  of  the  empire  of  Gennanv.  and  no  longer."'  The  com- 
missioner of  navigation,  in  his  circular  letter  No.  19,  dated  February 
1,  1888.  and  approved  by  the  .Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  addressed  to 
the  collectors  of  customs  and  others,  decided  that  the  President's 
proclamation  does  not  apply  to  ves.-els  which  entered  before  the  date 
of  the  proclamation,  and  that  only  those  German  vessels  "arriving 
directly  from  the  ports  of  the  German  empire  may  be  admitted  under 
th.e  proclamation  without  the  payment  of  the  <lues  therein  men- 
tioned." The  commissioner  of  navigation  claims  authority  to  make 
this  decision  by  virtue  of  section  ,3  of  the  act  of  Congress  of  July  5. 
1884,  entitled  ".An  act  to  constitute  a  bureau  of  navigation  in  the 
Trea.sury  Department."  which  reads  as  follows : 

That  the  commissioner  of  navigation  shrill  be  charged  with  the 
super\i-ion  of  the  laws  relating  to  ihe  admeasurement  of  ve-scls, 
and  the  assigning  of  signal  letters  thereto,  an  1  of  de--ignating 
their  official  number :  an<l  on  all  (|uestions  of  mterpretation, 
growing  out  of  the  execution  of  the  laws  relating  to  the^e  sub- 
jects, and  relating  to  the  collection  of  tonnage  tax.  and  to  the 
refunding  of  such  tax  whoi  collected  erroneou-ly  or  illegally,  his 
decision  shall  be  final. 


104 


DECISIONS  OF  FEDERAL  COURTS 


The  plaintiflf's  vessels  were  German  vessels,  and  on  the  19th  day  of 
June,  1886,  and  thereafter  until  now,  the  Government  of  Germany 
exacted  no  tonnage  tax  or  taxes  whatever  on  vessels  of  the  United 
States  arriving  in  German  ports. 

Uiwn  this  stateir.ent  of  tiie  law  and  the  facts,  the  plaiutifY's  coun- 
sel contend  (1)  that  as  to  the  dues  collected  between  June  26,  1884. 
and  June  19.  1886.  the  plaintiiFs  vessels  should  not  have  been  charged 
more  than  the  lower  rate  of  tonnage  tax  fixed  by  the  act  of  1884, 
under  the  favored  nation  clause  of  the  treaties,  whereas  the  defend- 
ants charged  six  cents  per  ton;  (2)  that  the  ilues  collected  after  the 
passage  of  the  act  of  June  19.  1886,  and  prior  to  the  President's  proc- 
lamation, were  excessive,  for  the  same  reason;  (3)  that  no  tonnage 
tax  whatever  could  l)e  lawfully  collected  of  the  vessels  of  the  plain- 
tiff, after  the  passage  of  the  act  of  June  19.  1886,  because  that  act 
went  into  effect  immediately,  and  without  waiting  for  the  President's 
proclamation;  (4)  that  the  act  of  July  3,  1884,  in  so  far  as  it  confers 
on  the  commissioner  of  navigation  the  power  of  deciding  finally  on 
all  questions  of  interpretation,  growing  out  of  the  execution  of  the 
laws  relating  to  the  collection  of  tonnage  tax.  and  the  refund  of  the 
same  when  illegally  or  erroneously  collected,  is  unconstitutional  and 
void. 

As  introductory  to  their  argument,  plaintiff's  couu'^e!  referrecl  to 
the  (xjlicy  of  our  Government  in  relation  to  the  subject  of  navigation, 
which  it  is  claimed  has  been  from  the  beginning  to  establish  entire 
reciprocity  with  other  nation^.  The  practice  has  been  to  ask  for  no 
exclusive  privileges  and  to  errant  none,  "but  to  offer  to  all  nations  and 
to  ask  from  them  entire  reciprocity  in  navigation.''  1  Kent,  Comm. 
34.  note.  This  policy  has  been  judicially  recognized  by  the  Supreme 
Cniirt  in  OldHeld  v.  Mnrrio't.  10  How.  146;  and  it  is  asserted  that 
Congress  had  it  in  view  in  enacting  the  acts  of  1S84  and  l.'sS').  impos- 
ing the  tonnage  taxes.  The  review  presented  bv  counsel  of  the  legis- 
lative and  diplomatic  correspondence  touching  this  subject  is  liistor- 
icallv  interesting  and  instnictivc.  and  would  be  persuasive  in  the  case 
of  a  doubtful  meaning  of  an  act  of  Confire'is.  but  it  cannot  be  held  to 
atTect  the  interpretation  of  law>  whici;  .ire  plaiii  and  unn;;ib'';iMns  in 
their  term^.  The  questirns  hefiire  the  court  must  be  determined  by 
the  ordinarv-  and  well  settled  rules  ripplicnble  to  the  ciii^ruction  of 
and  validitv  of  sfattite-. 


^^^m- 


NORTH  r.l-RMAN  Ll.fAD  S.  S.  CO.  v.  HEODIIN 


103 


Soon  afttT  the  p.-i^^aj^c  of  tlir  act  of  June  26,  1.S84,  claims  were 
presented  by  the  Government  of  Germany,  and  of  other  foreijjn 
Powers,  having  similar  treaty  stipulations  with  the  United  States,  in 
relation  U)  navigation  for  the  benefit  of  the  three-cent  rate  of  tax, 
under  the  favored  nation  clause.  The  claims  having  been  referred  to 
the  Department  of  Justice,  the  attorney  c:eneral,  on  the  19th  of  Sep- 
tember, 1886,'  gave  the  following  opinion : 

The  discrimination  as  to  tonnage  duty  in  favor  of  vessels  sail- 
ing from  the  regions  Uientioned  in  the  act  and  entered  in  our 
I>orts  i<,  I  think,  jnirely  geographical  in  character,  inurincr  to  the 
advantage  of  any  vessel  of  any  Power  that  may  choose  to  fetch 
and  carry  between  thi~  country  and  any  port  embraced  by  the 
fourteenth  section  of  the  act. 

I  see  no  warrant,  therefore,  to  claim  tliat  there  is  anythitr,'  in 
"the  most  favored  nation"  clause  of  the  treaty  between  tins  coun- 
try and  the  powers  mentioned  that  entitles  them  to  hav-  the  privi- 
leges of  the  fourte.-nth  section  extended  to  their  ve^-e!s  >Liilin,;  to 
this  country  from  ports  outside  the  limitation  of  the  act. 

The  construction  thus  given  to  the  statute  is  clearly  consistent  with 
its  terms,  wh''  rant  the  privilege  of  the  minimum  tax  to  all  vessels 
entered  in  Li.  States  from  certain  >pecified  foreign  ports,  and  not 
exclusively  to  i  e  vessels  of  nation-^  to  whom  t'  ■  port-  belong,  or 
in   whose  territories  the  ports   are   .-ituate.   exc-  ''^  vessels  of 

those  Governments  only  which,  in  the   imposition  •.  Lje  taxes, 

discriminate  against  American  vc--els.  In  accordance  wuii  this  con- 
struction, it  follows  that  r,o  par.icular  favor  is  conferred  on  any 
nation,  and  that,  with  the  exception  noted,  the  ves-els  of  all  nation- 
coming  from  the  privileged  ports  are  entered  in  the  United  States  on 
en  equal  footing.  Further  discussion  on  tlii-  p.int  would  seem. 
therefore,  to  be  fruitless:  but  it  niav  be  proper  to  obser\-e  that  the 
construction  oi  both  t!ie  act  of  June  26.  IS^-K  and  that  of  Tune  19, 
if^.%,  and  tbe  coirplicated  fU'e-t'ciH-  c^rowincr  "Ut  i^f  the  claim-  of 
foreign  Governments,  for  the  lower  rate  of  tonnaire  r  c  by  virtue  of 
their  treaty  rights,  were  broutjht  to  tiic  attentinn  nf  .iivjro--  b\-  ti.e 
President's  message  of  Janu;u-y  14.  188*^.  transmitting  a  report  "f  the 
Secretary  of  State  in  reference  to  the  international  que-tion-  ari-ing 
frotn  the  imposition  of  diltereiitia!  tonnasc  dues  upon  ve--el-  enter- 
ing the  United  State-  fr'>m  foreign  countries.     Ex.  Di>c-Hou-e  Rep., 


[188.^1     Post.  p.  141. 


«^^*^; 


106 


DKCISIONS  OF  FKDERAL  COURTS 


50th  Gmg..  3(1  Se-s.  The  rcix^rt,  after  mentioning  the  claims  of  the 
German  minister  for  a  reduction  of  the  tax  under  the  act  of  1884, 
and  for  a  proper  refuiid  of  the  dues  charged  on  German  ships  enter- 
ing the  United  States  from  German  ports  since  the  date  of  ihe  act 
of  1886,  stated:  "To  this  Migi^estion  the  undersigneil  was  unable  to 
respond,  the  matter  being  one  for  the  consideration  of  Congress.  lUit 
the  request  a^'^uredly  deserve^  equitable  coii>ideration."  In  respect 
to  the  claim  now  made  bv  the  plaintitT.  that  the  course  of  its  ships 
coming  from  Bremen  to  Xew  York  by  the  way  of  Southampton  is  not 
such  as  to  deprive  the  run  of  its  character  of  a  voyage  from  a  Ger- 
man port  to  a  port  in  the  United  States,  within  the  meaning  of  the 
act  of  1886.  the  report  says: 

But  it  li:  been  held  by  the  commissioner  of  navigation  that 
the  voyage  can  not  be  so  regarded,  and  that  the  vessel-,  must  pay 
dues  as  coming  from  Southampton,  a  British  port.  Similar  rul- 
ings have  been  made  in  respect  to  other  ve-sels  of  dilTerent  na- 
tionality. 

And  the  report  further  adds: 

.Another  instance  of  complication  is  that  of  a  vessel  starting 
from,  we  will  say.  a  6-.^0  cent  port,  and  calling  on  her  way  to 
the  Inited  States  at  a  .VI. ^  cent  port,  and  a  free  ))ort.  Other 
combinations  will  readily  suggest  themselves,  and  the  need  not 
be  stated.  But  in  each  case  the  vessel  is  required  to  pay  the 
highest  rate,  without  reference  to  the  amount  of  cargo  obtained 
at  the  various  ports  from  whicli  '^he  comes.  Thus  a  penalty  may 
practically  be  imposed  in  many  cases  on  indirect  voyages.  It  is 
conceived  that  in  many  instances  the  main  purjjose  of  the  Act 
mav  be  defeated  by  thei-e  rulings,  but  it  nuist  1x-  admitted  that 
the  law  contains  no  provision  to  meet  such  cases.  .  .  .  This 
ajjpears  to  be  a  proper  subject  for  the  consideration  of  Congress. 

From  an  examination  of  the  above  extracts  from  his  report,  it  will 
be  seen  tli.it  the  Secretary  of  State  wa>  of  the  opinion  that  the  ques- 
tions referred  to  were  to  be  addressed  to  the  political,  and  not  to  the 
judicial,  branch  of  the  Government,  and  that  Congress  alone  could  be 
looked  to  for  the  redress  of  the  class  of  wrongs  complained  of  by 
the  pi  ntifT.  and  to  prevent  their  repetition.  The  plaintiflf's  coun.scl 
denv  the  correctness  of  the  construction  given  to  the  act  of  1S84  by 


.  <:^^^;;e^-iS'f -'"^j^j^:. 


NORTH  GERMAN  LLOYD  S.  S.  CO    v,  HRDDKX 


107 


llic  attoriK'}  general,  ;;ii(l  iiiM,l  tli;it  the  liitUTcnoc  in  tonnage  rates. 
hy  which  certain  ports  specially  named  in  the  act  are  favored,  i-  a 
particular  favor  to  the  countries  to  which  those  ports  belong,  "in 
respect  to  their  commerce  and  navigation,"  which  ipso  facto  rjcrues, 
in  pursuance  of  treaty  right,  to  tk-rnian  vessels  t  .iiing  from  German 
ports.  It  is  also  asserted  that  the  treaty  stipulations  with  Germany 
are  paramount  to  the  later  acts  of  Congress,  and  that  the  former  can 
not  he  anmhilited  hy  the  latter.  Admitting  for  the  moment  that  the 
attorney  general  may  have  misconstrued  the  act,  still  it  cannot  be 
questioned  that,  excepting  where  rights  h::ve  become  ve-ted  under  a 
treaty,  to  use  the  cvpression  of  judge  Sw\v\r:,  in  the  Cherokee  To- 
bacco Case,  11  Wall.  616,  "  a  treaty  may  supersede  a  prior  act  of  Con- 
gress and  an  act  of  Congress  may  supersede  a  prior  treaty."  The 
commissioner  of  navigation  held  that  the  acts  of  1X84  and  1886 
were  inconsistent  with  the  treaties,  and  being  of  a  later  date  must 
prevail,  and  in  >o  ruling  he  is  not  without  authority  of  adjudged 
cases.  Fn  Foster  v.  Xeilsoii.  2  Pet.  314,  Chief  Justice  M.xrsii am,,  in 
delivering  the  opinion  of  the  court,  said : 

Our  Constitution  declares  a  treaty  to  be  a  law  of  the  land.  It 
is  consequently  to  be  regarded  in  the  courts  of  justice  as  equiva- 
lent to  an  act  of  the  legislature,  whenever  it  operates  of  itself, 
without  the  aid  of  any  legislative  provision.  But  when  the 
terms  of  the  stipnlaticn  iinport  a  contract,  when  either  of  the 
parties  engage  to  ]>erform  a  particular  act.  the  treaty  addres-es 
itself  to  the  political,  not  the  judicial,  department  and  the  legis- 
lature must  execute  the  contract  before  it  can  became  a  rule  for 
the  court. 


The  .same  doctrine  is  held  in  Taylor  v.  Morton,  2  (^irt.  454;  Rofes 
v.  Clinch,  8  Blatchf.  304.  In  the  Cherokee  Tobacco  Case,  supra, 
there  was  an  open  conHict  between  a  treaty  contract  and  a  subsequent 
law,  and  the  question  was  as  to  which  should  prevail.  The  107th 
section  of  the  Internal  Revenue  Act  of  July  20.  1868,  provided  "that 
the  internal  revenue  laws  inifK^sing  taxes  on  distilled  spirits,  fer- 
mented liquors,  tobacco,  snufT,  and  cigars  shall  be  construed  to  ex- 
tend to  such  articles  jiroduccd  .-tn'where  within  the  exterior  boun- 
daries of  the  United  States,  whether  ;he  same  l)e  within  a  collection 


.m::ymswmm3?^-^w^T 


108  DECISION'S  OF  FEDERAL  COURTS 

Even'  Cherokee  Indian  and  freed  person  residing  in  tlie 
Cherokee  Nation  shall  have  the  right  to  sell  any  products  of  his 
farm,  including  his  or  her  livestock,  or  any  merchandise  or 
manufactured  products,  and  to  ship  and  drive  the  same  to  r:arket 
without  restraint,  paying  the  tax  thereon  uhich  is  now  or  may 
be  levied  by  the  United  States  on  tlvj  quantity  sold  outside  of 
the  Indian  Territorj'. 

The  collection  ofticers  had  seized  a  quantit}-  of  tobacco  belonging 
to  the  claimants  which  was  found  in  the  Cherokee  Nation,  outside 
of  any  colkction  district  of  the  United  States,  and  exemption  from 
duty  was  claimed  by  virtue  of  the  treaty.  It  was  admitted  that  the 
repugnancy  between  the  treaty  and  the  statute  was  clear,  and  that 
they  could  not  stand  together;  that  one  or  the  other  must  yield.  The 
court  decided  that  the  language  of  the  section  was  as  clear  and 
explicit  as  could  he  eniploved.  It  embraced  indisputably  the  Indian 
Territory,  and  Congress  nut  having  thought  proper  to  exclude  them, 
it  was  not  for  the  court  to  make  the  exception  ;  and  that  the  conse- 
quences arising  from  the  repeal  of  the  treaty  were  matters  for  legis- 
lative and  not  judicial  action,  and  if  a  wrong  had  been  done,  the 
power  of  redress  was  with  Congress  and  not  with  the  judiciary.  In 
T.i\'l>>r  V.  Morton,  the  facts  were  these:  Article  o  of  the  treaty  of 
1832,  with  Russia,  stipulated  that  "no  higher  or  other  duties  shall  be 
imix'sed  upon  the  imixirtations  into  die  United  States  of  any  article 
the  produce  or  manufacture  "f  Russia,  than  are  or  shall  be  payable 
on  the  like  article  being  the  produce  or  manufacture  of  any  other  for- 
eign countrv'."  This  was  iicld  by  the  court  to  Ik-  merely  an  agn-  - 
ment,  to  be  carried  into  etTect  bv  toiisress.  and  not  to  be  enforced  by 
the  court,  and  tliat  an  act  of  Coiv^rcs^  t.-iyinu  a  dtit\  nf  .^^J,'  a  ton.  (in 
hemp  friini  India,  and  .'s-U)  a  ton,  on  hcni])  fnmi  otlier  C"Utitrics.  lid 
not  anth'irize  the  courts  to  decide  that  RusM;in  hemp  shouM  be  ad- 
mitted at  the  lower  rate  Such  a  promi-e.  it  was  said,  addrcs-;e-  it- 
self to  the  '^nlitital  and  not  to  the  indicia!  department  of  the  (iMicrn- 
:iien',  and  the  c.-urls  c;iii  not  try  th.-  (ine-tior,  whether  it  h.-t<  bren 
observed  or  not.  The  C'inrt  exiirc--K  declined  to  uive  an\'  opi-iion 
i-'ii  the  merits  of  the  cim',  liipMiiv,^'  th.it  the  (nie-tioii-.  whctlur  treatv 
ob!i;4atinns  have  been  kept  or  \\'<\.  .md  uhrthrr  Iv.ity  iiroini-'-  -hall 
be  withdrnwM  or  performed,  are  tn.itter-  tlt.it  beloni:  \-^  dip!(iin.u-y  ,ind 
leei-latioii.  and  not  to  the  administration  of  the  law-.  If  CiinL'n'-s 
has  departed  from  the  tfraiv.  it  i-  imni.it.rial  \><  i:i.|\iir<  v.  I:, '.h  r  \\\v 
(Upannrc  was  accideiit.il  or   de-igned.  .and   it   the  litter  whether  tlie 


TERLINDEN'  v.  AMES 


109 


reasons  therefor  were  good  or  bad.  If,  by  the  act  in  question,  they 
have  not  departed  from  t!ie  treaty,  the  plaintiff  has  no  case.  If  they 
liave,  their  act  is  the  municipal  law  nf  the  country,  and  any  complaint, 
either  by  the  citizen  or  the  foreigner,  must  be  made  to  those  who 
alone  are  emjOTwercd  by  the  constitution  to  judge  of  its  grounds  and 
act  a^  may  be  suitable  and  just. 


Let  judgment  Ix.-  entered  in  each  case  for  the  defendant. 


TERLINDEN  v.  .\MES' 

Appeal  fro.m  tub  Di.stkict  Coikt  of  the  United  States  for  the 

NoRTHEKN  District  of  Illi.nois 

No.  475.     .\rjtui-(l  January  6,  7,   1<»2.— Decidcil   IVbniary  .M.   I'^r?. 

One  Terlinden,  alias  (iraefe,  was  accused  of  various  acts  of  forgery, 
counterfeiting,  and  the  lUttrance  of  forged  i)apers,  committed  during 
the  year  I'Wl.  in  the  kingdom  of  Prussia,  .\fler  the  connnission  of 
these  extraditable  otTences  he  tied  frnni  CitTiii.inv  and  was  ajipre 
bended  in  Illinois  in  VX)\.  ,is  a  fugitive  from  justice  upon  a  warrant 
properly  issued  by  Mark  .\.  Foote.  United  ."States  Cnmmissioner  tor 
the  Northern  Divtrict  of  Illinois,  ui)oii  the  duly  veritied  complaint  of 
Dr.  W'alther  Wever,  Imperial  tlerman  (.'on>ul  at  Chicago.  On  liabcas 
ciirpiis  proceedn,j,s.  the  District  Court  found  that  the  accused  was  law- 
fully restrained  of  his  liberty,  and  the  (jri^onfr  wa-;  remanded  to  the 
custody  of  John  C.  .\mes,  .Mar>hal  fur  the  Xnr.bern  District  of 
Illinois. 

I'rom  this  order  an  ai)i>eal  w:is  taken  to  the  .Supreme  ('<iurt  of  the 
I'nited  ."^tate:-.  .\mnng  the  errors  a>>igne<l,  were  the  folluwiiig  two: 
that  tile  Di>trict  Umirt  erred  in  declining:  U>  bold  th.at  no  treaiv  exists 
between  the  United  States  and  the  kingddiii  i,\  Prussia  nr  the  ( lertnan 
Fuiipire,  ,ind  in  ;i--nming  the  existence  of  --uch  treaty.- 


.\Il<.  Ullii  r  IrsTK  F  I'll  l.i  i<  delivered  the  uplnion  nl  the  court 

rhi>  brill'.^-  Us  t(i  the  real  (|ue-~li<in.   iiamelv,  the  denial   of  the  exi-- 
t' .ice  of   ;i   tre.'itv  nf   eMr.iihtinn   belwi-eii   thr   Unued    States   and   the 


1S4  r,  S,  KiiuTtv  270:  (Vtoh.  r  trrm,  I'll) 

Tins  ^.tati'incnt  is  siili-tinitcd  inr  llrit  o|   the  rfjMirl, 


no 


DECISIONS  OF  FEDERAL  COURTS 


Kinsidom  of  Prussia,  or  the  liernian  luupirc.  In  tliese  proceedings 
tlie  application  was  made  by  the  official  representative  of  both  the 
r'nipire  and  the  Kingdom  of  Prussia,  but  was  based  on  the  extradition 
treaty  of  1H52.  The  contention  is  that,  as  the  result  of  the  formation 
of  the  German  Empire,  this  treaty  had  been  terminated  by  operation 
of  law. 

Treaties  are  of  different  kinds  and  terminable  in  different  ways. 
The  fifth  article  of  thi.-;  treaty  provided,  in  substance,  that  it  should 
continue  in  force  until  1S5S,  and  thereafter  until  the  end  of  a  twelve 
months'  notice  by  one  (^f  the  ])arties  of  the  intention  to  terminate  it. 
\()  such  notice  has  ever  been  given,  and  extradition  has  been  fre- 
(;uently  awarded  under  it  during  the  entire  interverng  time. 

L'ndciubtedly  treaties  may  be  terminate<l  by  the  al  .rption  of  Powers 
into  other  Nationalities  and  the  loss  of  separate  existence,  as  in  the 
case  of  Hanover  and  N'assau.  which  became  by  conquest  incorporated 
into  the  Kingdom  of  Prussia  in  18(V).  Cessation  of  independent  exis- 
tence rendered  the  execution  of  treaties  impossil)le.  Hut  where  sover- 
eignty in  that  respect  is  not  extinguished,  and  the  power  to  execute 
renuains  imimpaired.  oiitstatiding  treaties  can  not  he  regarded  as 
avoided  l)ecaitse  of  impossibility  of  ))erformance. 

Tliis  treaty  was  entered  into  by  His  Majesty  the  King  of  Prussia  in 
his  own  name  and  in  tlie  n.imes  of  eighteen  other  States  of  tlie  (ier- 
manie  C'onfederatioii.  including  the  Kingdom  of  Saxony  and  the  free 
city  of  Fr.mkfort.  and  was  acceded  to  by  six  other  Slates,  including 
the  Kingdom  of  W'lirtemburg,  and  the  free  llanseatic  city  of  ISremen, 
lint  iidt  inchidim;  the  Hanse.itic  free  cities  nf  Hamburg  and  l.ubeck. 
The  war  between  Prussia  ;ind  .\iistria  in  lS(i()  resulted  in  the  extinction 
of  the  ( ierm.inic  Confederation  and  the  absorjition  of  Hanover,  Hesse 
Ca---.ll.  Nassau  ami  the  free  city  of  I'r.inkfort.  by  Prussia, 

1  he  .\iirtli  ( ierm.m  L  nion  w.is  then  created  under  the  prae>idiuni 
of  the  Crown  of  Prussia,  and  our  mi!ii>ler  to  Merlin,  ( leorge  Bancroft, 
thiTeupon  reciigni/cil  oftici.illy  not  only  the  Prus--i;in  P.irliament.  but 
al^ip  the  r.'irlianii  nt  of  the  Nortii  *iiiiii,in  I'liited  St.ates.  and  the  col- 
lecii\c  '  1  rin.iii  (  n-toiri-  and  (,  omiiii  ree  Ciiion.  upon  the  ground  that 
by  the  paramount  constitution  of  tiie  North  I  ierinan  I'mled  St.ites,  the 
Kiiii;  iif  Prii>--i,i.  l(<  uhcMi  he  wis  aeereiiili'il,  was  ;it  the  head  of  those 
scM-ral  iirL;atii/,ilioii-  dt  in-llliiliuiis  :  and  hi-  .action  was  enlirel\  ap- 
pnivcd  h\  this  (  lovernnicnt      Mi---,i.;r-  .and  1  )oeunient'-.  Dep.  of  Slate, 


.'•4? 


TERLINDEN  v.  AMES 


111 


1867-.S,    I 'art    1,   p.  an  :    Dip.  Correspondence,   Secretarv   Seward   to 
Mr.  Bancroft,  fJec.  9,  1867. 

February  22.  ISi'.S,  a  treaty  relative  to  naturalization  was  concluded 
between  the  United  States  and  His  Majesty,  the  Kins,'  of  Prussia,  on 
behalf  of  the  North  German  Confederation,  the  third  article  of  which 
read  as  follows:  "The  convention  for  the  mutual  delivery  of  criminals, 
fugitives  from  justice,  in  certain  cases,  concluded  between  the  United 
States  on  the  one  part  and  Prussia  and  other  States  of  (iermany  on  the 
other  part,  the  sixteenth  day  of  June,  one  thousand  eight  hundred  and 
fifty-two,  is  hereby  extended  to  all  the  States  of  the  North  German 
Confederat'on."  15  Stat.  615.  This  recognized  the  treaty  as  still  in 
force,  and  brought  the  Republics  of  Lubeck  and  Hamburg  within  its 
scope.  Treaties  were  also  made  in  that  year  between  the  United 
States  and  the  Kingdoms  of  Bavaria  and  Wtirtemburg.  concerning 
naturalization,  which  contained  the  provision  that  the  previous  conven- 
tions between  them  and  the  United  States  in  respect  of  fugitives  from 
justice  should  remain  in  force  without  change. 

Th'  ■  "-ame  the  adoption  of  the  Constitution  of  the  ( lerman  F.mpire. 
It  found  i'  xing  of  IVussia.  the  chief  executive  of  the  North  (lerman 
Union,  end.  Aod  with  power  to  carry  into  etYect  its  international  obliga- 
tions, and  those  of  his  kingdom,  and  it  perpetuated  and  continued  that 
situation.  The  official  pronuilgation  of  that  Constitution  recited  that 
it  was  adopted  instead  of  the  Constitution  of  the  North  German  I'nion, 
and  Its  preamble  declared  that  "His  Majesty  the  King  of  I'ru-sia,  in 
the  name  of  the  North  ( iernian  Union.  His  Maie-ly  the  King  of 
Bavaria.  His  Maje-^ty  the  King  of  Wiirtemburg,  His  liighne>-  t!)e 
(irand  Duke  of  liaden.  and  his  Royal  Highness  the  (irand  Duke  of 
Hesse  and  by  Rhine  for  those  |)arts  of  the  Grand  Duchy  of  Hesse 
which  ;ire  -ituated  south  of  the  .Main,  conclude  ;tn  eternal  alliince 
for  the  protection  of  the  territory  of  the  lonlederation,  and  of  the 
iaw>  of  the  same,  a-  well  a^  for  the  proniotion  of  the  welfare  of  the 
fiermaii  people."  A-  uc  have  lurclolore  -een.  tiie  iaw^  of  the  I'ltipire 
were  to  take  precedence  of  llio-e  of  the  individual  State-,  and  it  was 
ve-ted  with  the  power  of  i;eneral  legislation  in  respect  of  crime>. 

Article   11   read  "Tlie   Km-  of   Pru--ia  -hall  be  the  pre-ideiu  of  the 
(  onfedcr.ition.  and  shall  have  ihi'  title  of  German  i'.mperor.    The  I'.m 
prror  -hall  repie-ent  the  l-".mpire  among  nation-,  declare  v^ar.  and  C'ln- 
cluiie  peace   in  tilt    name  ol    the  -aine  :  enter  into  ,tlli,ince-  and  other 


I 


112 


DECISIONS  OF  FEDERAL  COURTS 


conventions  wiih  foreign  countries,  accredit  ambassadors,  and  receive 
them.  ...  So  far  as  treaties  with  foreign  countries  refer  to  mat- 
ters which,  according  to  Article  IV,  are  to  be  regulated  by  the  legisla- 
ture of  the  Empire,  the  consent  of  the  Federal  Council  shall  be  required 
for  their  ratification,  and  the  approval  of  the  Diet  shall  be  necessary 
to  render  them  valid." 

It  is  contended  that  the  words  in  the  preamble  translated  "an  eternal 
alliance'"  should  read  "an  eternal  union,"  but  this  is  not  material,  for 
admitting  that  the  Constitution  created  a  composite  State  instead  of  a 
system  of  confederated  States,  and  even  that  it  was  called  a  con- 
federated Empire  rather  to  save  the  amour  propre  of  some  of  its 
component  parts  than  otherwise,  it  does  not  necessarily  follow  that  the 
Kingdom  of  Prussia  losi  its  identity  as  such,  or  that  treaties  thereto- 
fore entered  into  by  it  could  not  be  performed  either  in  the  name  of 
its  King  or  that  of  the  Emperor.  '*'e  do  not  find  in  this  constitution 
any  provision  which  in  itself  ope; :ui'd  to  abrogate  existing  treaties  or 
to  affect  the  status  of  the  Kingdoi.i  of  Prussia  in  that  regard.  Nor  is 
there  anything  in  the  record  to  indicate  that  outstanding  treaty  obliga- 
tions have  been  disregarded  since  its  adoption.  So  far  from  that  being 
so.  those  obligations  have  been  faithfully  observed. 

.\nd  without  considering  whether  extinguished  treaties  can  be  re- 
newed by  tacit  consent  under  our  Constitution,  we  think  that  on  the 
question  whctner  this  treaty  lias  ever  been  terminated,  governmental 
action  in  respect  to  it  must  be  regarded  as  of  controlling  importance. 
During  the  period  from  1S71  to  the  present  day,  extradition  from  this 
country  to  Germany,  and  from  Germany  to  this  country,  has  been 
frefpientlv  granted  under  the  treaty,  which  has  thus  been  repeatedly 
recognized  by  Inith  governments  as  in  force.  Moore's  Report  on  Ex- 
tradition with  Returns  of  all  Cases.  1890. 

In  1889,  in  response  to  w  request  for  information  on  international 
exlnidition  ;is  practiced  by  the  German  Goverimient,  the  Imperial  For- 
eign Office  transmitted  to  our  charge  at  Ikrlin  a  memorial  on  the  sub- 
ject, in  the  note  acconi])anying  which  it  was  saiil:  "The  questions  re- 
ferred to,  in  <(i  far  a<  they  emild  not  he  uni'  irmly  answered  fur  all 
the  confederated  Gmnati  States,  h.ivc  been  answered  in  that  docu- 
ment as  relating  to  the  cast  nl  applications  for  extradition  addressed 
to  the  I-'mpire  or  Prussia  '  It  was  -stated  in  the  memorial,  among 
(ither  thiiiu's : 


TERLINDEN  v.  AMES 


113 


In  so  far  as  by  laws  and  treaties  of  the  Fnipire  relating  to  the 
extradition  of  criminals,  provisions  which  bind  all  the  States  of  the 
union  have  not  been  made,  those  States  a-  not  hindered  from  in- 
dependently regulating  extradition  by  agreements  with  foreign 
States,  or  by  laws  enacted  for  their  own  territory. 

Of  conventions,  some  of  an  earlier,  some  of  a'later  period,  for 
the  extradition  of  criminals  entered  into  by  individual  States  of 
the  union  with  various  foreign  States,  ther;-  exist  a  number,  and 
in  particular  such  with  France,  the  Netherlands,  Austria-Hungary, 
and  Russia.  With  the  United  States  of  America,  also,  extradition 
is  regulated  by  various  treaties,  as,  besides  the  treaty  of  June  16. 
IS.-J.  whic'n  applies  to  all  of  the  States  of  the  former  North  Cier- 
man  Union,  and  also  to  He>>e,  south  of  the  .Main,  and  to  W  lirtem- 
btirg,  there  exist  separate  treaties  with  Bavaria  and  Baden,  of 
Septenihcr  1.'.  1S.^.\  and  January  .iO,  1S57,  respectively.  .Moore's 
Report,  y.\  94. 


"■it 

til 


Thus  it  api)ears  that  the  Cierman  (.iovernment  has  officiidly  recog- 
nized, and  continue^  to  recognize,  the  treaty  (;f  Jtme  Ki,  1S.=^2.  as  still 
in  force,  .t-  well  a>  ^inlilar  treaties  with  other  members  of  the  Empire, 
so  far  as  the  ialler  has  not  taken  specific  action  to  the  contrary  or  in 
lieu  thereof.  .\iid  see  i.aband.  Pas  S':,uitsri\lit  drs  Ih-utschcn  Rciclics 
(1X94),  122.  1_M,  124.  142. 

It  is  out  (jf  the  (juestion  that  a  citizen  of  one  of  the  (ierman  States, 
charged  with  being  a  fugitive  from  its  justice,  should  bj  permitted  to 
call  on  the  courts  of  this  country  to  adjudicate  the  correctness  of  the 
conclusions  of  the  ICnipire  as  to  its  powers  and  the  powers  of  its  mem- 
bers, and  especially  as  the  Executive  Department  of  our  Government 
has  accepted  these  conclusions  and  proceeded  accordingly. 

The  same  is  true  as  respects  many  other  treaties  of  serious  moment, 
with  I'russia,  and  with  particu'ar  States  of  the  Empire,  and  it  would 
be  singular  indeed,  if  after  the  lapse  of  years  of  perfonnance  of  tiieir 
stijjulations,  these  treaties  must  be  held  to  have  terminated  because  of 
the  in.ibility  to  perform  durint:  .ill  that  time  of  one  of  the  parties. 

In  the  notes  accumpanying  the  State  Department's  compilation  of 
Treaties  and  (.onventin.is  betwien  the  L'nited  States  and  otiier  Powers, 
published  in  ISS".  Mr.  I.  C.  Bancroft  Davi-  treats  of  the  sui>ject  thus: 


Tbe  e>lat)li>-iiment  of  the  derman  Em|)ire  in  1X71.  and  the  cotn- 
|>lex  relations  nf  its  comiKHient  jiarts  to  each  other  ami  to  the  I'm- 
pire.  neces-.,irily  give  rise  to  <niestiMns  ,is  to  the  treaties  entered 
into  with  the  North  (ierman  Confederation  and  with  many  of  the 


114  DECISIONS  OF  FEDERAL  COURTS 

States  composintj  the  Kinpire.  It  can  not  be  said  that  any  fixed 
rules  liave  been  established. 

Where  a  State  has  lost  its  separate  existence,  as  in  the  case  of 
Hanover  and  Nassau,  no  questions  can  arise. 

Where  nj  new  treaty  has  Ix-en  negotiated  with  the  Empire,  the 
treaties  with  the  various  States  which  have  preserved  a  separate 
existence  have  been  resorted  to. 

The  question  of  the  existence  of  the  extradition  treaty  with 
Bavaria  was  presented  to  the  United  States  District  Court,  on  the 
application  of  a  person  accu'-.d  of  forgery  committed  in  Bavaria, 
to  be  discharged  on  liabfi^'  corpus,  who  was  in  custody  after  the 
issue  of  a  mandate,  at  the  request  of  the  minister  of  Ciermany,  the 
court  held  that  the  treaty  .vas  admitted  l)y  both  governments  to  be 
in  existence. 

Such  a  que>ti(i!i  is.  after  all,  purely  a  political  one. 


The  case  there  referred  to  is  that  of  In  re  Tlionms.  \2  Blatch.  370, 
in  which  the  continuance  of  the  extradition  treaty  with  Bavaria  was 
called  in  question,  and  Mr.  Justice  Blatchford,  then  District  Judge, 
said : 

It  is  further  contended,  on  the  i)art  of  Thoma.,  that  the  conven- 
tion with  Bavaria  was  abrogated  by  the  absorption  of  I?avaria  into 
the  (jerman  Empire.  An  examination  of  the  provisions  of  the 
Jonstitutioii  of  the  (icrmm  I'mpire  does  not  disclose  anything 
which  indicates  that  then  existing  treaties  between  the  several 
."States  composing  the  contederation  called  the  ( lerman  Empire, 
;m(l  foreign  countries,  were  aninilled.  or  to  be  considered  as 
abrogated. 

Indeed,  it  is  ditTicult  to  see  how  such  a  treaty  as  that  Ix-tween 
I'.av.iria  :ind  tlu'  I'nited  States  can  be  abrogated  by  the  action  of 
Bavaria  alone,  without  the  consent  of  the  United  ."states.  Where 
a  treatv  i>  \iolat.d  by  (jne  of  the  contracting  parties,  it  rests  alone 
with  the  injured  party  to  ])ronounce  it  broken,  the  tre.ity  being, 
ill  -.lull  ca>e.  not  absohuc  l\  void,  but  voici.able.  at  the  election  of 
tlie  injured  party,  who  may  waive  or  remit  the  infraction  com- 
mitted, or  ni.iy  demand  ;i  just  satisfaction,  the  treaty  remaining 
ohliu.itnrv  if  he  chooses  not  to  come  to  a  rupture.  1  Kent's  torn. 
174.  Ill  the  presiiil  case  the  mandate  issued  by  the  (  lovernment 
III  the  United  St.ate--  -.luiw^  tit.it  the  conventii)n  in  (|uestion  is  re- 
uanlrcj  ,1^  ill  fiiree  botli  by  the  United  St.iles  and  by  the  ( icniian 
t'".iii|iirr.  i(|ir'-  -nted  by  it^  eiivcy-.  .iiid  by  B.-tvari;i.  ri'|)resciited  by 
tlic  -aine  I'lv  n\ .  The  ;i|iplic;iti(in  nf  the  foreign  govertimetit  was 
iii;i(ii  ihnnc^li  tin-  pnijier  diliiimiaiic  re])resent;itive  (if  the  ( iermaii 
I  111  'V  ainl  I  if  I'l.waria,  and  the  complaint  before  the  commis- 
^iiini  ,  \s:i^  iii.iilr  by  the  pniper  consular  aiitiiority  representing  the 
(  icriiKiii  i'liijiiic  and  aKii  re])ri'setiting  Bavaria. 


TERLINDEN'  v.  AMES 


115 


V\'e.  concur  in  the  view  that  the  question  whether  power  remains  in 
a  foreign  State  to  carry  out  its  treaty  obligations  is  in  its  nature 
political  and  not  judicial,  and  that  the  courts  ought  not  o  interfere  with 
the  conclusions  of  the  political  department  in  that  regard. 

Treaties  of  extradition  are  executory  in  their  character,  and  fall 
within  the  rule  laid  down  by  Chief  Justice  Marshall  in  Foster  v.  NcUson, 
2  Pet.  253,  314,  thus:  "Our  Constitution  declares  a  treaty  to  be  the 
law  of  the  land.  It  is,  consequently,  to  be  regarded  in  courts  of  justice 
as  equivalent  to  an  act  of  the  legislature,  whenever  it  operates  of  itself 
without  the  aid  of  any  legislative  provision.  But  when  the  terms  of  the 
stipulation  import  a  contract,  when  either  of  the  parties  engages  to  per- 
form a  particular  act,  the  treaty  addresses  itself  to  the  political,  not  the 
judicial  department." 

In  Dor  V.  Braden,  16  How,  635.  656.  where  it  was  contended  that 
so  much  of  tiie  treaty  of  February  22.  1S19,  ceding  Florida  to  the 
United  States,  as  annulled  a  certain  land  grant,  was  void  for  want  of 
power  in  the  King  of  Sjjain  to  ratify  such  a  provision,  it  was  held  that 
whether  or  not  tiie  King  of  Spain  had  power,  according  to  the  Consti- 
tution of  Spain,  to  annul  tlie  grant,  was  a  political  and  not  a  judicial 
question,  and  was  decidetl  when  the  treaty  was  made  and  ratified. 

Mr.  Chief  Justice  Taney  said :  "The  treaty  is  therefore  a  law  made 
bv  the  proper  authority,  and  the  courts  of  justice  have  no  rigiit  to  annul 
or  disregard  any  of  its  provisions,  unless  they  violate  the  Constitution 
of  the  United  States.  It  is  their  duty  to  interpret  it  and  administer  it 
according  to  its  terms.  And  it  would  be  impossible  tor  tiie  executive 
department  of  the  (iovernment  to  conduct  our  foreign  relations  witii 
any  advantage  to  the  country,  and  fulfil  the  duties  wliich  the  Consti- 
tution has  imposed  upon  it,  if  every  court  in  the  coimtry  was  authorized 
to  inc'iire  and  decide  whetlier  the  person  wlio  ratified  tlie  treaty  on 
beiialf  of  a  foreign  nation  had  the  jjower  by  its  constitution  and  laws, 
to  make  liie  engagements  into  which  he  entered." 

I'.xtradition  may  be  sufficiently  defined  tn  lie  tiie  surrender  by  one 
nation  to  another  of  an  individual  accused  nr  conviite.l  of  an  otTence 
outside  (if  it-;  own  territory,  and  witiiin  the  territorial  jurisdiction  of 
the  otlier,  whicii.  being  cciinpetent  to  try  and  to  jitmish  him,  demands 
the  -inrrender. 

In  till'  I'nited  S  'e'^.  the  trener:il  opinion  and  pract.oe  h.ive  been  that 
extradition    -.hotild    be   (leclined    in    the   absence    of   a   conventional    or 


116 


DECISIONS  OF  FEDERAL  COURTS 


legislative  provision.     1  Moore  on  Ejctradition,  21 ;  United  States  v. 
Raiischer,  119  U.  S.  407. 

The  power  to  surrender  is  clearly  included  within  the  treaty-mailing 
power  and  the  corresponding  power  of  appointing  and  receiving  am- 
bassadors and  other  public  ministers.  Holmes  v.  Jcnitison,  14  Pet.  ."40, 
569.  Its  e.xercise  f)ertains  to  public  policy  and  governmental  adminis- 
tration, is  devolved  on  the  Executive  authority,  and  the  warrant  of 
surrender  is  issued  by  the  .Secretary  of  State  as  the  representative  of 
the  President  in  foreign  affairs. 

If  it  be  assumed  in  the  case  before  us,  and  the  papers  presented  on 
the  motion  lor  a  stay  advise  us  tliat  such  is  the  fact,  that  the  commis- 
sioner, on  hearing,  deemed  the  evidence  sufficient  to  sustain  the  charges, 
and  certified  his  findings  and  the  testimony  to  the  Secretary  of  .State, 
and  a  warrant  for  the  surrender  of  Tcrhnden  on  the  proper  requisition 
was  duly  issued,  it  can  not  be  successfully  contended  that  the  courts 
could  properly  intervene  on  the  ground  that  the  treaty  under  which 
both  ijovernments  bad  proceeded,  had  terminated  by  reason  of  the 
adoption  of  the  constitution  of  the  (^-rman  Empire,  notwithstanding 
the  judgment  of  both  governments  to  the  contrarv. 

Tlie  decisions  of  the  Executive  Department  in  matters  of  extradition, 
within  its  own  sphere,  and  in  accordance  with  the  Constitution,  are  not 
open  to  judicial  revision,  and  it  resuhs  that  where  proceedings  for 
extradition,  regularly  and  constitirtionally  taken  under  the  acts  of  Ton- 
tjress.  are  pending',  they  can  not  be  put  an  end  to  by  writs  of  habeas 
citrpus. 

Th-'  Hi-trict  Cotirt  was  right,  and  its  final  order  is 

Affirmed. 


W!mm^mM. 


U- 


iWr^i^l/ifiit^r^Kft 


^^ik 


■^^:^ 


f«P 


r>*/j,*-'''-i-.'jssr%^' 


DISCONTO  GESELLSCHAFT  v.  UMBREIT  ' 

Error  to  the  Circuit  Court  of  Milwaukee  Couxty 
(Brancii  No.  1),  State  of  Wisconsin- 
no.  53.    Ai£ued  Dfcember  10,  11.  1907.    Decided  Februarr  :4,  1908. 

It  is  too  late  to  raise  the  Federal  question  on  motion  for  rehearing  in  the  state 
court,  unless  that  court  entertains  the  motion  and  expressly  passes  on  the 
Federal  question. 

While  aliens  are  ordinarily  permitted  to  resort  to  our  courts  for  redress  of 
wrongs  and  protection  of  rights,  the  removal  of  property  to  another  juris- 
d-tion  for  adjustment  of  claims  against  it  is  a  matter  of  comity  and  not 
of  absolute  right,  and,  in  the  absence  of  treaty  stipulations,  it  is  within  the 
power  of  a  State  to  determine  its  policy  in  regard  thereto. 

The  refusal  by  a  State  to  exercise  comity  in  such  manner  as  would  impair  the 
rights  of  local  creditors  by  removing  a  fund  to  a  foreign  jurisdiction  for 
administration  does  not  deprive  a  foreign  creditor  of  his  property  without 
due  process  of  law  or  deny  to  him  the  equal  protection  of  the  law ;  and  so 
held  as  to  a  judgment  of  the  highest  court  of  Wisconsin  holding  the  attach- 
ment of  a  citizen  of  that  State  superior  to  an  earlier  attachment  of  a  for- 
eign creditor. 

While  the  treaty  of  1828  with  Prussia  ha 3  been  recognized  as  being  still  in 
force  by  both  the  United  States  and  the  German  Empire,  there  is  nothing 
therein  undertaking  to  change  the  rule  of  national  comity  that  permits  a 
country  to  first  protect  the  rights  of  its  own  citizens  in  local  property  before 
permitting  it  to  be  taken  out  of  its  jurisdiction  for  administration  in  favor 
of  creditors  beyond  its  borders. 

127  V\  isconsin,  676,  affirmed. 


Mr.  Justice  Day  delivered  the  opinion  of    he  court 

The  Disconto  Gesellschaft,  a  banking  coqxiration  of  Rerlin.  Ger- 
many, began  an  action  in  the  Circuit  Court  of  Milwaukee  Ccuntv, 
Wisconsin,  on  August  17,  1901,  against  Gerhard  Terlinden  and  at  tlic 
-ame  time  garnisheed  the  First  Xational  Rank  of  Milwaukee.  The 
bank  appeared  and  admitted  an  indebtedness  to  Terlinden  of  S6.420. 
The  defendant  in  error  Umbreit  intervened  and  tiled  an  answer,  and 
later  :in  amended  answer. 

-V  reply  was  filed,  taking  issue  ui)oii  certain  alle<,'atir,ns  of  the 
answer,  and  a  trial  was  had  in  the  Circuit  Cnirt  nf  Milwaukee  County, 
in  which  the  cinirt  found  the  following  facts: 

■  -'08  L.  s.  Reports,  .s/O;  flclnlier  term,  lO*)". 


-t>¥? 


118 


DECISIONS  OF  FEDERAL  COURTS 


That  oil  tlic  17tli  (lay  of  August,  1901,  the  al)ove-name(l  plain- 
tiff, the  Disconto  Gesellschaft,  commenced  an  action  in  this 
court  against  the  above-named  defendant,  Gerhard  Terlinden,  for 
the  recovery  of  damages  sustained  by  the  tort  of  the  said  defen- 
dant, committed  in  the  month  of  May,  1901  ;  that  said  defendant 
appeared  in  said  action  by  A.  C.  Umbreit,  his  attorney,  on  August 
19,  1901,  and  answered  the  plaintitT's  complaint;  that  there- 
after such  proceedings  were  had  in  said  action  that  judgment  was 
duly  given  on  February  19,  1904,  in  favor  of  said  plaintiff,  Dis- 
conto Gesellschaft,  and  against  said  defendant,  Terlinden,  for 
$94,145.11  damages  and  costs;  that  $83,371.49.  with  interest  from 
March  26,  1904.  is  now  due  and  unpaid  thereon ;  that  at  the  time 
of  the  commencement  of  said  action,  to  wit,  on  August  17,  19Ci, 
process  in  garnishment  was  served  on  the  above-named  garnishee, 
First  National  Bank  of  Milwaukee,  as  garnishee  of  the  defendant 
Terlinden. 

That  on  August  9,  1901.  and  on  August  14,  1901,  a  jjerson  giv- 
ing his  name  as  Theodore  Grafe  deposited  in  said  First  Xational 
Bank  of  Milwaukee  the  equivalent  of  German  money  aggregating 
$6,420.(X)  to  his  credit  upon  account ;  that  said  sum  has  remained 
in  said  bank  ever  since,  and  at  the  date  hereof  with  interest  ac- 
crued theri'Ku  aniounteti  to  S6.969.47. 

That  the  defendant  Gerhard  Terlinden  and  said  Theodore 
Grafe.  mentioned  in  the  finding,  are  identical  and  the  same 
person. 

That  the  interpleaded  defendant,  .Xugustus  C.  Umbreit,  on 
March  21.  1904,  commenced  an  action  in  this  court  against  the 
defend.mt  Terlinden  for  recovery  for  >  ices  rendered  between 
.\ngiist  16,  VX)\.  and  Febniary  1.  190.?;  that  no  personal  service 
of  the  summons  tlierein  was  had  on  the  -aid  sunmion>  therein 
was  serveil  by  publication  only  and  without  the  mailing  of  a  copy 
of  the  summons  and  of  complaint  to  said  defendant ;  that  -;iid  ('e- 
fendant  did  not  ajipear  therein;  that  on  June  11.  1904.  judgment 
was  given  in  said  action  by  default  in  favor  of  said  Augu>tus  C. 
Umbreit  and  against  said  defendant  Terlinden  for  $"..=^00  dam- 
ages, no  part  whereof  has  been  paid ;  that  at  the  time  of  the 
commencement  of  said  action  process  cf  garnishment  w:is  served, 
to  wit.  on  March  22.  19(4.  on  the  garnishee.  First  Xational  li.ink 
of    Milwaukee.  .T--  garni-hee  of   said  defendant   Terlinden. 

'i'liat  the  defendant  Terlinden  at  all  tho  times  set  forth  in 
finding  number  one  was  anl  still  is  a  resident  of  Geimany: 
that  about  July  11.  VX)\.  he  ;ib-conded  from  ( lermany  and  came 
to  the  State  of  Wisconsin  and  a'-sunierl   the  name  of  Theodore 


( Irafi' :  thrit 


>n 


.\ngn>t  1''.  1901,  he  was  apprehended 


fugi- 


tive   from    justice   upon    extradition   proceedings    duly   instituted 
against  him,  .-md   was  iherenixtn  extradite<l  to  Genrany. 


DISCONTO  GESELLSCHAFT  v.  UMBKKIT 


11'' 


I    ■ 
i    .'■ 


That  llic  ,-il)()vc-iianic(l  ))laimitf.  the  Oiscoiito  (.ie>cllschaft,  at 
all  the  times  set  forth  in  the  findings  was.  ever  since  has  hecn 
and  still  is  a  foreifjn  corjwration,  to  wit,  of  ( lemiaiiy.  and  during 
all  said  time  had  its  principal  place  of  business  in'  Berlin.  Ger- 
many; that  the  ahove-named  defendant.  .  iijjii-tus  C  L'mbreit, 
diirinj,'  all  said  times  was  and  still  i^  a  re-ident  of  the  State  of 
Wisconsin. 

That  on  or  about  the  2"th  day  of  July,  1901,  proceedinj^s  in 
bankruptcy  were  instituted  in  Germany  against  '^aid  defendant 
Terlinden,  and  Paul  I  Ieckin<r  ap}>ointcd  trustee  of  his  estate  in 
such  proceedings  on  said  date:  that  thereafter,  and  on  or  after 
August  Jl,  I'XJl,  tlie  above-named  plaintiff,  the  Disconto  Gesell- 
schaft.  u;is  apiKiinte<l  a  member  of  the  committee  of  creditors  of 
the  defendant  Terlinden's  personal  estate,  and  accepted  such  ap- 
pointment: and  that  the  al)ove-named  plaintiff,  the  Disconto 
Gesellscbaft,  presented  its  claim  to  said  trustee  in  said  bank- 
ruptcy proceedings ;  that  said  claim  had  not  been  allowed  by  said 
tru>tee  in  January,  1902,  and  there  is  no  evidence  that  it  has 
since  l)een  allowed:  that  nothing  has  been  paid  upon  sair'  claim: 
that  said  claim  so  presented  and  submitted  is  the  same  claim 
uj)on  which  action  was  brought  by  the  plaintiff  in  this  court  and 
judgment  given,  as  set  forth  in  finding  \o.  1  :  that  ^aid  action 
was  instituted  by  said  plaintiff,  the  Disconto  (lesellschaft, 
through  the  (iernxan  consul  in  Chicago;  and  that  the  steps  so 
taken  b\  the  plaintiff,  the  Disconto  Gesellscliaft,  had  the  con- 
sent and  approval  of  Dr.  Paul  Hecking  as  trustee  in  P.ankru])tcy. 
so  appointed  in  the  bankruptcy  proceedings  in  Germany,  and  that 
after  the  commencement  of  the  same  the  plaintiff,  the  Disconto 
Gesellscliaft.  agreed  with  said  trustee  that  tlie  moneys  it  should 
reciiver  in  said  action  should  form  part  of  tlie  said  e-tate  in 
bankruptcy  and  be  handed  over  to  said  trustee;  th.it,  .itiiong  other 
provisions,  the  Geman  bankrupt  act  contained  the  following: 
".Sec.  14.  Pending  the  bankruptcy  pnifcedings.  neither  the  assets 
nor  any  other  projierty  of  the  bankrupt  are  subject  to  attachment 
or  execution  in  favT  of  indixidual  creditor^." 

l'l>on  the  facts  tlius  found  the  Circuit  Court  rendered  a  judgment 
giving  prinrity  to  the  levy  of  the  Disconto  Gesellscliaft  for  the  satis- 
faction of  it-  judgment  out  of  the  futul  ;itt;iclicd  in  the  hands  of  the 
bank.  L'mbreit  then  ap(H\'iled  to  the  Supreme  Court  of  Wisconsin. 
That  court  reversed  the  judgment  <if  the  Circuit  Court,  and  directed 
judgment  in  favor  of  l'mbreit.  that  he  recover  the  -uni  garnisheed  in 
tlie  bank.      127  Wisconsin.  6.^1.     Thereafter  a  remittitur  was  tiled  in 


l-'O 


DECISION'S  OF  FEDERAL  COURTS 


tlie  Circuit  Court  of  Milwaukee  County  and  a  final  judgment  rendered 
in  pursuance  of  the  direction  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  Wisconsin. 
This  writ  of  error  is  prosecuted  to  reverse  that  judgment.  At  the 
same  time  a  decree  in  an  eciuity  suit,  involving  a  fund  in  another  hank, 
was  reversed  and  remanded  to  the  Circuit  Court.  This  case  had  been 
heard,  by  consent,  with  the  attachment  suit.  With  it  we  are  not  con- 
cerned in  this  proceeding. 

No  allegation  of  ~ -deral  rights  appeared  in  the  case  until  the  aj>- 
])lication  for  rehe^  g.  In  this  application  it  was  alleged  that  the 
ert'ect  of  the  pnKecdings  in  the  state  court  was  to  deprive  the  plain- 
titt  in  error  of  its  property  without  due  prcxress  of  law.  contrary  to  the 
fourteenth  amendment,  and  to  deprive  it  of  certain  rights  and  privi- 
leges guaranteed  to  it  by  treaty  between  the  Kingdom  of  Prussia  and 
the  United  States.  The  Supreme  Court  of  Wisconsin,  in  passing  ujxjn 
the  ])etition  for  rehearing  and  denying  the  same,  dealt  only  with  the 
alleged  invasion  of  treaty  rights,  overruling  the  contention  of  the 
plaintiff  in  error.  127  Wisconsin,  676.  It  is  well  settled  in  this  court 
that  it  is  too  late  to  raise  Federal  (juestions  reviewable  here  by  mo- 
tions for  rehearing  in  the  state  court.  I'liii  v.  St.  Louis.  165  L'.  S.  273; 
FuUcrton  v.  Tc.vcu^.  1''6  L'.  S.  192:  McMiUcn  v.  Fciriiin  Miniiii^  Co'ii- 
paiiy,  197  L'.  S.  343.  347 :  French  v.  Taylor,  199  U.  S.  274.  278.  An 
e.xception  to  this  rule  is  found  in  cases  where  the  Supreme  Court  of 
the  State  ente"".'.!"  he  mstii-  :iiul  expressly  passes  upon  the  Federal 
question.  Mallctt  v.  Xorlli  Coroiiiui,  181  L'.  S.  ^S9 :  Lcl;.^h  v.  Grcot, 
193  U.  S.  79. 

Conceding  that  this  record  sufficiently  shows  that  the  Supreme 
Court  heard  and  |ia>scd  upon  the  Federal  questions  made  iqjon  the 
nioti(Mi  for  rehearing,  we  will  proceed  briefly  to  consider  them. 

The  suit  brought  by  the  Disconto  ( ie.-ellschaft  in  attachment  had 
for  its  object  t-i  >ubjetn  the  fund  in  the  iiank  in  Milwaukee  to  the 
payment  of  it-  claim  agnin-t  TL-rliiidcn.  The  plaiiuitf  wa-  a  (.ierman 
cor]>oration  and  Terliiiden  was  a  (ierman  -ubject.  Umbreit,  the  in- 
ter\cnor,  was  a  citizen  anrl  resident  of  Wisconsin.  The  Supreme 
Court  of  Wiscon-in  adjudged  that  llie  fund  attacheil  could  not  he  sub- 
jected to  the  jiaynicnt  <•{  the  indebtiMlne--  due  tlie  foreign  cnqioration 
as  against  tlu-  ci.iini  ;i>--erted  lo  the  fund  by  one  ^'f  its  own  citizens, 
ahhough  t!i:'.t  claim  aro-v  afivr  liic  att:icl;:!icnt  by  the  foreign  creditor; 
and.  further,  th.it  llie  tact  that  the  ctVtct  of  judgment  in  favor  of  the 
foriii^n  cnri>oration  '\oiiM  be.  nn'kr  the  fact-  founil.  to  remove  the 
fund  to  a  foreign  coutUr\'.  there  to  be  administered  in  f;i\or  of  foreign 


.?ir   "•  "V::^-; 


_■     '  t'^    '  '\        -■.  . .-  •  1 1.11     1*1'"-  ,"- Cf*- r*~'  'v 


f-f 


DISCONTO  r,i:sEIJ.SCHAI-T  v.  UMFJRKIT  121 

creditor.-.,  was  against  the  iniblic  i.<>iicy  of  Wisconsin,  wliidi  forbade 
such  discrimination  a,  aj;:iin-i   a  citizen  of  that   StPte. 

Alien  citizens,  l)y  the  policy  and  practice  of  the  courts  of  this  coun- 
try, are  ordinarily  i.erniitted  to  report  to  tl,e  courts  for  the  redress 
of  wrongs  ;.nd  tiie  i>rotecti.,n  of  tluir  ri,-ht>.  4  Moore,  Intcrna'wml 
Law  Digest,  §  5,i(.,  p.  7;  Wharton  on  Confiict  of  I^ws,  §  17. 

Hut  what  property  may  be  remove.!  from  a  State  and  subjected  to 
the  claims  of  cre<iitors  of  ,jther  .^tates.  i~  a  matter  of  comity  between 
nations  and  States  and  not  a  matter  of  absolute  rvj}n  in  favor  of 
credit-rs  of  another  sovereignty,  when  citizens  of  the  local  State  or 
country  are  asserting  rights  against  proj.ertv  within  the  local  juris- 
diction. 

'••Comity,-  m  tiie  le-al  >en>e.-  >av-  .Mr.  lu^t.ce  (,rav.  speaking  for 
this  court  in  Hilton  v,  Cuynt,  159  V.  S.  11,1  ln.5.  "is  neither  a  matter 
of  absolute  obligation  ,,n  tiir  one  hand  nor  ,.l  mere  courte.v  and 
good  will  upon  the  other,  liut  it  i>  the  recognition  whicli  one  iiati<.;i 
allows  in  its  territory  to  the  legi-lative,  executive  or  judicial  act-  of 
another  nation,  having  due  regard  both  to  inurnationai  dutv  and  con- 
venience, and  to  the  right-  of  its  own  citizen-  ,,r  of  other  persons  who 
are  luider  the  protecti  in  of   its  laws." 

In  the  elalH.rate  examination  of  the  -uhject  in  that  ca<e  inanv  ca^e^ 
are  cited  and  the  wri-in^s  of  leading  authors  on   the  subject 'exten- 
sively (juoted  as  to  the  nature,  oblig.ation  and   extent  of  'comitv  be- 
tween nations  and  State;.     The  result  of  the  discussion  shows  that 
how  far  forei.gn  creditor-  will  be  protected  and  their  rights  enforced 
depends  upon  the  circum-tances  of  each  case,   and  that  all  civilized 
nations  have  recognizcl  and  enforce.]  the  doctrine  th.at  international 
comity  does  not  reqnn-e  the  eiiforrement  of  iu.lgtnent  in  such  wis.-  as 
to  prejudice  the  right-   of   Incal  crr.htov-  an,i   the   -uperior  c!ai;n-   of 
such  creditors  to  assert  and  enforce  .lemand-  again-t  propertv  within 
the  local  jurisdiction.     Such  recognition   i,  „,,t  incon-istent  with  that 
moral  duty  to  respect  the  right-  of  foreign  citizen-  which  inheres  in 
the  law  of  nations.     Speaking  -f  the  -lootrinc  of  enmity.  Mr.   Justice 
Story  s,ays:    "Everv  nation  nni-t  be  the  f,nal  judge  for  it-elf.  not  only 
of  the  nature  and  extent  .,f  the  .Intv,  Iu;t  of  the  ..cca-jo,,  on  which  it- 
cxercises  may  he  justly  deman<led.-'     Story  on  Contlici  of  Law^.  S  ,^,v 
The  doctrine  of  eoniitv  has  been  the  subject  of  frequent  discussion 
ni  the  courts  of  tlij    -ourtr-  when  it  has  been  .ought  to  assert  rights 
accruing  under  a-sjg-,n       ^  .  {.,,■  the  benetu  of  creditor-  in  other  States 


I 


--';j^>.:-=>^^v 


122 


DF.CISIONS  OF  FKDKRAL  COURTS 


a-  afjainst  tl'.c  dcniainls  of  local  creditors,  by  attP.cliineiU  or  otherwise 
in  the  State  where  the  ]>roperty  is  situated.  The  cases  were  reviewed 
by  Mr.  Justice  Hrown.  delivcrinsj  the  opinion  of  the  court  in  Scmrity 
Trust  (.  •iiiil^aiiY  V.  [)ii(!il.  Mi-ad  >'^  Co..  173  V.  S.  624,  and  t!ie  conclu- 
sion readied  that  voluntary  .issi!,;nnients  for  the  benefit  of  creditors 
should  be  given  force  in  other  State-,  as  to  proi)erty  therein  situate, 
cxce])t  so  far  as  they  come  in  coiitlict  with  the  rights  of  local  creditors, 
or  with  the  public  policy  of  the  State  in  which  it  is  souRht  to  be  cn- 
forceil :  and.  as  was  said  by  Mr.  Justice  McLean  in  Oakcy  r.  Bennett. 
11  How.  33,  44.  "national  comity  does  not  require  any  Government 
to  give  el't'ect  to  such  as-ignnient  |  for  the  benefit  of  creditors]  when 
it  shall  impair  the  remedies  or  lessen  the  securities  of  its  own  citizens." 

1  iiere  being,  tlieii,  r.o  pro\  isioii  of  ]x)sitive  law  ie(|uiriiig  the  recog- 
nition of  the  rigiit  of  tile  plaintilf  in  error  to  ;i|i]>ropri;ite  property  in 
the  State  of  Wi-consin  and  -ubject  it  to  distribution  for  the  benetit 
of  fon-ign  ireditor>  a-  against  tlie  demands  of  liH'al  creditors,  how 
far  tile  public  polic\'  of  tlu'  .'^tate  |)t'rniitted  >nch  recoi;iiition  was  a 
matter  !•  t  the  Sl.itr  to  detcinimc  lor  il-elf.  In  determining  th.it  the 
piiliev  of  \\i>c.iii-in  wmild  not  pennit  the  property  to  lie  thus  a!>i)r' 
priated  to  the  benefit  of  alien  creditor-  as  against  the  demand--  of  the 
liti/eii'-  of  the  State,  the  Suiiretne  Court  of  W'iscon-in  b.is  done  no 
more  tiian  \y,\^  lieen  fre(|uentlv  done  by  nations  and  Statis  in  refusing 
to  e\erci-e  the  d^ctriiu  of  comity  in  ^ucli  wi>e  a.~  to  impair  the  right 
of  local  creditor-  to  subject  lo<,-al  projierty  to  their  i'.ist  cl.iinis.  We 
fail  to  perceive  liow  tbi'-  ;ip])lication  of  a  well  known  rule  cm  be  s.iid 
to  deprive  the  pl:iintiit  in  <'rror  of  it-  ]iropert\'  without  due  proce-s  of 
'aw. 

I'lujii  the  motion  for  rehearing  the  p'amtitT  in  error  cilled  attention 
to  two  .illeged  treatv  provi-ions  between  the  I'nited  State-  and  the 
Kingdom  of  I'nissia,  the  first  from  the  treaty  of  182S,  and  the  second 
from  till-  tre.it\  of  l"'*"*.  \-  I  ■  the  ':i-l  nunlioned  tii.ity  the  follow- 
ing [)rovision   [  \rt    7|   was  referre<l  to: 

|-".a.  li  p.irt\  -h.-dl  ind<-.-i\oi  by  all  the  nie.m-.  in  tliriv  |)owim-  to 
P'rolect  and  defend  all  v.  --.(Is  and  oilier  effect-,  belonging  to  the 
citi/cii-  or  subject-  of  (hi  oilier,  wbich  -ba!l  be  within  tin  i  \tenl 
of  tbeir  ]uri-iliction  b\    -i;i   or  by   I.md  : 

1  111-  tn.itv   .if   17'"'  (  x])ired  b\    it-  own  term-  on  June  2.   ISH).  and 
the  pr.'\:-ioii  re''    '  iijioil  i-  I'ot  -et  forth  in  -o  niiu  b  of  the  tre;ilv  a- 


-  »- 


[^^ 


'^mm:^m:.> 


rtV^ 


I^ISCOXTO  CKSHI.I.SCHAIT  v.  LMIiKlCIT 


12.? 


was  rivivt.l  t,y  AriicK-  12  of  tin  treaty  of  May  1,  18JS.  Ste  Com- 
I.ilatidii  of  ■rrcatics  in  iu^v^v.  l'Ai4,  i.rc;.ar..<l  uinkr  ix>ulm\m  uf  llic 
Senate,  i.p.  6.^S  ct  sci/.  If  this  provision  of  the  treaty  of  1799  were 
m  force  we  are  unable  to  see  that  it  has  any  bearing  upon  the  i)resent 
case. 

Article   1   of  the  treaty  of    bsJS  between   the    Kintjdoni  of    IVu-Ma 
am!   the   L'nited  ."^tates   is  as   follow-: 

There  shall  be  between  the  ternlorie-  of  tlie  high  contracting 
parties  a  reciprocal  liberty  of  commerce  and  navigation.  Tiie  in- 
habitants of  their  respective  .'^tates  siiail  nmtiiallv  have  liberty  to 
enter  the  ports,  places,  and  rivers  of  the  territories  of  each  party, 
wherever  foreign  comnurce  is  permitteil  Thev  sh;il!  be  at  lib- 
erty, to  sojourn  and  re^de  in  all  i)arts  wliatsoever  of  said  tcrri- 
toriev.  m  order  to  attend  to  their  alVairs;  and  thev  ^liall  enjoy, 
to  that  ettect.  the  s;mie  security  and  protection  a,  n.itives  (ifilie 
country  wherein  they  rcMde.  on  condition  ,.f  their  submitting  to 
the  laws  and   ordin:^K•e^   there   i>re\;iiliiiir. 


I  hi-  tre.ity  is  printed  a-  one  of  tlie  treatie-  in  force  in  the  compila- 
tion of  l''(»J,  p.  f,4,v  and  ha-  undoubtedly  been  recognized  bv  the 
two  Covermnents  as  still  in  force  since  the  formation  of  the  German 
l-nipire.  See  7,  r,/..  ;,,,  V.  .1:,:,:.  1S4  l'  S.  270:  l-Mivi^n  Relati.-n-  of 
iNS,^.  p.  M','):  l-'oreign  Rel.itions  of  l.s;s;5.  ,,,,.  404^  445^  444.  i,-,,re!t:n 
Relation-  of  lS,s;7.  p.    <70 :  F,>reign   Relations  of   ls«>?,  p^rt  one.  .-.V>. 

.\->uming.  then,  that  this  treaty  is  still  m  force  between  the  Tnited 
'-tales  aiKl  the  Cernian  F.mpire.  and  coiicedim.:  the  rule  that  treaties 
should  be  Iiber.illv  mteqirded  with  .1  view  to  protecting  t!ie  citi^eii- 
of  the  respective  cun'rie-  in  rights  thereby  secured,  is  there  any- 
ihiii-  m  till-  .-irticle  which  reipiire  1  any  dilYercnt  decision  in  the  .Su- 
preme C.nm  of  WisOMisin  than  that  -iven-  The  mh.abitants  of  the 
'■especliw  countries  are  n.  be  .-it  libcrlv  to  -ojourn  .and  re-idc  in  all 
I'arts  uh.itsoever  of  -aid  territories  in  ..rder  to  aiteiul  t. .  th,-ir  .-ilt'.iirs, 
and  they  -hall  e-uov.  to  that  etTect.  the  same  security  ami  protection 
a-  the  n;ilives  of  the  countrv'  ulierein  thev  re-i,le.  upon  submis-ion  to 
the  laws  ,ind  ordinances  there  prevailinc  It  requires  very  great  in- 
gi'imilv  to  i«'rcei\e  aiivthing  m  this  ireatv  pnui-jon  applicable  to  the 
pres<>nt  case.  It  is  said  to  l)e  fotmd  in  the  right  of  citizens  of  Prussia 
to  .atfnd  to  their  alTairs  i,,  this  eoimtry.  The  treaty  provides  that  for 
'I'^i!  pu!iH,-e  !h>v  arc  t..  h.,ve  the  s.mie  security  "and  protection  as 
nati\es  ji,   th.-  coimlrv   u  lien  in   ihev    re-ide       I'veu  between   .State-  of 


124 


DFXISIOXS  OF  FEDERAL  COURTS 


the  American  Union,  as  shown  in  the  opinion  of  Mr.  Justice  Bruwn  in 
Security  Trust  Co.  r.  Dodd.  Mrad  ^'r  Co.,  173  U.  S.  supra,  it  has  been 
tlie  constant  i)ractice  not  to  recognize  assignments  for  the  benefit  of 
credittJrs  outside  the  State,  wiierc  'he  same  came  in  contiict  with  the 
riglits  of  domestic  creditors  seeking  to  recover  their  debts  against 
local  property.  This  is  tlie  doctrine  in  force  as  against  native';  of  the 
country  residing  in  other  Staics,  and  it  is  this  doctrine  which  has  been 
applied  by  th^  Supreme  Court  of  Wisconsin  to  foreign  creditors  re- 
siding in  Gcrniany,  In  -liort.  there  i-  nothing  in  this  treaty  under- 
taking to  change  the  well  recognized  rule  between  States  and  nations 
which  i>ennits  a  country  to  first  protect  the  rigiits  of  its  own  citizens 
in  local  ])roperty  before  permitting  it  to  be  taken  out  of  the  jurisdic- 
tion for  administration  in  favor  of  those  residing  beyond  their  borders. 
The  judgment  of  the  Circuit  Court  of  Milwaukee  County  entered 
upon  tlie  rtniittitnr  from  the  Supreme  C"urt  of  Wiscon-in  is 

Affinitcd. 


THE  S'iF.AMSHlP  APP.IM' 

.\i'n  Ai.s  1  i;oM  Till;  DisTKKT  t'liim-  OF  Tin;  Cmtiii  St.\ti;s  ihk  thi; 

E.\.STKKN    OlSTKUT  ol"   N'iKCIM.A 
Xos.  ()5(l.  722.     .\ri!!RMl  Jamiary   l.\  Id,   1917.  -  DucicK.l    March  >\   I'M". 

Tlif  British  inrrchant  ~tiam-hi|i  .l^f'init.  caiiUirr.i  mi  the  lii;,'h  ^^■a^  hy  a  (uTman 
cniiMT  ami  iiaviiiattd  to  a  imrt  >,i  the  L'niicd  Statis  in  i-niitr.,1  cif  <  ii'rnian 
oliiiiTv  anil  crew,  iluriiii.;  tin-  war  Intwnii  (ircat  Britain  anil  ( nrinaiiy.  is 
luld  tn  have  lici'ii  hriinyin   hiTc  as  a  pri.^e. 

I'n'l.r  the  principlts  ,,;'  intrrnatMnal  law.  a-  r -coKni^cd  hy  our  ^mv.  rninrnt  since 
an  early  liay  in  it-  hi~l.ir\  .lUil  a~  eniiih.i^i/eil  in  it-  attiUnle  in  the  HaKue 
t"..nlerenee  irf  I'*t7.  it  i~  .i  eK.ir  l.naeli  •■f  ,uir  n;iitra1  rik;lit>  for  du  iif 
tu.'  liellinerent  (.■'■\ernnu  nt^,  with  Imlh  ..f  wl.ieli  v,v  ,ire  ,il  peace.  I.,  make 
u-e  of  (inr  ports  l..r  the  niilelinite  -.toring  ami  -ale-keepiii>{  nl  pri/e>  cap- 
■uriil  from  its  ailversary  on     .e  hijjh  sea- 

I'.ulure  of  onr  wovermin  nt  to  j^isui-  a  procl.ini.iiion  on  tlu  ^nhject  will  not 
warrant  the  ti-e  of  our  p^rt-  to  -tore  pri/e-  niiU'liniti  l> .  anil  certainly  not 
wh're  till'  1"  ssiliility  of  Mino\al  ih  |ic  niK  upon  nerunniir  crew-  in  \iolation 
of  :  Mr  e-t.il.lishe'l  tiile-  ..f  nc  !itralil>  . 

■  .'4,i  r  "--  Ki]...rt-.  IJ.';  <Ulo|„r  t,  rm,  l'>lii  The  .lo,!,,  t  titU-  of  th,,,  e.i-e^ 
ari'  \.  .  Mil,  //,,i;,v  H,  :  I,  I'll  :,■  M.rii  '  ni  ,  luir.i,-  .<f  tin  I'l:-,-  .V/ii>  '  ll-fJin."  anii 
I..  -'.'.  .  '.  .S Jul'. iifi.  I'l.  ,  A  ■  IIU4I  ,'l  III,  i,.i)il<lM  liillf-ir,\  ,  /^/',7/.ln/t,  V  /Wilish 
.'-  1(11, .III  S(,,iiii  .V.I.  i.Md.iii  t  ■  \o.  ".'.'.  .V..II.  \  //,  iirv  (/■  llarr\.i,<n.  .Uii.tfer 
,./  lit.  .Hi.niiJhf'  ■  Iff. hi:"  I',  i  ihi  ihploni.iiie  e.  .rre-i'o|iih  m  e  ami  the  ileiiion 
of  the  (  e  niian  pn/i   c..iul,  -i  i   /'.  .\/.  p.  J'Ki 


J^^ 


VA 


^m^ 


THE  STEAMSHIP  .U'l'.iM 


125 


Tlu'  Treaty  wlili  Prii-ia  of  l/W.  8  .  .at.  172.  17.1  AnkU  19,  makes  no  pro 
vi.'.iim  fur  indefinite  stay  of  vessels,  and  includes  prizes  only  when  in  charge 
of  vi'^sel-  of  war. 

The  violation  of  neutrality  committed  by  a  lielli^erent  in  wrongfully  making 
use  of  one  of  our  ports  for  storing  i-uletinitely  a  merchant  vessel  and  cargo 
captured  on  the  righ  seas,  affords  jurisdiction  in  admiralty  to  tlie  United 
States  District  Court  of  the  locality  to  seize  the  vessel  and  cargo  and  re- 
ctor.- tlieni  to  tlu'ir  private  owner-. 

In  sucli  case,  proceedings  in  a  prize  court  of  the  lielligerent  country  could  not 
oust  the  juri-ihctioii  of  the  Di-trict  (.'..airi  having  tlie  vessel  in  cu-tody  or 
defeat  its  juili^'nient. 

2,M  Fed.   Rep.  .W,  atfirmed. 


-n 


Mr.  Justice  D.w  delivered  ihe  n].ini()ii  of  the  court. 

These  are  apjie'.-il^  from  the  District  Court  of  the  United  .States  {or 
the  i'.a-tern  Di-lrict  >■{  \'ir;:iiiia,  in  two  achiiiralty  cases.  .\o.  fcO 
wa-  hnatoht  liy  tlie  Mntisl.  ,K:  Xfrican  .^team  .Vavi.ijation  Conip-'nv, 
l.'.nuted,  owp.er  of  the  l!riti~h  steamship,  .Ippum.  to  rceover  i)o.-ses- 
sion  lit  that  vessel.  .\'>'.  722  w.i-  a  suit  hy  the  master  of  the  Appam  \.< 
recover  ,io-se"ion  of  the  carj,'o.  In  each  of  the  cases  the  decree  was 
m  f;i\or  cf  the  1    iclLiiit. 

Ihe  i.ict-  are  ii'.t  in  <!;Miute  and  from  tlieni  it  appear-:  That  during 
the  e.visteiice  <<i  Te-eiit  war  hetween  Great  Britain  and  Germanv, 

on  the  l.Mh  d.iy  or  ranuary,  PHT;,  the  steamsiiip  Appam  wa-  captured 
on  the  high  -eas  hy  the  (icrinan  cruiser  Mocwc.  The  Appam  was  a 
ship  I'nder  the  I'.riti-h  tlai;.  rei,'-,-tered  as  an  English  vessel,  and  is  a 
modern  cargo  -i.a  passenger  steamship  of  7S00  tons  htirden.  .\t  the 
time  of  her  cajHure  she  wa-  returning  from  the  West  Coast  ->f  Africa 
to  LivenKi.d,  carrying  a  general  cargo  of  c^-da  heans,  palm  oil,  ker- 
nels, tin.  n)ai/e,  sixteen  ho.xes  cf  specie,  and  some  other  articles.  .\t 
the  West  .\fricaii  p<irt  -he  took  on  1"()  pa-sengers.  eight  of  whotti 
mere  miiit.iry  prisoners  of  the  I-'.ngli-h  ( loverntnent.  .'^hc  had  a 
crew  (if  IM)  (ir  thereahout-,  and  carried  a  three-ixnind  gun  at  the 
stern.  The  Appam  was  brought  to  by  a  shot  acioss  her  bows  from  t!ie 
-l/ccrvc,  when  aliout  a  hundred  yards  away,  and  was  boarded  without 
resistance  by  an  amied  crew  from  the  Mocu'c.  Tliis  crew  brought 
with  thetn  two  iKinibs,  rme  of  which  was  siting  over  the  tmw  and  the 
other  over  the  stem  of  the  Appam.  .\n  officer  from  the  Moc~.^'c  -aid 
to  the  eaptain  of  Xhv  Appam  that  he  was  sorry  he  had  to  take  his  ship. 


asked  him  how  many  [lassengers  he  had.  what  ca 


rgo,  whether  he  had 


126 


Dl 


).NS  OF  FKDERAL  COURTS 


any  specie,  and  how  much  ooal.  When  the  shot  was  fired  across  the 
buw ;  of  the  Apf^im.  the  captain  iii^niictcd  the  wireless  operator  not 
to  touch  the  wireless  instrument,  and  his  officers  not  to  let  any  one 
touch  the  gun  on  board.  The  otticers  and  crew  of  the  Appam,  with 
the  exception  of  the  eny;ii;e- mom  force,  thirty-five  in  number,  and  the 
second  officer,  were  ordered  on  board  tlie  Mocwc.  The  captain,  offi- 
cers and  crew  of  the  .IppiDii  were  >ent  below,  where  they  were  held 
until  the  eveninjj  of  the  17th  of  Jamiary.  when  they  and  about  150 
others,  otticers  and  crew>  of  certain  ve>sel>  previously  sunk  by  the 
.UoiTi'i-.  were  onlered  back  to  the  .\ppam  and  kept  there  a^  prisoners. 
At  the  time  of  the  cap'ure.  the  senior  olticer  of  the  lx)arding  party 
told  the  chief  engineer  of  the  Appam  he  was  now  a  member  of  the 
German  navy:  if  he  did  not  obey  orders  hi>  brains  would  t)0  blown 
out,  but  if  he  obeyed,  not  a  hair  of  his  head  should  be  touched.  The 
Appam  s  ofticer  wa>  instructed  to  tell  his  stati  the  same  thing,  and  if 
they  did  I'ot  obey  orders  they  would  be  brought  to  the  (.iennan  ofticer 
and  shot.  Inquiries  were  made  by  the  (jerman  officer  in  coniniand  of 
the  Appam  as  to  revolution'-  of  the  engines,  the  (juantity  of  coal  on 
lianil  and  the  c^al  coi'.^umption  ior  dilTerent  speeds,  and  instructions 
were  given  that  -team  bo  kept  u])  hamly,  and  afterw.ird-  the  engi- 
neer was  directed  to  set  the  engine-  at  the  revolutions  re((uire(i.  and 
the  ship  got  under  way. 

I  lieutenant  Berg,  who  was  the  derman  olViccr  in  command  of  the 
Appiim  .itter  it-  c;i(>ture,  told  the  engineer  on  the  second  niorning  tliat 
he  w.is  tlien  in  charge  of  the  -hip.  a-ked  of  him  infonnation  as  to  fuel 
con-uniptioii.  and  said  tli.at  he  expected  the  engineer  to  help  hini  all  he 
could,  .and  the  more  he  did  for  lii:i;  the  better  it  wouM  W  for  everv 
body  on  the  ship.  The  engineer  -aid  he  wonld.  anil  did  so  The  en- 
gines were  oii^rated  with  a  bomb  secured  to  the  pirt  m.iin  injector 
\aK<'.  M\i\  .a  '.  lerm.an  -.lilor  -t.atioiied  alongside  the  liomb  with  ;i  re- 
volver There  w;i-  a  iju.ard  below  of  four  or  five  aimed  ( iernian-. 
who  were  relieved  from  tune  to  time,  but  diil  not  iiUerfere  vvil'i  the 
vvorkiiii,'  of  the  >hip.  I  hr  (  nTiiian  ol'licer.  I.ii'Utenant  lierg  g.ive  di- 
rctioii-  .1-  to  woi-kii;.;  t'le  enu"ii'-.  .wA  \\;i-  ilic  onlv  otiicer  on  Itoard 
V.  !ii  1  vvon'  ,1  nniform. 

I  't;  the  nii;!'!  of  the  capture,  the  -pecie  in  the  -iH'Cie-rooiu  vv,a-  taken 
fin  iio.ird  till'  .U.mTii-  After  Lieutenant  Herg  took  charge  of  the 
Appanr.  l»>r,ib-,  were  slung  o\ ar  her  bow  and  stern,  one  large  Itoinb, 
■aid   to  eoniain  about  two  htuidred   pomids  of  explosive,  was  pl.tced 


jKPnv 


i^9^.x?M 


THK  STKAMSHIP  .I/7'./.W 


127 


1 
i 
1 


on  the  bridge,  and  several  smaller  ones  in  the  chart  room.  Lieutenant 
Berg  informed  the  captain  of  the  Af^pam,  pointing  to  one  of  the 
bombs.  "Ihat  is  a  bomb;  if  there  is  any  trouble,  mutii-v,  or  attempt  to 
take  the  ship.  I  have  ()rder>  to  blow  up  the  ship  instantly."  He  also 
saul.  'There  are  other  Iximbs  about  the  ship;  I  do  not  want  to  use 
them,  but  [  slKiil  be  o.niix'lle<i  to  if  there  is  any  troui)le."  The  bombs 
\  -re  kept  in  the  i>..siiioii-  stated  until  the  >hip  arrived  at  the  V'irginia 
Ca(K's,  when  tliey  were  removed.  i.ieutenant  Herg.  on  reaching 
Hampton  Roads,  a-ked  the  crew  of  the  J^V""  to  drnp  tlie  anchor", 
as  lie  had  not  men  to  do  it. 

During  the  trip  to  the  westward,  the  otticer,  and  crew  of  tiie  .//•- 
M"  were  not  allowed  to  see  the  ship's  compass  to  ascertain  lier  course, 
and  all  lights  were  obscured  during  the  voyage.  The  German  pris- 
oners, witii  the  exception  of  two  who  went  on  board  the  Moewe,  were 
armed  and  placed  over  the  passengers  and  crew  of  the  Apt'om  as  .i 
guard  ail  tlie  way  across.  l"or  t\vo  days  after  the  capture,  the  .Iff^iiii 
remaine.l  in  the  vicimty  of  the  M  u-ziT.  and  then  was  started  west- 
ward. Her  course  for  t!ie  tir-t  two  or  three  day-  was  Miuthwesterly. 
and  afterwards  westerly,  and  wa-  rontinued  until  her  arrival  at  the 
\'irginia  (ape-  on  the  Mst  of  jannary.  The  engine  r(K)m  >taff  of  the 
Appam  wa>  on  duty  ..peraiing  the  ve-sel  acro-s  t.)  the  United  States; 
tlie  deck  crew  of  the  Appam  kept  the  ship  clean,  and  the  navigation 
w:k  conduote.l  entirely  1.\  the  ( iernian-..  the  lookouts  being  mo-tly 
German  prisoners. 

At  the  tune  of  the  capture,  the  Appam  \\-a>  approximairlv  di-tam 
l..=^'>0  nnle.  from  Emden,  the  ne.irest  «  ..'nnan  port:  from  the  nearest 
available  port,  n.amely.   Pnncliello,  in   the   .Madeira-,    \M)  ,,■   cs;   fp.ui 


.•en»)ol.  1.4,-0  nnle-:  ;ind  fn-ni   ll.impion   K.^ad-.  .v(\-l   mi'e-.     Ti; 


Li 

Appam  was  found  to  be  in  first  class  onler.  seaworthy,  with  plenty  of 

provi-ion-,   boll;    when    cipture!    ,md    at    the    tune    of    her   arrn.i'l    ;n 
Hampton  Roads. 

The  order  (.r  coinmi-ion  delivered  to  lieutenant   lierg  bv  the  com- 
ni.-mder  .i|   the  M.u-w  is  .i-  follow- : 

Information  f >  r  the  Ammcni  \u:horiti<'-  Tlie  bearer  , if  this, 
Lieutenant  of  tlie  \a\,il  Ke-erve.  \Wvi.  i-  ,i|.p.)iiitt-d  1,\  me  to 
the  coiimiand  of  tlu'  riptured  I-Jigli-h  -te.im.r  App.un  and  has 
order-  t,.  brmi;  th,-  -'i,,,  uito  the  ,u,-,re-t  .\merican  hirbor  .and 
there  to  ku  up,  N .  ■■nin.nido  .-;.  M.  li  I/,,,-,-.,.,  (  .„„„  /i,  |1,,h,i;,. 
(  rui-er  (  ,ipt:iiii  and  ( "omni.uider.  (  lmi>erial  \avv  Stam;., ) 
Komm.uido  S.  M    .s    .l/'irci'. 


1 


^m^'^ar'^ 


1J8 


DHCISIONS  OF  I'KDKr-IAl.  i.()fKTS 


Upon  arrival  in  Hampton  Roads,  Lieutenant  Berg  re]X)rtc(l  lii-.  ar- 
rival to  the  Collector,  and  tiled  a  copy  of  bis  instructions  to  brinp  the 
Apl^Atn  into  the  nearest  American  port  and  there  to  lay  up. 

On  Februar\  2nd,  his  Excellency,  the  tierman  Ambassador,  in- 
formed the  State  I)epartment  of  the  intention,  under  alleged  treaty 
rights,  to  stay  in  an  American  port  until  further  notice,  and  reciuested 
that  the  crew  of  the  Appaiii  be  detained  in  the  United  States  for  the 
remainder  of  the  war. 

The  jirisoner.-  br;iught  in  by  the  Appatii  were  released  by  order  of 
the  American  Government. 

On  February  l<)th.  and  sixteen  (l:'.ys  aftt-r  tlic  :;r!ival  of  tlie  Appuni 
in  Ham]itoii  F\o;\'ls.  the  owner  of  tiie  A.praiii  tileJ  the  Hliel  in  case 
Xo.  650.  to  which  answer  was  fikd  on  March  3rd.  On  March  7th.  by 
leave  cf  court,  an  amended  libel  was  tiled,  by  which  the  lil)ellant 
sought  to  recover  the  Appain  upon  the  claim  that  holding  and  detain- 
ing the  vessel  in  .American  waters  w;is  in  violation  of  the  law  of 
nations  and  the  law-  of  the  United  States  and  of  the  neutrality  of  the 
United  States.  The  an>wer  of  the  re<]>()ndents  to  the  amended  libel 
alleged  that  the  .l^paui  was  brought  in  as  a  prize  by  a  prize  master, 
in  reliance  upon  the  Treaty  of  1799  between  the  United  St.  tes  and 
Pru-si;i ;  that  by  the  gener.al  principles  of  international  law  the  jtrize 
ma-ter  was  entitled  to  bring  his  ship  into  the  neutral  port  under  these 
circumstance-,  and  that  the  length  of  stay  wa-  not  a  matter  for  judici.il 
determination;  and  that  pt'iceedings  had  been  institute<l  in  a  ()roper 
prize  Court  of  competent  jurisdiction  in  (lerniany  for  the  condemna- 
tion of  the  Appaiii  as  a  prize  of  war;  and  a'erred  that  the  .\mcrican 
Court  had  no  jurisdiction. 

The  libel  against  the  App'im's  cargo  wa-  liled  on  March  l.^th.  1916. 
and  ;ui-wer  tiled  on  March  ,>l-t.  During  the  progress  of  the  case, 
liliellant  ninxed  the  cotirt  to  >e!l  a  part  of  the  cargo  as  perishable:  on 
luotion  the  C(jint  .apiK  linted  -urveyor-,  who  exriniined  the  cargo  ;ind 
reporicd  that  the  p:irts  -ii  de-^ignated  as  perishable  should  be  -old; 
upon  their  re]"  rt  order-  of  s;'le  were  entered,  under  which  such  per- 
ish;ible  parts  were  -old.  and  the  proceeds  of  that  -;de,  .amounting  tT 
oxer  S^»i(Kt.(^)'")  ;ire  now  in  the  regi-try  of  the  court,  and  the  unsold 
portions  of  the  cargo  are  now  in  the  cu-toily  of  the  mar-hal  of  the 
E:i-tern    Fii-trict   of    X'irgini.i. 

The  argwnent  in  this  ca-e  has  t.aken  wide  range,  and  i.rallv  and  in 


■'i\-  ."'«».  ^vrjsmB«s*-Z£' . 


iriJJ^...  .-."lit 


THE  STEAMSHIP  AI'PAM 


129 


printed  briefs  counsel  have  discussed  many  questions  which  we  do 
not  consider  necessary  to  decide  in  delcrmniing  the  rights  involved 
in  these  appeals. 

Frun.  the  fads  which  uc-  have  stated,  we  think  the  decisive  ques- 
tion>  res..lve  themselves  into  tiiree:  First,  was  the  use  of  an  American 
port,  under  the  circum>tances  shown,  a  breach  of  this  Nation's  neu- 
trality under  the  principles  of  international  law?  Second,  was  such 
use  of  an  American  jwrt  justified  by  tl,e  existing  treaties  between  the 
Cernian  Government  and  our  own?  Third,  was  there  jurisdiction  and 
right  to  coiulcmn  the  Atf'w  and  her  cargo  in  a  court  of  admiralty  of 
the  United  States' 

It  is  familiar  mternationa!  law  that  the  usual  course  after  the  cap- 
ture of  the  Af^pam  would  have  been  to  take  iier  into  a  Gemian  jx^rt, 
where  a  pri:^c  court  of  that  nati.m  nii-ht  luive  adjudicated  her  status', 
and,  It  It  so  determined,  condemned  the  vessel  as  a  prize  of  war' 
Instead  of  that,  the  vessel  wa>  neither  taken  to  a  German  [)ort  nor  to 
the  nearest  port  accessible  of  a  neutral  power,  but  was  ordered'to,  and 
did,  proceed  over  a  distance  of  more  than  three  thousand  miles,  with 
a  view  to  laying  up  the  captured  ship  in  an  American  jwrt. 

it  was  not  the  purj^se  to  bring  the  vessel  here  within  the  |)rivileges 
universally  recognized  in  international  law,  /.  c.  for  necessary  fuel  or 
provisions,  or  because  of  stre-.  of  weather  or  necessity  of  repairs, 
and  to  lea\e  as  soon  as  the  cause  of  such  entry  was  satisfied  or  re- 
moved. The  i)uri)ose  for  which  the  Arton  was  brought  to  Hampton 
Koa.N,  and  the  character  of  the  ship,  are  emphasized  in  the  order 
uhich  we  have  .juoted  to  take  her  to  an  American  port  and  there  lay 
her  up  and  in  a  note  from  his  Excellency,  the  German  Ambassador 
to  the  .secretaty  of  State,  in  uliich  the  rii;ht  was  claimed  to  keep  tlu' 
vessel  in  an  American  jwrt  until  further  notice.  (  Diploiii.atic  Cor- 
ropondjiice  with  nelligerent  tlovernmems  Relating  tn  .Wutral  Ri-bt> 
and  Duties.  I  )ei.artmeiit  of  State,  i'.un.pcan  War  Nd.  .?.  page  A]  » 
and  a  further  cunummication  from  the  (.emian  Ambassad'or  f.irward- 
mg  a  menioran.hiin  of  a  telegram  from  tiie  German  (k.vernment  con- 
cerning the  Atr,n„  (id.  page  XU).  in  which  it  was  stated: 

.//'/'.(;;/  is  not  an  auxiliary  cruiser  hut  .i  prize.  Therefore  she 
must  he  deah  with  acconhng  to  Article  19  of  the  l'russ,>-  \meri- 
ean  treaty  ..f  I7<)*>.  Articlr  2\  ..f  Hag,,,.  Cmventi,,,,  aHU-emmg 
neuinhitv  at  sea  is  not  apiilicable.  as  this  cunvention  was  „,,t  rati- 
fied  by    Fngland   ;iiid    is   tlurefure   net    i)iii(ling    i,,    present    wir 


130  DECISIONS  OF  FEDERAL  COURTS 

according  to  Article  2i^.  The  alwve-ir.fiitioned  Article  19  author- 
izes a  prize  ship  to  remain  in  .^  ncrican  fxjrts  as  long  as  she 
pleases.  Neither  the  .-hip  nor  th  prize  crew  can  thoref<>r».  be 
interned  nor  can  there  be  question  of  turning  the  prize  over  to 
English. 

In  view  of  these  facts,  and  this  attitude  of  the  Imperial  Government 
of  Geniiany,  it  is  manifest  that  the  Attain  was  not  brought  here  in 
anv  other  character  than  as  a  i)rize.  captured  at  sea  by  a  cruiser  of  the 
German  navy,  and  that  the  right  to  keep  her  here,  as  shown  in  the 
attitude  (if  the  tlemian  Government  and  in  the  answer  to  the  libel, 
was  rested  principally  upon  the  PrusMan-American  Treaty  of  179'). 

The  principles  of  international  law  recognized  by  this  Government, 
leaving  the  treaty  aside,  will  not  permit  the  ports  of  the  United  ^tate^ 
to  be  thus  used  by  belligerents.  If  such  use  were  permitted,  it  would 
constitute  of  the  ports  of  a  neutral  country  harb.:)rs  of  safety  int  > 
which  i)rizes,  captured  by  one  of  the  belligerents,  might  be  safely 
brought  and  indetinitely  kept. 

From  the  beginning  of  its  history  thi>  country  has  bt  en  c'lrefnl  tn 
maintain  a  neuual  position  between  warrin;;  ( lovernments,  and  not 
to  allow  the  use  of  it.-  ;>ort>  m  violation  oi  the  obligation-  of  neutral- 
ity; nor  to  pennit  .-uch  use  beyond  the  necessitie-  arising  from  the 
perils  of  the  seas  or  the  necessities  of  -uch  ves-fls  as  to  seaworthi- 
ness, provisions  and  .-upplies.  Such  usage  has  the  sanction  of  inter- 
national law.  Dana's  Note  to  Wheaton  on  International  Law.  lS(y). 
Sth  American  ICdition.  .Section  .V'l.  and  acconls  with  our  own  prac- 
tice.    Mo,, re'-  Uige-t  of  International  l.:uv.  \'ol.  7.  9.^0.  937.  9oS. 

.\  policv  of  neutrality  iietweeu  warring  nations  ha-  been  maintained 
from  179,^  to  this  time.  In  that  year  Pre.-ident  W'a-hington  firmly 
denied  the  use  of  our  port-  to  the  French  Minister  for  the  fitting  out 
of  privateers  to  de-trov  F.nglisl!  o.nnnene.  This  attitude  led  to  tlie 
cnaLlnienl  of  the  Xentrality  .\ct  of  \7'-n.  afterwanls  embodied  in  the 
a^i  of  ISIS,  enactiiiii  a  code  of  neutrality,  wiic'.  anions  other  things 
inhihiteil  the  tittiitg  out  and  .arming  of  ves-els :  the  augmenting  or  ■ 
increa-ing  of  the  force  of  armeil  ve--ei-;  >  ir  th.e  -etting  on  foot  in  our 
territorv  of  milit.iry  i.v.pedition- :  and  empowering  the  President  to 
order  foreign  ve--e1-  of  war  to  depart  from  our  I'ort-  and  compelling 
them  so  to  do  when  reo-.iire'l  by  the  law  of  nit  o'  Miv.rc  on  Inter- 
mtion.-il  .\rl)itratio!i-.  v.  4,  .'''f>7  ,7  srij. 


JSBTT  tip  HEtiWra-T 


■'  i&rji^  •■sfaumm  m 


THE  STEAMSHIP  AVl'AM 


131 


This  policy  of  the  American  Government  was  emphasized  in  its 
attitmie  at  the  Hague  Conference  of  1907.  Article  21  of  the  Hague 
Treaty  provides: 

A  prize  may  only  be  brought  into  a  neutral  p<>rt  on  account 
of  unseaworthmess,  stress  of  weather,  or  want  of  fuel  or  pro- 
visions. ' 

It  must  leave  as  soon  as  the  circumstances  which  justified  its 
entry  are  at  an  end.  If  it  does  not,  the  neutral  Power  must  order 
It  to  leave  at  once;  should  it  fail  to  ..bey.  the  neutral  Power  must 
employ  the  means  at  its  disposal  to  release  it  with  it<  officers  and 
crew  and  to  intern  the  prize  crew. 

Article  22  provides: 

A  neutral  Power  must,  similarly,  release  a  prize  brought  into 
one  of  Its  ports  un.ler  circumstances  other  than  those  referred 
to  in  Article  21. 


To  these  articles,  adherence  was  given  bv  Belgium,  France,  Austria- 
Hungary,  Germany,  the  United  States,  and'  a  number  of  other  nations 
Tiiey  were  not  ratified  by  the  British  Government.  This  Government 
refused  to  adhere  to  Article  2.3,  which  provides : 

A  neutral  Power  may  allow  prizes  to  enter  it^  ports  ami  road- 
steads, whether  under  convoy  or  not,  when  thev  are  bnnight  there 
to  be  se(|uestrated  pending  the  decision  of  a  P'rize  court  It  may 
liave  the  prize  taken  to  another  of  its  ports. 


If  tl 


he  prize  is  convoyed  by  a  war-siiip,  the  prize  crew  mav  so 
on  lx)ard  the  convoying  ship.  ' 

If  the  prize  is  not  under  cunvov,  the  prize  crew  are  left  at 
liberty. 

.\nd  in  the  proclamation  of  the  convention  the  Pre>i<lent  recited  the 
resolution  of  the  Senate  adhering  to  it. 

subject  to  the  reservation  and  excluMon  of  it<  \rticle  ^\  and 
with  the  understanding  tliat  the  last  clause  of  Article  .^  thereof 
mip.ies  the  dnty  ,,t  ;i  neutral  Power  to  make  the  demand  therein 
mentioned  tor  the  return  of  a  ship  captured  witliin  tlie  neutral 
jurisdiction  ;ind  lu.  longer  within  tliat  jurisdiction  ,V,  Stat  Pt 
II.  p.  -'438. 

While  this  treaty  may  not  be  of  binding  obligation,  owing  to  lack 
of  ratification,   it  ,s  very  persua^ve  as   showing  the  attitud'e  of  the 


»iwvw»cin» '*■'••" jr  >s»wr«j;^Bi».'3»r>«^,-  :-  .  aa  Vft.«,'s«Ei»  •i.'H'."..'  ViHf..Vrt^,";.v.»i  ■'»•.. 


\32 


DF.CISIOXS  or  FKDKUAI.  COURTS 


American  Governnietit  when  the  question  is  one  of  international  law ; 
from  which  it  ai)|)ear>  clearly  that  prizes  could  only  be  brought  into 
our  iK(rt>  uix)n  general  jirinciples  recoj^niized  in  international  law,  on 
account  of  unseawurthiiiess.  stress  of  weather,  or  want  of  fuel  or  pro- 
v'sions,  and  we  refused  to  recognize  the  principle  that  prizes  might 
ente  our  ports  and  roadsteads,  whether  under  convoy  m  not.  to  be 
sequestrated  pending  the  decision  of  a  prize  court.  From  ihe  history 
of  the  conference  it  appears  that  the  reason  for  the  attitude  of  the 
.American  delegates  in  refusing  to  accept  Article  23  was  that  thereby 
a  neutral  might  be  involved  in  participation  in  t'.e  war  to  the  extent 
of  giving  asylum  to  a  prize  which  the  belligerent  might  not  be  able 
to  conduct  to  a  home  port.  See  Scott  on  Peace  Conferences,  1899- 
1907.  Vol.  II,  p.  237  ct  scq. 

Much  stress  is  laid  upon  the  failure  of  this  Government  to  prcK-iaim 
that  its  i)orts  were  not  open  to  the  reception  of  captured  prizes,  and 
it  is  argued  that  having  failed  to  interdict  the  entrance  of  prizes  into 
our  ports  permission  to  thus  enter  must  be  assumed.  But  whatever 
privilege  might  arise  from  this  circumstance  it  would  not  warrant  the 
attempted  use  of  one  of  our  ports  as  a  place  in  which  to  store  prizes 
indefinitely,  and  certainly  not  where  no  means  of  taking  them  out  are 
shown  except  by  the  augmentation  of  her  crew,  which  would  be  a  clear 
violation  of  established  rules  of  neutralit'-. 

.As  to  the  contention  on  behalf  of  the  appellants  that  .Article  19 
of  the  Treaty  of  1799  justifie^  bringing  in  and  keeping  the  Appam 
in  an  .American  port,  in  the  situation  which  we  have  outlined,  it  ap- 
pears that  in  response  to  a  note  from  his  Excellency,  the  German 
.Amba>s,-i(lor.  making  that  contention,  the  .American  Secretary  nf  State, 
ton-idering  the  treaty,  announced  a  different  conclusion  (  Diplomatic 
Cf.rre-p(in<lence  with  ricllij^erent  (Invcrmuents,  supra,  page  ,iV^  ct  saj.)  : 
and  we  think  this  view  is  justirie<l  by  a  consideration  of  the  tenns  of 
the  treatv.  .\rticle  l'>  of  the  treaty  of  17'>'',  using  the  translation 
adopted  l)v  tlic  American  .'-late  Heiiartment.  reads  as  follows: 

The  vessel-  of  war.  public  and  ]>rivate.  of  both  ])arties.  -hall 
carry  {  condutrc  )  freelv.  wheresoever  they  please,  the  vessels  and 
effects  t.nken  [prif)  from  their  enemie-.  without  being  obliged  to 
pay  any  duties,  charge-,  or  fees  to  officer-  of  a<lmiralty,  of  the 
customs,  or  aiiv  otlier- ;  nor  shall  -nch  prizes  iprists)  be  ar- 
re-ted,  -e.ircheil  or  put  under  legal  proce-s.  when  they  come  to 
and  enter  the  port-  of  the  other  party,  but  may   freely  be  car- 


■IT-^JU;-^-     =.    Ill 


1 


THF  STEAMSHIP  APPAM 


133 


ned  (conduttes)  out  again  at  any  time  by  theii  cantors  {te 
vatsseau Jrcneitr)  to  the  places  expressed  in  their  commissions, 
which  the  commanding  officer  of  such  vessel  He  dit  vatsseau) 
shall  be  obliged  to  show.  (But  conformably  to  the  treaties  ex- 
isting between  the  United  States  and  Great  Britain,  no  vessel 
(vcnsseau)  that  shall  have  made  a  prize  (prise)  upon  British 
subjects  shall  have  a  right  to  shelter  in  the  ports  of  the  United 
States,  but  if  (1/  est)  forced  therein  by  tempests,  or  any  other 
danger  or  accident  of  the  sea,  they  ( i7  sera)  shall  be  obl'iged  to 
depart  as  soon  as  possible.]  (The  provision  concerning  the 
treaties  between  the  United  States  and  Great  Britain  is  no  longer 
in  force,  having  been  omitted  by  the  treaty  of  1828.  See  Com- 
pilation of  Treaties  in  Force,  1904,  pages  641  and  646.) 

We  think  an  analysis  of  this  article  makes  manifest  that  the  per- 
mission granted  is  to  vessels  of  war  and  their  prizes,  which  are  not 
to  be  arrested,  searched,  or  put  under  legal  process,  when  they  come 
into  the  ports  of  the  high  contracting  parties,  to  the  end  that  they  may 
be  freely  carried  out  by  their  captors  to  the  places  expressed  in  their 
commissions,  which  the  commanding  officer  is  obliged  to  show.  When 
the  Appam  came  into  the  American  harbor  she  was  not  in  charge  of  a 
vessel  of  war  of  the  German  Empire.  She  was  a  merchant  vessel, 
captured  on  the  high  seas  and  sent  into  the  American  port  with  the 
intention  of  being  kept  there  indefinitely,  and  without  any  means  of 
leaving  that  port  for  another  as  contemplated  in  the  treaty,  and  re- 
quired to  be  shown  in  the  commission  of  the  vessel  bringing  in  the 
prize.  Certainly  such  use  of  a  neutral  port  is  verj-  far  from  that  con- 
templated by  a  treaty  which  made  provision  only  for  temporary  asy- 
lum for  certain  purposes,  aiul  can  not  be  held  to  imply  an  intention 
to  make  of  an  American  port  a  harbor  of  refuge  for  captured  prizes 
of  a  belligerent  Government.  We  can  not  avoid  the  conclusion  that  in 
thus  making  use  of  an  American  port  there  was  a  clear  breach  of  the 
neutral  rights  of  this  Government,  as  recognized  under  principles  of 
international  law  governing  the  obligations  of  neutrals,  and  that  such 
use  of  one  of  our  ports  was  in  no  wise  sanctioned  by  the  treatv  of 
1799. 

It  remains  to  inquire  whether  there  was  jurisdiction  and  authority 
in  an  Admiralty  Court  of  the  United  States,  under  these  circumstances, 
to  order  restoration  to  an  individual  owner  of  the  vessel  and  cargo. 

The  eariiest  authority  upon  this  subject  in  the  decisions  of  this 
court  is  found  in  the  case  of  Glass  v.  The  Sloop  Betsy,  3  Dallas.  6, 


;^^L^:f.,^mid£- 


134 


DECISIONS  OF  FKDERAL  COURTS 


decided  in  1794,  wlicrein  it  api)e:irfd  that  the  commander  of  tlie  PVench 
privateer,  Tin'  Ciliccn  Cicm't.  captured  as  a  jirize  on  the  hii^li  seas  the 
sioo])  Bctsx  and  sent  tlie  vessel  into  Baltimore,  where  the  owners  of 
the  rlonp  and  cargn  ti'cil  a  libel  in  the  District  Court  of  Maryland, 
claiming  restituiinn  because  the  vessel  belonged  to  subjects  of  the 
Kin^  of  Sweden,  a  neutral  Power,  and  the  cargo  was  owned  jointly 
by  Swedes  and  Americans.  The  District  Court  denied  jurisdiction, 
the  Circuit  Court  affirmed  the  decree,  and  an  appeal  was  prosecuted 
to  thi-  ciurt.  The  unanimous  opinion  was  announced  by  Mr.  Chief 
Ju-tice  Jay.  holding  that  the  District  Court-  of  the  United  State-  jki-- 
sessed  the  j)owcrs  of  couits  of  admiralty,  whether  sitting  a-  an  in- 
stance or  ,1-  a  prize  court,  and  sustained  the  jurisdiction  of  the  Dis- 
trict Court  (jf  Maryland,  and  lield  tliat  that  court  wa-  competent  to 
intjuire  ir.to  and  decide  whether  restitution  should  be  made  to  the 
complainant-  confor'iia'jlv  to  the  lav.-  (>f  nation-  and  the  treiUe-  :ind 
laws  of  the  United  State-. 

The  (|ue-tii'n  came  airain  before  thi-  court  in  the  case  of  Thr  Siuitis- 
xinui  Trinuiiui.  dec:<led  in  1S22.  reixTted  in  7  Wheaton.  JS,^.  In  tiiat 
case  it  w.i-  held  tl;at  ;in  illegal  c.-ipturc  v  ouM  be  iinc-ted  with  the 
diaracter  i.f  a  tort,  and  that  the  origin  I  owner-  \\rre  entitled  to 
re-;  .ution  nhen  the  propertv  wn-  brought  witliin  our  inn-diction.  The 
opinion  wa-  deli\ered  by  Mr.  Justice  .^torv.  and.  aft'  r  a  full  discu-- 
-irin  of  the  matter,  tiie  court  held  th;i:  such  an  ilU'Lral  e;uitnr(  .  if 
brought  into  the  jurisdiction  of  the  court-  of  the  rtnteo  -^tate-.  wa- 
subiect  to  cnndenination  and  reslitutior.  to  the  owne'  -.  ;;iui  the  learned 
ju-tice  -aid  : 

If,  indeed.  t!.e  ciuestion  were  eiitirelv  new.  it  \\'  .'.•<:    le-^ 
grave    con-idc:-ation.    whether    a    cl;.in;     foini.ir      ■  :■    a 
of  our  neiUra!    hin-diction  couii'   he  a-crted  "f    .:te 

or  in  atn  (Jther  manner  tlian  .a      -I'ct  nnerventi'      o:     \e 
luent  itself,     in  the  case  ox  a  vi-  -iire  r:ii'!e  w  u 
ritori.-il  juri-ihction.  it  i-  've!'  -I'-ieil,  tl-ii  .-i-  !■■■• 
and   tiie   captured,   the   (jtir  tion   cm     'ever   !^ 
ari-e  onlv  u])f.n   a   c'.aim  .■  f  the  neut'    i  sovi  ■ 
own  courts  or  the  courts  of  the   ■'o\\    r  hav--_ 
capture  n-elf  for  the  purpose-    ■■      •;,•  -u    iv    .i:; 

cour-e  of  proceedini;.  the  inter"-  tun  ■■•  itr  I'-vit  ^ 
might  -eeni  lit  to  h;i\e  been  ri'  re<  i-'or-  oiTTiir.; 
wrong  could  be  taken  by  our  coi;-  "      "■--  '^'a;      ' 

beginning  in  thi-  cla--  f)f  .  i'    e-.        •'.■ 


■  •    very 

la.tioii 
■<r-on-. 

■  lOVi     •!- 

!-al 

ati 


Tit 

rile 

he 

iiar 


m^^ 


M^m^im^iMii^.-^'^Timm:^ 


THi".  STKAMSUlf  .U'I'.IM 


135 


l.ccii  iiniftmnly  liic  cllur  way;  and  it  i^  ii,,w  too  latf  ic  dismrli 
It.  It  any  iiicdincniciici.-  .-huiiM  grcjw  (an  ol  it,  iioni  r(M-un>  uf 
statu  (xilk-y  (ir  i.\i.ti!iiv\-  (li-i.ri'tii.ii,  it  i>  luinpctcut  fur  Congress 
to  apply  at  its  ulca^-iirc  the  proper  rcnu  ;y.     (i'agc  ci-i'J.) 

■  .  .  WlialL-vcr  may  be  the  exemiitiini  ..i"  the  piiMo  ship 
iierself,  and  df  her  armament  and  niunitiun>  of  war,  the  prize 
prdjieny  which  >i.e  hrm^',-;  into  (itir  iiort-  i~  ji.ih'v.-  f.  tlk  jnn-.h.c- 
tioii  of  our  eutirts,  for  the  purpose  of  examination  and  imiuiry, 
and  if  a  proper  case  he  made  (mt,  fi.r  restitution  t..  th(i>e  whose 
jiov-e.vMon  has  i-e-.n  den -ted  hy  a  \  iuLition  of  uur  nentralitv  ; 
an<l  if  tile  i,'ood-  ^re  l;inded  I'ror  ilie  public  sbip  in  eiir  jHirts.  hv 
the  express  permission  of  onr  ,,wn  (.overnment,  tiiat  does  not 
x.iry  the  ca>e,  >ince  it  iiu.ilv^-  ,i,,  jikdi^-e  thai  if  ille-allv  cajitured 
they  shall  be  exempted  from  tiie  ordiii;irv  iiperation  of  ..ur  laws 
(  Pa^e  354. ) 


In  the  siil.se(|iient  case-  in  this  cor.rt  ti  i-  doctrine  has  not  been  de- 
parted   from.      L'lnzThiblc.    1    W  Ikatnii,    J.^'^,   J,=S;    The    IL^ticilo.    4 
Wheat,  n,  2<'.\  ,^n,v.  '/,  ic,  11  ;  /.„  .;,,;,,/„,.'  d.    Rues.  }•  W  heaton    ,'.8  = 
39(1. 

it  is  iiisi-ted  that  llie-e  ca-e.-  iii\"l\e  illej;,i'  caiitiires  at  sea.  or  \i"la- 
lions  -f  neutral  obh<,'atH  n.  not  ari-mg  because  of  the  use  of  a  port 
by  seiidmi,'  in  a  captured  ve--el  aii.l  keepin.s,'  her  there  in  violation  oi 
o'lr  right-  as  a  neutra:.  But  ue  are  .it  a  los-  to  see  any  difference  in 
lirinciple  belweeii  uch  cases  and  hreaclie-  ..f  iciilrality  uf  the  char- 
acter here  imolved  m  undertaking  to  make  id  ,in  \merican  port  a 
depisitory  of  caj.tured  ve»e^  with  a  new  ti.  keeping  them  there  in- 
definitely. Xor  can  we  consent  to  the  in-istence  of  coun.-el  for  appel- 
lant that  the  I'ri/e  Court  of  the  (.iemian  Kmpire  has  exclusive  juri>- 
diction  to  deternv.ne  the  f.ite  of  the  Aft^uin  ;i^  lawful  prize.  The  ves- 
sel was  ill  an  .American  jiort  and  under  our  j.ractice  ',\ithiii  the  iuris- 
diction  ;ind  jKi-sessi-n  of  the  Di.-lrict  Court  which  had  a--umed  to 
determine  the  alleged  vitjlation  fif  neutral  light.-,  with  jiower  to  dis- 
pose of  the  ves-el  accordingly.  The  fiTcigu  tribun  d  under  such  cir- 
ciim.st.mce-  could  not  oust  the  jnri-diction  of  the  local  court  and  therebv 
(leieat  its  judgm.'iit.     Flu-  Santt.ssinia  '!  rinidud.  supra,  p.  355. 

Were  the  rule  otherwise  th.in  tin-  court  has  frequently  declared 
It  to  be.  our  ports  might  be  tilled  in  case  of  a  general  war  such  as  is 
now  in  progress  between  the  F.nropean  countries,  with  captured  prize= 
of  one  or  the  other  of  the  belhcerent?.  in  utter  violation  of  the  prin- 


136 


DECISIONS  OF  FEDERAL  COURTS 


ciples  of  neutral  obligation  which  have  controlled  this  country  from 
the  beginning. 

The  violation  of  American  neutrality  is  the  basis  of  jurisdiction,  and 
the  Admiralty  Courts  may  order  restitution  for  a  violation  of  such  neu- 
.ralit'.  In  each  case  the  jurisdiction  and  order  rests  upon  the  au- 
tiiority  of  the  courts  of  the  United  States  to  make  restitution  to  private 
owners  for  violations  nf  neutrality  where  ofTendinpr  vessels  are  within 
our  jurisdiction,  thus  vindicating^  our  rir^hts  and  obligations  as  a  neu- 
tral people. 

It  follows  that  the  decree  in  each  case  must  be 

Affirmed. 


f 


i 


Opinions  of  Attorneys  General  of  the  United  States 


CASE  OF   DESERTERS   FROM    THE   PRL'SSIAX    FRIGATE 

NIOBE^ 

The  provisions  of  the  treaty  of  May  1.  1828.  between  the  United  States  and 
I'russm.  for  the  arrest  and  imprisonment  of  deserters  from  public  ships 
and  merchant  vessel,  of  the  respective  countries,  applies  to  public  vessels 
sailing  under  the  flag  of  the  North  German  Union  and  deserters  from  such 

Attorney  Generals  Office, 
c-      ,  ,  August  to,  1868. 

Sir:  I  have  considered  the  opinion  of  the  examiner  of  claims  in  your 
department,  transmitted  to  me  under  cover  of  your  letter  of  the  20th 
ultimo,  upon  the  question,  how  far  the  treaty  of  1828,  between  the 
United  States  and  Prussia,  on  the  subject  of  the  arrest  and  imprison- 
ment by  the  local  authorities  of  each  country  of  deserters  from  the 
ships  of  war  and  merchant  vessels  of  the  other,  is  obligatory  upon  the 
Lnitcd  States  in  respect  to  deserters  from  the  public  and  private  vessels 
sailing  under  the  flag  of  the  North  German  Union. 

The  result  of  the  victory  of  Sadowa  and  the  negotiations  of  Nichok- 
burg  was  the  territorial  enlargement  of  Prussia,  bv  the  annexation  of 
Hesse  Cassel,  Nassau.  Hanover,  Holstein.  and  Frankfort,  and  the 
foundation  of  a  confederation  or  union  between  Prussia,  thus  er'  irged 
in  territory  and  population,  an,!  the  North  German  States  nn.Ier  a 
constitution  of  government  which  gave  the  King  of  Prussia  the  presi- 
dency of  the  union,  with  power  to  declare  war  and  conclude  peace  make 
treaties  with  foreign  States,  accredit  ministers  and  receive  them  like- 
wise the  command,  in  war  and  in  peace,  of  the  entire  armv  an.'  navy 
of  the  union,  with  power,  whenever  the  public  safety  is  threatened  to 
declare  martial  law  in  any  part  of  the  union. 

Prussia  has  a  treaty  of  commerce  and  navigation  with  the  United 
States,  dated  \fav  1.  1828.  which  pnn-ides,  that  the  consuls  of  tht 
respective  Governments  "are  authorized  to  require  the  assistance  of 


'  OfKi  inl  CHni.H,,   „/   it... 
p.  463.  ' 


■  Ul,^r„rxs  a.„.,„l  of   Ihr    Vmtrd    Shtlcs.    vot 


12. 


I3g  OPINIONS  OF  ATTORNEYS  (iKNEKAL 

the  local  authontio  lor  the  >carch.  arn^st.  and  imprisonment  of  the 
.k-crters  from  tiio  ships  of  uar  and  nicrciiant  vessels  of  their  countr>'. 

In  \pril  last  application  was  made,  nnder  this  provision  of  the  treaty 
uilh   i'rus.-ia,  bv  the  consul  Kencral  of  the  North  German  Union  in 
New  York    to  a  L  nited  States  commissioner,  iur  a  warrant  for  the 
•inesl  oi  eleven  deserters  from  a  public  armed  vessel,  sailing'  under 
the  llac  of  the  union,  which  .^  styled  b>  the  minister  ot  I'nisMa  near 
this  (.overnmem  as  -His  majestys  frijjate  Mobcr     The  application 
of  the  consul  j,reneral  was  refused  by  the  c-mmissioner.  upon  the  geu- 
cni  -round  that  the  treatv  stipulation  referred  to  did  not  apply  to 
ve<seU   belongini;  to  the    North   lienuan   Inion.      I'.aron   Cerolt,  the 
diplomatic  representative  here  of  the  North  '  .eiman   Tnion,  protests 
a-Minvt  the  refusal  jf  the  commissioner  to  i>sue  a  warrant   for  the 
arre-l   •  f   !;.v-e   tk-erter- :  and  hence  '.l  e   .pu-tiun   i.~   presemed  as  to 
"the  validitv  of  the  obiectiou  urped  by  the  commissioner  to  the  rif^ht 
oi  the  eon'^ular  representative  of  the  union  to  claim,  on  behalf  of  that 
linverr.meut   in  respect  to  deserter>  from  one  of  its  public  armed  vessels, 
the  benefits  of  the  treatv  of   IKJS.      The  examiner  of  claims,  in  the 
opinion  ^ou  have  traiiMiiittcd  to  me.  has  discussed  u.  t  only  this  que- 
tion    which  is  practicallv  the  only  one  tliat  has  been  raised,  so  far  as 
1  ,im  informal,  bv  anv  events  that  have  actually  transpire.!  calliu-  for 
;,  cMiMderation  of  our  treatv  relations  vv  ith  the  States  of  the  North 
(,erman   Union,  but  also  the  larger  question  as  to  the  effect  ot   the 
chaii-e  in  the  i.olitical  <tatus  and  rel.itinn-  of  the  States  consolidated 
aii.l  confederated  with  I'russia.  uimhi  the  stipulations  in  our  treaties  of 
c.mmerce   a;-,l    n.uiuation    n  ith    ITu-m   and   those   other    St.ates.   in 
re-pec!  to  the  -eamen  disertin:;  from  tbei'-  merchant  ves-els  now  ^ailing 
under  a  c  nimon  national  tlag.     1  fully  concur  in  the  conclusion  of  the 
law  otticer  of  vour  department,  that  the  commissioner  at   New  ^  ork 
(■•re.'   in  refu-in-  to  is>ue  a  warr.mt  for  the  arrest  of  the  doerting 
-eatuen   of   ih      Tri-ate   A  ;,.(v.  but    1    will    forbear   at   this  time,  with 
v.nr  penni>s.on.  from  -ivin.i;  an  otiuia!  opinion  on  the  more  doubtful 
and  difficult   iiue^tions   wlii  h   are   di-cu-ed   in   the   papers   from   your 
,!,partment  now  before  e  e.      It  seems  to  me  that  a  better  occasion, 
perhaps.  v\,nil<i  be  afforded  for  such  .i  discus-iou  when  a  case  prac- 
tically  shall  .arise  calliui:  l-r  the  cf.nimniiication  of  the  views  of  the 
I-Necitive  in  refzard  to  our  treaties  with  tlu'  States  of  the  Nor^h  (icrman 
Union  to  those  iud:cial  functionaries  v,ho.  nndir  o,ir  system  of  govern- 


A  'r^  '^...'5.-7',««»t«i  ••  iTrr'um  ^auit^u^ 


DK.SKRTF RS  FROM  THE  FRIGATE  Sionii  \y) 

ment,  art  intrusted  with  the  due  fulfillment  and  execution  of  those 
treaties  on  the  part  of  the  United  States,  in  respect  to  the  subjects- 
matter  particularly  discussed  by  the  examiner  of  claims. 

In  regard  to  naval  vesvels  of  the  North  (ierman  Union,  i  am  clearly 
of  opmion  that  they  arc  the  ships  of  war  „f  Pnissia.  within  th'e 
meanin-  of  the  treaty  of  1828.  and  that  deserters  therefrom  mav  he 
arrested  hy  the  proper  local  authorities  of  the  United  States  on  the 
application  of  the  proper  consular  officer  of  the  union,  pursuant  to 
tliat  treaty.  I  have  referred  incidentally  to  those  provisions  of  the 
Constitution  of  the  union,  which  declare  as  follows: 

The  presidency  of  the  union  belon-.  to  the  Crown  of  Prussia 
Jhe  trown  of  Prussia  is  therefore  entitled  to  represent  the  union 
as_  a  nation,  and  to  declare  war  and  conclude  peace  in  the  name 
ot  the  union,  to  lorm  alliances  and  make  other  treaties  with 
torei.i^m  States,  accredit  minister^  and  receive  them, 

llie  aLTLrre-ate  land  forces  of  the  iiniun  shall  form  a  sin<Tle  armv 
which,  in  war  and  peace,  i,  placed  under  the  command  of  His 
.\laje>ly  the  Km-  ot  PrnsMa.  a>  commander-in-chief  of  the  union 

I  he  entire  n.ivy  of  t!  ..■  nnmn  is  under  the  command  of  Prussia 
Its  or^'anization  klonL's  to  the  Kin-,'  of  Prussia,  who  appoims  its 
officer-  and  ott.cia-s  who  take  the  oath  of  alk-iance  to  him. 

The  construction  aii.l  effect  -iveii  by  the  examiner  of  claims  to  these 
[.rovis.ons  of  the  consthutio„  of  the  (ierman  Lnion  seem  to  he  well 
suj.ported  by  the  course  of  reasoning:  pursue.!  in  his  opinion,  and  I 
content  my.self  at  present  with  an  expression  of  satisfaction  with  his 
view  as  applied  to  the  case  to  which  your  attention  has  been  directed 
by  [i.iron  t  ierolt. 

I  w..it!.l  not  be  •inderstood  as  entertaining  anv  objectir.n  to  the  recom- 
meiHlation  whul,  the  law  ofiicer  ,.f  your  department  has  deemed  neces- 
sary to  make  looking  to  a  review  of  our  treaties  with  the  States  of 
t.ie  .\ortli  ( ierman  Union.  The  relation^  of  the  States  of  \orth  Ger- 
many to  one  another  and  to  the  United  States  have  been  so  considerablv 
niodihed  by  the  confe.leraiion  of  IS- .7,  that  main-  jK^rpIexinp  questions 
of  reciprocal  ri-hts  and  obligations  are  likelv  to  arise  under  those 
various  tre.ities,  and  those  (|uesfions  it  mav  be  ,|eemed  the  part  of  t^orHJ 
statesmanship  to  avoid,  bv  new  treaties  a.lapted  to  the  present  condi- 
tion of  the  N'orth  German  States. 

I  desire  to  remark,  in  conclusion,  that  under  onr  svstem  stipulations 
f-r  the  apprehension,  within  our  iuris.liction.  of  deserters  from  foreip:, 


M^»    '^JS" 


140 


OPINIONS  OF  ATTORNEYS  GENERAL 


vessels,  are  executed  by  officers  of  the  judicial  department  of  the  Gov- 
ernment, in  virtue  of  special  authority  conferred  by  acts  of  Congress. 
The  questions  arising  upon  the  interpretation  and  effect  of  such  treaties 
must,  therefore,  be  peculiarly  and  primarily  questions  of  judicial  cog- 
nizance and  consideration.  The  act  of  March  2,  1829,  authorizes  any 
court,  judge,  justice,  or  other  magistrate,  having  competent  power,  to 
issue  warrants  for  the  arrest,  for  examination,  of  seamen  deserting 
from  the  vessels  of  any  foreign  Governments  with  whom  we  have 
treaties  for  the  restoration  of  deserting  seamen,  upon  the  application 
of  the  consular  officers  of  such  Governments,  with  authority  to  deliver 
up  such  seamen  to  such  consular  officers.  The  subsequent  act  of  Feb- 
ruary 24,  1855,  confers  upon  commissioners  of  the  Circuit  Courts  of 
the  United  States  similar  authority.  The  officers  named  in  these  stat- 
utes are  not  subject  to  the  control  or  direction  of  the  executive  depart- 
ment of  the  Government. 

.Applications  for  the  apprehension  of  deserting  seamen  are  made  to 
them  directly  by  the  consuls  of  foreign  Governments,  and  it  may  well 
occur  that  such  applications  are  disposed  of  summarily,  and  before 
anv  opportunity  can  arise  for  intervention  by  the  diplomatic  represen- 
tative of  the  foreign  Government,  or  the  political  department  of  our 
own  Government.  It  may  he  of  the  highest  consequence,  that  in  a  case 
involving  the  constmction  of  such  a  treaty,  full  opportunity  should  be 
afforded  both  this  and  the  foreign  Government  for  the  presentation  of 
their  views  upon  the  subject  to  the  judicial  functionan,-  the  exercise 
of  whose  jurisdiction  has  been  invoked  in  the  particular  case.  I  appre- 
hend that  the  learned  commissioner,  who  refused  to  issue  his  warrant 
in  the  case  of  the  seamen  of  the  Xiobi\  would  have  taken  a  different 
view  of  the  treatv  in  question  if  his  attention  had  been  particularly 
called  to  those  provisions  of  the  constitution  of  the  North  German 
Tnion  which  I  have  referred  to. 

Tt  may  be  proper,  in  c.nse  you  agree  with  the  view  I  have  taken  of 
that  treaty  in  respect  to  public  armed  vessels  under  the  flag  of  the 
\orth  German  Union,  to  make  the  district  attorney  of  the  Unitc<i 
States  at  New  York  acquainted  with  your  opinion,  atui  to  give  such 
instructions  to  that  officer  as  will  enable  him  to  m.nke  proper  repre- 
sentation of  that  opinion  to  the  commissioner  or  other  judici.il  func- 
ti-niarv  in  anv  future  case  of  like  character,  and  to  advi'^e  your  depart- 
mrnt  of  the  occurrence  of  other  rases  arising  under  our  treaties  with 


TONNAGE  DUTY 


141 


the  States  of  the  North  German  Uninn  that  may  call  for  renewed  con- 
sideration of  the  subject  by  your  (le])artmcnt. 
I  am,  sir,  very  respectfully. 

Your  obedient  servant, 

Wm.  M.  Evarts. 
Ho\.  Wm.  H.  Seward, 

Secretary  of  Slate. 


TOWAGE  UUTY> 

The  discrimination  as  to  tonnage  duty  in  favor  of  vessels  sailing  from  the 
regions  mentioned  in  the  act  of  June  26,  1884,  chapter  l.'l.  and  entered  in 
our  ports,  is  purely  geographical  in  character,  inuring  to  the  advantage 
of  any  vessel  of  any  Power  that  may  choo,c  to  transport  between  this 
country  and  any  port  embraced  by  the  fourteentli  section  of  that  act. 

Department  of  Justice, 
September  n),  1885. 

Sir:  Your  communication  of  the  8th  September,  instant,  with  the 
mclosures  therein  referred  to,  has  received  my  deliberate  consideration, 
and  I  have  the  honor  to  submit,  in  reply,  that  I  ajjree  with  you  entirely 
in  the  interpretation  you  place  on  the  fourteentii  section  of  the  act  of 
Congress  of  the  26th  June,  1S>^,  entitled  "An  act  to  remove  certain 
burdens  on  the  American  merchant  marine  and  encourage  the  American 
foreign  carrying  trade,  and  for  other  purposes,"'  and  in  your  conclusion 
that  the  claims  set  up  by  the  several  Powers  mentioned  bv  vou  are  not, 
founded. 

The  di.scrimination  as  to  tonnage  duty  in  favor  of  vessels  sailing 
trom  the  regions  mentioned  in  the  act  and  entered  in  our  ports  is,  I 
thmk.  purely  geographical  in  character,  inuring  to  the  advantage  of 
any  vessel  of  a„y  Power  that  may  choose  to  fetch  and  ctrrv  between 
this  country  and  any  port  embraced  by  the  fourteenth  section  of  the  act. 

I  s.'e  no  warrant,  therefore,  to  claim  that  there  is  anvthing  in  "the 
most  favored  nation"  clauM-  nf  the  treaty  between  tins  cmntrr  and  the 
Power.  Mienti<.,ie<l  that  entitle^  tiuni  t,,  have  the  privileges  „fthe  f.mr- 


-  ilffi,i,i/  ()f<iin,,i,s  ,'f  llu-  .(//rini.v.t  (.,-ii 
lit  thr  diiil.iinriiic  e. -rn -|ii.nil<  luc.  s, ,  f,, 
'•."ii.n/  //,.v,/  s.  \    (  ,.,  V.  Il,;ld,-''i    „iit.- 


ral  ,'f  th,  l«;i,-il  .V/,i/,-.f.  \..|,  !K,  |,.  .'f,<l. 
-',  p  l.M.  .<.•,■  al-..  the  ca-f  ..r  \„rili 
I    I(K) 


142 


OPINIONS  OF  ATTORNEYS  GENERAL 


teenth  section  extended  to  their  vessels  sailing  to  this  country  from 
ports  outside  the  limitation  of  the  act. 

Your  able  and  comprehensive  discussion  of  the  subject  renders  it 
quite  unnecessary  for  me  to  treat  it  at  large. 

I  have  the  honor  to  be.  vour  most  obedient  servant. 

W.  A.  Maury, 
Acting  Attorney  General. 
TnK  Sfxretaky  of  Statf.. 


DUTY— IMPORTED  S.\LT— TREATY  WITH  PRUSSIA' 

The  treaty  of  May  1.  1828.  between  the  United  States  and  the  Kingdom  of 
Prussia,  is  to  ho  taken  as  operative  as  respects  so  much  of  tlie  German 
Empire  as  constitutes  the  Kingdom  of  Prussia.  Scmblc.  that  it  is  not 
effective  as  regards  the  rest  of  that  Empire. 

The  "most  favored  nation  clause"  in  that  treat)-  h  not  violated  by  paragraph 
608  of  the  tariff  act  of  August  27,  1894,  laying  a  discriminating  duty  on 
salt  ini[)nrted  from  a  country  which  imposes  a  duty  on  salt  exported  from 
the  United  States. 

In  c.i>e  of  conflict  between  a  treaty  and  a  subsequent  statute,  the  latter 
govern-. 

The  laws  of  a  foreign  country  are  not  known  to  tlio  attorney  general,  but  are 
facts  to  be  proved  by  competent  evidence. 

As  to  when  the  discrimin.iting  duty  alore-aid  applies  to  a  country  which  mi- 
poses  a  duty  on  salt  e.\porte<l  from  the  United  State-  but  lays  a  counter- 
vailing excise  tax  on  domestic  >alt.     Quirrr. 

DkI'AKT.MKNT  of  Jl'SlKK. 

November  /j,  /cVy/- 
Sir:  I  ii.ive  the  hoiuir  to  acktio\vledf;e  your  conmnmication  of 
<  )ctol)er  27.  askin,!,'  m\  ..fiici.il  ii[>inion  npon  the  (|uestion  whether  salt 
imported  from  tlie  Empire  of  ( ieriuany  is  dutial)le  under  paragraph 
(AS  of  tlie  tariff  act  of  August  27.  18'»4.  That  paragraph,  which  put- 
.salt  ill  general  on  the  free  li-t,  contains  the  following  proviso: 

Profiiied,  That  if  -alt  is  imiinrted  from  any  country  whether 
iiulcpiiKleiit  <ir  ,1  ile])en(lency  which  imposes  a  duty  upon  -alt  ex- 
p..!tc.t  from  the  liiited  States,  then  tlicre  shall  he  levied,  paid,  and 
collected  njion  sucli  salt  the  rate  of  duty  existing  prior  to  the 
|i;i->aL;c  of  this  act. 


|i    Hd. 


21. 


DUTY  0\  IMPORTED  SALT 


143 


As  Germany  imposes  a  duty  upon  salt  exported  from  the  ['nited 
States,  German  salt  is  apparently  subject  to  tlie  proviso  just  quoted 
The  German  ambassador,  iiowever.  claims  it  is  entitled  t^  cmik-  into 
the  United  States  free  on  two  grounds. 

One  is  the  "most  favored  nation  clause/'  so  called,  which  vs  em- 
bodied m  the  foIlowinjT  provisions  of  the  treaty  of  May  1  1828  be- 
tween the  United  States  and  Prussia :  '  '  " 

Article  5 

into°the  f^l'.T^l""'  '^f""  ''""  '"^  '"'"•^'^'•'*'  '^"  ^'"^  importation 

of  Pr  «,  'Tr^  '■'"-    '■"■"^■''^  '■'"  P™''"^=  °'  manufacture 

ot  1  russia,  and  no  hiRher  or  other  duties  shall  be  imposed  on  the 
importation  into  the  kinRdom  of  Prussia  of  anv  article  the  pro- 
duce or  manufacture  of  the  United  States,  than  are  or  shall  be 
payable  on  the  like  article  bein.ij  the  produce  or  manufacture  of 
any  other  foreign  country.     . 

Article  9 

If  either  party  shall  hereafter  grant  to  any  otli'-r  nation  anv 
particular  tavor  m  navigation  or  commerce,  it  shall  iinmediately 
become  common  to  the  otlier  party,  freely,  where  it  is  freely 
grante.  t.,  such  ..ther  nation,  or  on 'yielding  the  same  compensa- 
tion, when  the  grant  is  conditional. 


It  shoul.l  he  noted  that  while  this  treaty  is  to  l>e  taken  as  oiK^rative 
as  resiH.-ct,,  .so  much  of  the  German  Empire  as  constitutes  the  King.lom 
of  1  russia  no  facts  or  considerations  with  which  I  hav.'  i.eoii  '•  .  ul- 
acquainte<l  justify  the  assumption  that  it  is  to  be  taken  as  eli-ctivc 
as  regards  other  p.,rtion.  of  tlie  ICmpire.  Neither  am  I  infnmn,] 
whether  the  (ierman  salt,  for  whid,  free  admission  into  this  count^^ 
IS  demanded,  is  a  product  or  manufacture  of  IVu^sJa  proper  or  of 
some  other  part  or  parts  of  tlie  ( leniian  F.iiipire, 

If  it  he  assumed,  however,  for  present  purposes,  that  the  treaty  of 
18.8  hinds  the  United  States  as  regn.ls  all  the  oni-tituent  part's  of 
the  (.er.nan  l,mi).re.  the  olaim  of  the  Gern.tm  .unbassador.  founded 
upon  the  "mo,,  f.vorcl  nation  chu.r.-  must  l,e  pr.>iin,„K,.d  unten.able 
lor  at  least  two  conchi-ivo  n.i-on-. 

In  the  first  pl.-.ce,  the  "„,.,,   f-.vorn!  nation  clauses"  ,„■  our  treaties 
with   foreign   Power,   have,   fr,.,,,  t!,,.   fmindatinn  ,,f  our  (  M.vennnrnt 
been  mvanahiy  con>tnK.d  Lot!,  as  not  forbidding  anv  internal  n..„l:,- 


HUHPI 


144 


OPINIONS  OF  ATTORNEYS  GENERAL 


tions  necessary  for  the  protection  of  our  home  industries,  and  as  per- 
mitting commercial  concessions  to  a  country  which  are  not  gratuitous, 
but  are  in  return  for  equivalent  concessions,  and  to  which  no  other 
country  is  entitled  except  upon  rendering  the  same  etiuivalents.  Thus, 
Mr.  Jefferson,  when  Secretary  of  State  in  1792,  said  of  treaties  ex- 
changing the  rights  of  the  most  favored  nation  that  "they  leave  each 
party  free  to  make  what  internal  regulations  they  pleace,  and  to  give 
what  preference  they  find  expedient  to  native  merchants,  vessels,  and 
productions."  In  1817  Mr.  John  Quincy  Adams,  acting  in  the  same 
official  capacity,  took  the  ground  that  the  "most  favored  nation  clause 
only  covered  gratuitous  favors  and  did  not  touch  concessions  for 
equivalents  expressed  or  implied."  Mr.  Clay,  Mr.  Livingston,  Mr. 
Kvarts,  and  Mr.  Bayard,  when  at  the  head  of  the  Department  of  State, 
have  each  given  official  expression  to  the  same  view.  It  has  also 
received  the  sanction  of  the  Supreme  Court  in  more  than  one  well- 
considered  decision,  while  in  Bartram  v.  Robertson  (122  U.  S.  116), 
Mr.  Justice  Field,  speaking  for  the  whole  court,  expounded  the  stipu- 
lations of  the  "most  favored  nation  clause"  in  this  language  (p.  120)  : 

Thev  were  pledges  of  the  two  contracting  parties,  the  United 
States  and  the  King  of  Denmark,  to  each  other,  that,  in  the  im- 
]K)sition  of  duties  on  goods  imported  into  one  of  the  countries 
which  were  the  produce  or  manufacture  of  the  other,  there  should 
be  no  discrimination  against  them  in  favor  of  goods  of  like  char- 
acter imported  from  any  other  country.  They  irnposed  an  obli- 
gation ujion  both  countries  to  avoid  hostile  legislation  in  that 
respect. 


This  intcr])retalion  of  the  "most  favored  nation  clause,"  so  clearly 
established  as  a  doctrine  of  American  law,  is  believed  to  accord  with 
the  interpretation  put  upon  the  clause  by  foreign  Powers— certainly  by 
(.ermany  and  (ireat  Britain.  Thus,  as  the  clause  permits  any  internal 
regulations  that  a  country  may  find  necessary  to  give  a  preference  to 
■■native  merchants,  vessels,  and  productions,"  the  representatives  of 
liiitii  (Ireat  Britain  and  ('.ermany  expressly  declared,  at  the  Interna- 
licinal  Sugar  Conference  of  188S,  that  the  export  sugar  Ixiunty  of  one 
cuiiniry  might  be  counteracteil  by  the  import  sugar  duty  of  another 
without  cair-mg  any  discrimination  which  could  be  deemed  a  viola- 
tiiin  of  the  "iiio-t  favored  natii'U  clause."  Sn  both  (iermany  and  (Jreat 
Britain  ac(|uie>ce(i  in  the  positii'ii  of  the  liiited  States,  that  our  treaty 
with  Hawaii  did  not  entitle  those  nations  to  etjual  |>rivileges  in  reg.ird 


DUTY  ON  IMPORTED  SALT  145 

to  imports  with  those  thus  obtained  by  the  United  States,  the  privi- 
leges granted  to  the  United  States  being  in  consideration  of  conces- 
sions by  the  LJnited  States  which  Germany  and  Great  Britain  not  only 
d,c  not  offer  to  make,  but,  in  the  nature  of  things,  could  not  make. 

If  these  established  principles  be  applied  to  the  case  in  hand  but  one 
result  seems  to  be  possible.     The  form  which  the  provisions  of  our 
recent  tariff  act  relating  to  salt  may  have  assumed  is  quite  immaterial. 
It  enacts,  m  substance  and  effect,  that  any  country  admitting  Americari 
salt  free  shall  have  its  own  salt  admitted  free  here,  while  any  country 
puttmg  a  duty  upon  American  salt  shall  have  its  salt  dutiable  here 
under  the  preex>stmg  sUtute.    In  other  words,  the  United  States  con- 
cedes   free  salt '  to  any  nation  which  concedes  "free  salt"  to  the  United 
States.    Germany,  of  course,  is  entitled  to  that  concession  upon  return- 
ing the  same  equivalent.     But  otherwise  she  is  not  so  entitled,  and 
there  ,s  noth.ng  in  the  '"most  favored  nation  clause"  which  compels 
the  United  States  to  discriminate  against  other  nations  and  in  favor 
of  Getrnany  by  grantmg  gratuitously  to  the  latter  privileges  which  it 
grants  to  the  former  only  upon  the  payment  of  a  stipulated  price 

In  the  next  place,  even  if  the  provisions  of  our  recent  tariff  ict 
under  consideration  could  be  deemed  to  contravene  the  "mos  favoS 
nation  clause"  of  the  treaty  with  Germany-as  they  carn^ttTor 
the  rea.sons  stated-the  result  will  be  the  same.     The  tariff  act  is  a 

tolling.  The  principle  is  too  well  settled  to  admit  of  discussion  and 
.  any  relief  from  its  operations  is  desirable  it  can  be  obtained 'only 
through  proper  modifying  leginlation  bv  Congress  ^ 

n  h,le  the  first  proposition  of  the  German  ambassador  proceeds  upon 
e  basis  hat  Germany  does  levy  an  import  dutv  on  American  Zt 
I  .^  second  proposition  ,s  that  in  reality  it  does  not  do  so.  The  duty 
-t  ...  said,  should  be  regarded  as  in  fact  an  internal  excise  tax  ^^ 
a  tax  equivalent  to  the  duty  is  levied  upon  all  salt  in  the  country  when! 
ever  and  however  it  appears,  and  is  the  same  upon  salt  prod'uced  in 
Germany  as  upon  salt  coming  from  the  United  States,  ft  is  nut  r 
.|f  convenience  merely  that  the  t.-.x  upon  American  salt  is  collected 
immediately  upon  its  arrival  in  port.  In  short,  the  claim  is  that  there 
-s  no  discrimination  against  American  salt,  which  is  the  evil  our  statute 
aims  to  prevent;  that  American  salt  and  German  salt  are  in  reality 
treated  on  a  footing  of  entire  equality. 


;i 


^vim^ 


146 


NEUTRALITY  PROCLAMATION  OF  1870 


The  validity  of  this  proposition  1  do  not  think  1  am  in  a  position  to 
judge  of,  for  want  of  sutiticient  data  The  laws  of  Germany  I  do  not 
and  can  not  be  expected  to  know,  and,  like  other  foreign  laws,  are 
facts  to  be  proved  by  competent  evidence.  The  -statement  respecting 
them  made  by  the  German  ambassador  in  a  communication  to  the 
Secretary  of  State  (copy  of  which  you  inclose)  arc  undoubtedly  cor- 
rect, but  they  leave  me  in  doubt  upon  what  seems  to  me  a  vital  (x^iiit, 
viz.,  whether  the  internal  excise  tax  on  salt  referred  to  is  imperial  in 
character — that  is,  is  levied  by  and  belongs  to  the  Imperial  <  iovern- 
ment — or  is  local,  and  is  levied  by  and  belongs  to  one  or  more  con- 
stituent States  of  the  Empire.  If  it  is  of  the  latter  character,  it  prob- 
ably can  not  be  considered  in  relation  to  the  matter  in  hand  any  more 
than  a  like  domestic  tax  of  any  one  or  more  of  the  States  of  the  United 
States  could  be  considered  in  the  same  relation.  If.  however,  it  could 
be  considered  under  any  circumstances,  then  it  is  obviously  material 
to  know  whether  such  tax  is  Icvit'd  by  all  of  the  constituent  States  of 
the  Empire,  without  exception,  and  actually  or  necessarily  at  the  same 
rate. 

As  at  present  advised,  therefore,  salt  imported  from  the  Empire  of 
Germany  is,  in  my  judgment,  k-^'ally  dutiable  under  the  statute  above 
quoted. 

Respectfully,  yours. 

Richard  Olxev. 

The  Secret.^ry  of  thf.  Treasikv. 


Extracts  from  a  Proclamation  by  the  President  of  the  United  States. 

August  22,  1870' 

sLjI)  ai;^ thj'  -Z  1"'"  ""'"'^'"'^'  '""'^  '''''''■'''  ^^™'^'^  -'  ^'-  -- 
side;  ami  "  ^""'^■'^^•-"-  ^nd  .ts  ali.e.  o„  the  other 

wi.l!  ''r,T^  ""   ^'"'''^  ^'"'"^  "^^  °"  '^"^^  «f  ^"e-l^l'ip  a...l  amitv 
^v.th  a  I  tlu.  co,u.„d,n,  1........  and  wuh  tlu-  ..r^ons  inhabk.nVtl 

several  dominions ;  and  '.'UHinj,  tneir 

Whereas  jjreat  numbers  ..f  the  citizens  of  the  L-nite,l  States  reside 
v.thin  the  territories  or  dominions  of  each  of  the  said  belligerentTand 
caro-  o„  commerce   trade,  or  other  business  or  pursuits  therein    pr^! 
tected  in  tlie  taith  of  treaties ;  and 

sa^t  "Ik^"  "■"'  '""f"  "'  "'^  ""'^^"'^  '""  ^'^'--  ^'  each  of  the 
"    ted  sSr       /""'   "''''"   ''''   '^'•^'■'-y   -   i--d-tion    of   the 

Uhereas  the  laws  of  the  United  States,  without  interfe,.,,.  with  ",e 
expression  of  opinion  and  sympathy,  or  with  the  openUn   fa 
>re  or  .ale  ot  arms  or  munitions  of  war,  nevertheless  impose  „po,  "l 
P  r.,ns  who  may  be  within  their  territory  and  jurisdict^  t  e     ,- 
of  an  impartial  neutrality  durinjr  the  existence  of  the  contest 

Xow.  therefore,  I,  I'lysses  S.  Grant.  President  of  the  L  nited  States 

:^i::^a;::i'7""'^  ''^  "^'"'■^"'>-  -^ ''-  ^--^  state '::;ri>'^s 

or  ;  tl  e     ,    '"""f  "■'"'"  ^'"''  '*-'^'-'^°^>-  -"'  i-isdiction,  and  to 

ocnait  and  of  the  law  of  nation^  mav  thus  be  prevented  fror,  -.n 
..mntenuonal  violation  of  the  same,  do  herebv  di:iar  a  d  ^  ai^ 
that  by  the  act  passed  on  the  20th  dav  of  \prii'  X  ])  iQi/.  P'^"^'^'"^ 
^own  as  t^.  -neutrahty  law,.'  the"  follo^^'l^^'  ^J^  J^  ;^  ™t 

_And  1  do  further  <leclare  and  proclaim  that  by  the  nineteenth  article 


Rich.inl';.  ;i 
Stjtutrs  at  l.iir 


Mcssii,i,-s  and  I'lifrrs  ,'f 
<'■  v.'l  16.  p.  II.U.  ■ 


the    l'r,-sid. 


id'Kts 


P-  S^:   C.  S 


^ 


JtL 


148 


NEUTRALITY  TKOCLAM  \TION     iV  187<) 


of  the  treaty  of  amity  and  cdmmercc  which  wa-^  conchuled  iictveen 
His  Majesty  the  King  of  Prussia  and  the  United  States  of  America 
on  the  11th  day  of  July,  A.  I).  17W,  which  article  was  revived  by 
the  treatv  of  May  1.  A.  D.  1828,  between  the  same  parties,  and  is  still 
in  force,  it  was  agreed  that 

the  vessels  of  war,  public  and  private,  (if  bmh  parties  shall  carry 
freely,  wheresoever  they  please,  the  vessels  and  effects  taken  from 
their  enemies,  without  being  obliged  to  pay  any  duties,  charges,  or 
fees  to  officers  of  admiralty,  of  the  customs,  or  any  others ;  nor 
shall  such  prizes  be  arrested,  searched,  or  put  under  legal  process 
when  they  come  to  and  enter  the  ports  of  the  other  party,  but  may 
freely  be  carried  out  again  at  any  time  by  their  captors  to  the 
places  expressed  in  their  commissions,  which  the  conmianding  offi- 
cer of  such  vessel  shall  be  obliged  to  show. 

.\nd  I  do  further  declare  and  proclaim  that  it  has  l)een  officially 
communicated  to  the  Government  of  the  United  States  by  the  Envoy 
Extraordinary  and  Minister  Plenipotentiary  of  the  North  German  Con- 
federation at  Washington  that  private  property  on  the  high  seas  will 
be  exempted  from  seizure  by  the  ships  of  His  Majesty  the  King  of 
Prussia,  without  regard  to  reciprocity. 


In  witness  whereof  I  have  hereunto  set  niy  hand  and  caused  tb.e 
seal  of  the  United  States  to  be  affixed. 
[seal]         Done  at  the  city  of  Washington,  this  22d  day  of  August, 
A.  D.  1870,  and  of  the  Independence  of  the  United  States  of 
America  the  ninety-fifth. 

U.  S.  Grant. 
By  the  President: 
Hamii.ton  Fish. 
Sfcrctiiyx  of  State. 


Diplomatic  Correspondence 


Tonnage  Dues' 

Mr.  von  Alvenslchen  to  Mr.  Bayard 
(Translation] 

Imperial  German  Legation 
"'"''"^'r""'.^".?«^fj,/<y5'5  (Received  August  5). 
M.^?s'terp7"-^!  ■       ""'f  *''^'"^"  Ambassador  Extraordinary  and 
re  e    e      f 'T'''"'"^''  '^^^  '"  ='^'^«'-^^""  -■'''  '^e  orders  he  has 
catmn  to  Hon.  Thomas  F.  I'.ayar.l.  Secretary  of  State  of  the  United 

By  a  law  of  June  26.  18fW  ( an  act  to  remove  cetain  burdens  on  the 
Amencan  merchant  marine  and  encourage  the  American  foreign  car  v! 
ing  trade,  and  for  other  purposes),  section  14  (tonnage  tax)  it  has 
been  provuled  that  vessels  which  sail  from  a  port  in  Xonh  or  C  ntr. 
Amer,ca.  m  the  West  Indian  Islands,  the  Bahama.  Bermuda.  ^  d  Sanl 
vv  ch  Islands,  to  a  fK,rt  of  the  United  States,  shall  pay  in  it  in  ola« 
of  t  e  previous  tonnage  tax  of  .^0  cents  per  ton  a  ."^ar.  on  v  3  c'  n" 
per  ton.  and  not  more  than  n  cents  a  year,  whilst  vesse  s  from  other 
ore.gn  ports  have  to  l.ar  a  tax  of  6  cents.  This  lowering  of  "he  tax 
to  3  cents  has  been  granted  to  the  favored  countries-Canada  Xew^ 
found  an.l.  the  Bahamas.  Hn^uda.  and  Uest  Indian  Island     Mexco 

:;;  ^'^^Jrr^-  T'T  '"-^"-^^  ^"''  AspinwaH-ulnln^r 
ally  and  w.thout  regard  to  the  taxes,  however  relatively  high  these 
conntnes  on  the.r  si.le  lew  on  Amencan  ships 

Arfcle  O  of  ,he  Prussian-Anur.can  treaty  of  the  1st  of  May    1828 

Si  Z  Wr;  "  t '  '"  '"^  ^'--'-"'>"-  •—  the  cahLlf^ 
krlm  an,l  V\ash„,gtop  concern.ng  the  petroleum  railroa.l  rates  as  well 

as  Urause  of  the  Spanish-American  treaty  concerning  the  tra  le  o 
uha  and  Puerto  Rico.  s„cces.velv  asserted  hv  .K,th  .■overnments  to 

be  vahd  for  all  Cermany.  runs  as  follows:  ^  rnments  to 

If  either  party  shall  hereafter  grant  „,  any  other  nat.on  any 

''•'^''"'•■"-  f-'^"^  •-'  "avig;.ti..n  or  commerce,  it  shall  unmediately 

^^_;  /-vy..  /..A,,.,,,,.  „/  ,,,  ,„„.■,  SU„..,  ,888.  pan  >.  ,.p.  ,87..m78.     S..  a„,.- 


152  DIPLOMATIC  CORRESPONDENCE 

become  common  to  the  other  party,  freely,  where  it  is  freely 
granted  to  such  other  nation,  or  on  yielding  the  same  compensa- 
tion, when  the  grant  is  conditional. 

The  treaties  which  the  United  States  in  their  time  have  concluded 
with  the  Hanse  cities,  Oldenburg  and  Mecklenburg,  contain  similar 
provisions.  In  accordance  with  the  purport  of  these,  Germany  has  an 
immediate  claim,  and  without  making  any  concession  in  return,  to  par- 
ticipate in  the  enjoyment  of  th''  tonnage  tax  abatement  to  3  cents  per 
ton,  which  has  been  unconditionally  conceded. 

The  undersigned  is,  in  accordance  with  the  view  of  the  Imperial 
Government  above  set  forth,  directed  to  claim  from  the  Government 
of  the  L'nited  States  for  German  vessels  the  abatement  of  the  tonnage 
tax  to  3  cents  per  ton,  and  to  propose,  at  the  same  time,  the  repayment 
of  the  tonnage  tax  which  at  the  rate  of  6  cents  per  ton  has  been  over- 
paid since  the  law  of  the  26th  of  June,  1884,  went  into  effect. 

While  the  undersigned  reserves  for  himself  the  right  to  make  in  due 
time  proper  proposals  in  reference  to  the  abatement  provided  over  and 
above  this  in  the  law  of  the  26th  June  of  last  year,  dependent  on  cer- 
tain conditions,  and  which  (abatement)  may  in  the  future  even  exceed 
that  of  3  cents  per  ton,  according  to  the  result  of  proper  inquiries 
concerning  the  tonnage  dues  and  other  taxes  hereafter  to  be  levied 
in  German  harbors,  he  has  the  honor  to  request  verj-  respectfully  that 
the  Secretary  of  State  will  kindly  take  the  proper  course,  so  that  Gt  r- 
tiiau  shipping  may  as  soon  as  possible  participate  in  the  unconditional 
favor,  to  which  it  is  entitled,  of  an  abatement  of  the  tonna.s,'c  tax  to  .? 
cents. 

I  he  undersigned  has  the  honor  to  await,  very  respectfully,  your  kind 
answer  in  reference  to  this  matter,  and  avails  himself,  etc. 

II.  V    Alvensleben. 


.\fr.  Hayard  to  Mr.  t'<i«  Ahrnslchen 

Dei'artmknt  OF  State, 
H'ashiiti^ton,  Xotrmhi-r  ",  /iV<?5. 
Sir:     1  had  tlu-  honor  to  receive  in  clue  season  your  note  ot  August 
3  l.i^t,  toueliin),'  ihr  application  of  the  jirovisions  of  the  fourteenth  sec- 
tion of  the  s!ii|)|)iMg  act,  approvi-d  Jiiiu-  J'>.   1884.  in   res|>et't  of  the 


TONNAGE  DUES 


153 


collection  of  tonnaj,'c  tax  to  vessels  of  (Germany  cominR  from  jwrts  of 
that  country  to  ports  ,,f  the  United  States,  under  the  most  favored 
nation  clan>e  of  the  existing  treatv  of  1828  between  the  United  States 
and  Germany. 

The  importance  of  the  questions  involved  in  the  claim  of  the  Ger- 
man Government  and  in  like  claims  preferred  by  other  Governments 
has  led  to  the  submission  of  the  entire  subject  to  the  judprnent  of  the 
attorney  general. 

The  c,Mu-h,.ions  „f  the  nq)artment  of  Justice,  after  a  careful  exam- 
mation  of  the  premises,  are  that — 

The  discrimination  as  to  tonnagre  dutv  in  favor  of  vessels  sailing 
from  the  regions  mentioned  in  the  act  and  entered  in  our  ports 
In  I  think  purely  geographical  in  character,  inuring  to  the  ad- 
vantage of  any  vessel  of  any  Power  that  may  choose  to  fetch  and 
carry  between  this  country  and  any  port  embraced  bv  the  four- 
teenth section  of  the  act.  I  see  no  warrant,  therefore,  to  claim  that 
there  is  anything  in  "the  most  favored  nation"  clause  of  the  treaty 
between  this  country  and  the  Powers  mentioned  that  entitles  them 
to  have  the  privileges  of  the  fourteenth  section  extended  to  their 
ves.sels  sailing  to  this  country  from  ports  outside  of  the  limitation 
of  the  act. 


These  conclusions  are  accepted  by  the  President,  nnd  I  have,  accord- 
ingly, the  honor  to  communicate  them  to  you.  as  fully  covering  the 
I>oints  presented  in  your  note  of  August  3  last. 

-Accept,  etc. 

T.   F.  R.\v.\RD. 


Count  I.r\(1en  /  >  Mr.  Baxard 
[Tran^latidnl 

Impkki.m.  Gf.rman  I.Kr,.\Tio\. 
ll'ashwiiton.  Sovcmbcr  i-.  tS8^  (Received  Xovember  19). 
Mr   SixRKTAkv  or  St\tf.  : 

I  have  the  honor  most  res|)ectfully  to  acknowle<lge  the  receipt  of 
your  iK)lit.-  note  .if  the  Tth  instant,  whereby  you  inform  me  that  the 
Department  of  Justice  of  the  United  States  has  decided  in  the  matter 
of  the  a()plication  of  the  provisions  of  sectior,   14  of  the  act  relative 


•T  YTTnrr'flflnwT'riiriir  -  i"t— imi—infiimiiiriirrir»Tiiiiiiiig  . 


154 


DIPLOMATIC  CORRESPONDENCE 


to  navigation  of  June  26,  1884  to  Clerman  vessels,  that  the  reduction 
of  tonnage  duties  which  is  provided  for  a  specified  region  is  of  a  purely 
geographical  character,  and  that  t'^t-  most  favored  nation  clause  can 
consequently  have  no  application  in  this  case. 

I  have  the  honor,  at  the  same  time,  to  inform  you  that  I  have  brought 
the  contents  of  your  aforesaid  note  to  the  notice  of  the  Imperial  Gov- 
ernment. 

Accept,  etc., 

Count   Levden. 


Mr.  foil  Alfciislcben  to  Mr.  Bayard 
(Translation] 

l.Ml'KRIAL    CiFRMAN    LeG.ATION, 

ll'ashm^ton,  February  i6,  i886  (Received  Fcbruan,'  18). 
Mr.  Secrhtarv  of  .State: 

The  Inijierial  Government  has  seen  by  your  note  of  November  7, 
1885.  relative  to  the  enforcement  of  the  provisions  of  section  14  of 
the  navigation  act  of  June  2*>,  1884,  that  the  L'niied  States  Govern- 
ment rejects  the  application  ( made  on  the  basis  of  the  most  favored 
nation  treaties  now  cxi>ting  with  Prussia  and  the  (ierman  States)  for 
equal  rights  with  the  States  of  .North  and  Central  America  and  the 
West  Indies.  This  rejection  is  based  on  the  ground  that  that  exemp- 
tion which  is  granted  to  all  vessels  of  all  Powers  sailing  between  the 
countries  in  (|uestion  and  the  I'nited  States  is  purely  geographical  in 
its  characUT.  and  can  not.  tiierefore,  be  claimed  by  other  States  in  view 
of  the  most  favored  nation  clan.se. 

1  am  instructed,  and  I  have  the  honor  most  resi)ectfully  to  re])lv  to 
this,  that  such  a  line  of  argument  is  a  most  unusual  one,  and  is  calcu- 
lated to  render  the  most  favored  nation  clause  wholly  illusory.  <  )n  the 
same  ground,  it  would  be  i|iiitc  jxjssible  to  justify,  fur  instance,  a 
])rivilege  granted  evclnsively  to  the  .South  .American  States,  then  one 
;4r;int'ii  aKo  tn  (crtaiii  of  the  nearer  luirnpean  nations,  so  that  finally, 
iiiiiler  cert. (in  circinii^t.incc*-,  alw  i\s  nn  the  [)retext  that  the  measure 
wa^  cine  of  a  juirely  geographic.il  character.  Germany  alone,  among  all 
llie  nation-  that  manitain  cunuuercial  relations  with  .\merica,  not  with- 


TONNAGE  DUES 


155 


standing,  the  rnost  favored  nation  risht  .ranted  to  that  country  by 
treaty,  m.^ht  l.e  excluded  from  the  benefits  of  t!.e  act 

chlrn'^r  "!'"  """^'"''  ''  '"  '"'^'  '^''  ""  '^™""'^^  «^  P-elv  local 
character  certam  treaty  stipulations  between  two  Powers,  or  certain 

unon" m'"'  -t"non,ically  Rra.Ued.  may  be  claimed  of  third  States  not 
upon  the  ground  of  a  n,ost  favored  nation  clause.  .Amon.  these  are 
mchued   fac.l,t,es  ,„   reciprocal  trade  on  the  border,  betw^-en   .Sta 

hat  the  nuernafonal  pract.ce  is  that  such  facilities,  not  coming,  within 
v^thr*"'  '  •"-»  f^^v^^ed  nation  clause,  are  not  adnussiWe  save 
wthm  very  re.tncted  zones.  In  several  international  treaties  these 
«.nes  are  hm.ted  to  a  distance  of  ten  Kilo.neters   from  the   fro     ier 

State      over      ;';■"•  """'""  '^^-  "^''*'''""''»"'"  ^-^  •-  '»-  ^-nited 
Stat  s  (.ovemment  of  .ection  14  of  the  shipping,  act  can  not  be  justified 

to^     s  *",'"rr        "'''  •'"'"'"^•^^''■^  '"  "''''''  "'""»^'--  --4  others 
to  those  s.tuated  at  a  ^reat  distance   from  the   Cnited  States-  the^e 

advantages  are.  I.vond  a  doubt,  e^uivalen,  to  facilities  ..anted  to  the 

trade  an.l  nav,,.at,on  of  thos.  cuntrie.  even  if  thev  do.  under  cert  nn 

crcumstances.   „„.re   to  the   benefit  „f   in.iividual   vessels  of   foreil^^ 

..ons.     It  scarcely  need  be  n.isted  u,>on  th.-.t  tbe^e  advantages  fa^o^ 

he  en  , re  comn^erce  o     the  countries  specially  designated  in  the  act 

smce  they  are  now  able  to  ship  their  ^h-hIs  to  the  Tnited  States  on 

wl'Sb  olh     '"'       '"  "•'''""^'  "■"•''^'■'"'  "'"^^-  f-"-'-'^'  t"an  those  on 
uh  ch  other  countr,e.  not  thus  favored  .^re  able  to  ship  theirs 

stip!:;;;;:";:,-"'"'  '"^^^^"  ''"^^"^  ^-'^  '"^  ^'""^^  ^'--  -"^'  -•> 

If  either  party  shall  hereatfr  i^rant  to  anv  other  nation  anv 
particular  favor  m  naviijation  or  connnerce.  it  shall  immed  a  e  v 
become  comtnon  to  the  other  partv.  freel  wher  T  r  ]■ 
unmed  to  such  other  nat.on.  ..r*  on-y,ei:i^:, ' 'tl^'^L,",.  ^..^^^a^ 
tion.  «hen  the  -rant  i>  conditional.  lompensa- 


S.u-h  a  con,pens;.t,on.  so  f.r  as  the  reduction  of  the  tonna.^e  tax  to  3 

en  s  ,s  con,  erned.  has   n,.,   been   s,,p,,,,..,,   ,,,,,,,.   ,.,,^^,,,     .,^^^ 

"    he  aforesaid  sb,pp„,.  act     .  iermany  is.  ,ber,.fore.  ,>..,  /.,-,.,   ,„,i    ^ 

o      e  re.luc,,on  of  the  tax  n,  favor  „f  vess.ls  sa.lin.  fn,  n  .i™ 

^'  I  n„ed  States,  especallv  s.n.,  ,,,,.,,,„.  „.  ,„    ,„„,„„„^^ 


Tr<al>  .1    \H>H.  Art    '» 


(J'l/i ,  p    56) 


156 


DIPLOMATIC  CORRESPONDENCE 


the  Empire,  no  tonnage  tax  is  collected  in  Germany  from  foreign  ves- 
sels: that  is  to  say,  no  tonnage  tax  of  the  character  of  American  ton- 
nage taxes  in  the  sense  of  section  8,  paragraph  1,  Article  1,  of  the 
American  Constitution,  viz.,  those  designed  to  pay  the  debts  of  the 
Government  and  to  pay  the  expenses  of  the  common  defense  and  the 
general  welfare. 

As  you  remark  in  your  esteemed  note,  Mr.  Secretary  of  State,  you 
have  based  your  decision  on  an  opinion  of  the  attorney  general.  In 
opposition  to  this  view,  it  will  be  seen  by  the  printed  decisions  of  the 
Secretary  of  Treasury,  that  the  latter,  in  an  opinion  on  this  subject 
addressed  to  the  Department  of  State  under  date  of  May  11,  1885, 
expressed  the  opinion  that  vessels  sailing  from  Portugal  to  the  United 
States  are,  indeed,  entitled  to  the  privileges  granted  by  section  14  of 
the  shipping  act,  on  the  ground  of  the  most  favored  nation  treaty  ex- 
isting between  the  two  nations.  This  opinion  harmonizes  in  the  main 
with  the  view  entertained  by  the  Imperial  Government. 

The  Imperial  Government  entertains  the  hope,  in  view  of  the  fore- 
going considerations,  that  the  United  States  Government  on  recon- 
sidering this  matter  will  not  maintain  the  position  taken  in  the  note  of 
Xovember  7,  1885,  and  that  it  will  grant  to  German  vessels  .sailing 
between  the  two  countries  the  same  privileges  that  have  long  been 
granted  without  compensation  bv  the  German  Empire  to  .\merican 
vessels. 

In  having  the  honor,  therefore,  hereby  to  reiterate  the  application 
made  in  my  note  of  August  3.  1885,  for  the  reduction  of  the  tonnage 
tax  to  3  cents  in  favor  of  vessels  engaged  in  trade  between  Germany 
and  the  United  States,  I  hope  that  the  decision  of  the  United  States 
Government  in  this  matter  wi)'  t  -  kindly  communicated  to  tiie. 

Accept,  etc., 

II.    V.    .\LVF.NSr.KnK\. 


Mr.  Baya'd  to  Mr.  t  y«  Alz-ciislchcn 

I")i;i'AiMMi;.NT  OF  Statk. 
li'ashhijiton.  March   ./,    /A'(?rt. 
Sir;     With   reference  to  previous   correspondence  on   the  subject. 
I  have  the  honor  to  acknowledge  the  recei|)t  of  your  note  of  the  15th 
ultimo,  relative  to  the  (|uestion   as  to  the  applicability  of  the  most 


TONNAGE  DUES 


157 


favored  nation  clauses  of  the  treaties  of  Prussia  and  other  German 
States  and  the  Ln.ted  States  to  the  provisions  of  section  14  of  the  act 
of  Congress  of  June  26,  1884. 

lln/eply  I  beg  to  inform  you  that  y„ur  note  will  have  consideration. 

1^  r  ."'"'  ^°'  '^^  P'"*^"'  '"  ''^'''''■''  '^^'  <  "^^"'^"y  ^'Iniits  that 
neighborhood  and  propinquity  justifv  a  special  treatment  of  inter- 
course which  may  not  be  extended  to  other  countries  under  the  favored 
nation  clause  in  treaties  with  them,  an<l  only  appears  to  question  the 
distance  withm  which  the  rule  of  neighboriiood  is  to  operate 
Accept  sir,  etc., 

T.   F.   Bayard. 


% 


Mr.  von  Alvciislcben  to  Mr.  Bayard 

{Translation] 

Imperial  German   Leg.\tio.\. 
IVashington,  August  i,  i88o  (Received  August  2). 
Mr.  Secretary  of  State: 

I  had  the  honor  duly  to  receive  your  note  of  the  4th  of  March 
last  whereby  you  informed  me  that  my  observations  concerning  the 
applicability  of  the  most  favored  nation  clause  to  section  14  of  the 
act  of  Congress  of  June  26.  1884,  would  be  taken  into  consideration, 
and  in  which,  for  the  time  being,  you  confined  yon-^self.  bv  wav  of 
reply,  to  one  remark. 

In  the  mean  time  an  act  of  Congress  entitled  ".\n  act  to  abolish 
certain  fees  for  official  services  to  American  vessels,  and  to  amend 
the  laws  relating  to  shipping  commissioners,  seamen,  and  owners  of 
vessels,  and  for  other  purposes,"  has  been  approved  by  the  President 
of  the  L  nited  States  under  date  of  June  19,  1886  (Public— \o  85) 
and  has  thereby  become  a  law.  I  have  brought  this  act  to  the  notice' 
of  the  Imperial  Government  and  have  been  instructed  to  .state  the  view 
taken  by  that  Government  of  this  latest  law  and  to  ask  vour  attention 
to  Its  incompatibility  with  the  stipulations  of  the  treatv  exising  be- 
tween Germany  and  the  United  States. 

This  act  extends,  in  a  measure,  the  power  conferred  upon  the  Presi- 
dent by  section  14  of  the  act  of  June  26,  \m.  to  .liminish  tonnage 
dues  m  certain  cases 

According  to  the  act  of  1884  the  President  wa.  authorized,  onlv  in 


158 


DIPLOMATIC  CORRKSPONDENCE 


the  case  of  vessels  coming  from  the  ports  of  Xortli  and  Central  Amer- 
ica, the  West  Indies,  the  Uaiiania,  Bermuda,  and  Sandwich  Islands,  or 
Newfoundland,  and  cnterinj;  jxirts  of  the  United  States,  to  reduce  the 
duty  of  3  cents  per  ton,  which  was  imposed  on  such  vessels,  provided 
that  the  said  iluty  exceeded  the  dues  which  American  vessels  were 
obliged  to  pay  in  the  aforesai(l  ports. 

A  reduction  of  the  duty  of  (>  cents,  to  which  all  vessels  coming  from 
other  ports  were  subjected,  was  not  allowable,  even  nn  the  supixisition 
in  question. 

X'essels  from  the  aforesaid  favored  (wrts  thus  enjoyed  a  special 
preference  ni  two  ways:  In  the  tirst  place,  they  paid  in  all  case>  a 
duty  of  but  3  cents  per  ton,  while  vessels  from  other  ports  were 
obliged  to  pay  G  cents  per  ton ;  even  these  3  cents  could  be  remitted, 
either  in  whole  or  in  part,  provided  that  it  could  be  shown  that  the 
duty  paid  by  American  vessels  in  the  ports  concerned  amoiuited  to  less 
than  3  cents  per  ton,  or  that  no  such  duty  was  levied  in  said  ports. 
This  latter  privilege  is,  according  to  the  new  law,  no  longer  to  be 
exclusively  enjoyed   by   vessels   from  the   favored  ports. 

Likewise,  vessels  from  other  than  the  most  favored  ports  may  obtain 
a  reduction  or  return  of  the  duty  of  6  cents  to  be  paid  by  them  per 
ton.  pnjvided  that  in  the  ports  from  which  they  have  come  .\merican 
vessels  pay  less  than  6  cents  or  no  tonnage  duty  at  all.  The  amount 
of  the  dut\'  to  be  remitted  is  computed  according  to  the  amount  of  the 
duties  levied  in  the  ports  of  departure. 

The  new  law  is  evidently  based  upon  the  idea  of  reciprocity.  If 
this  idea  had  been  consistently  carried  out  no  objection  could  be 
made  to  it  and  the  Imperial  (Government  would  have  no  further  ground 
of  complaint.  This,  however,  is  not  the  case,  inasmuch  as  the  new  law 
grants  special  privileges,  as  did  the  old,  to  vessels  from  the  alx)ve- 
mentioned  ports,  declaring  that  they,  without  any  compensation  on 
their  part,  shall  pay  but  3  cents  per  ton,  even  though  a  duty  in  excess 
Cif  tli.1t  amount  is  paid  tiy  .\merican  vessels  in  the  p^rts  concerned, 
i  he  number  of  favored  ports  is  even  extended  to  those  of  South 
.\nurica  Iwrdering  on  the  Caribbean  Sea. 

The  Imperial  Covernment  has  from  the  outset  protested  against  this 
one  sided  privilege,  which  is  in  violation  of  the  treaty  stipulations  of 
(lermany  with  the  I'nited  States.  Since  this  privilege  is  not  only  not 
atwlished  by  the  new  law.  hut  1=  confirmed  and  even  still  further  e\- 
temled,   the  original   attitude  assumed   by   the    Imperial    Cxnernment 


T(J\NAGE  DUES 


159 


towards  the  old  law  has  been  in  no  wise  changed  by  the  new  net   .nd 

North  and  Centr^rLen  a^ay  h  .^ 'o^ .SfThlt  '^^  T  '""^  °^ 
levied   upon   vessels  from   r  ""^-half  the  tonnage  duty  that  is 

furnish  ^JtS'dT^'tZl  ^ricS","!';'"^  """""  '» 
in  their  ports    the  Imi...ri-,1  r  •,  American  vessels 

i.s  claim  for  ;inlaru.         '/°^'^''""""*  ^^■'"  ^  °Wigcd  to  maintain 
proof.  ""^"'  ^■"-  "'^'  ^'^""P^-"  f^n,  fur„.,hi„,  such 

that  the  privileg:      'es  i^nTofTn"":  '^""'^^'  ^^^'"""^"^-  -==• 
because  the  effect  o    Ts  nnV  '^".''    •'  *'''^'^S^'-^Phi'--a'  character. 

entire  trade  and  ^'^::S^:'Z: :::-^i:j;:S: ^L  T\  ''' 
question  are  situated      V,.  ..,,  "nich  the  ports  ui 

»  done  ,.,  ,„e"Sd  ,S^    f  "^r^r  ""  "  """"■'  '" 

I  am  therefore  instructed,  on  the  P-ronnH    .(  »i      . 

taining  to  the  Imperial  Goven,ment  tor!  t"r-,.>  "''  "^""^  ''"" 

German  ports  shall  be  phced  on  -^fn  .  ',  '"■'"""'  '^'"'"^  ''''''' 

North   and   Central   Am  r^anport:'?  '"7    ^   ^'""^^  '"  ^'^^'  °^ 
request  you.  Mr    Secretar       f  sTJ^    .  "     "'"''   '''i'^^'^i^^h-   to 

reply  wh'ch.  in  vour       f      t^T  1  '"'"  ""^  ^^""  ^"^'   ^"•^•^^r 
I  might  expect  Vrom  you.  "       '^■""  """  '"  ""''^"•■^'-"'  that 

Accept,  etc., 

H     V.    ALVrSSLEBCN-. 


Case  of  the  William  P.  Frye' 

The  Secretary  of  State  to  Ambassador  Gerard 
1  .  cUgram] 

No  1446.] 

Department  of  State, 

Wasliinjiton,  March  j/,  /0/5. 
You  are  instructed  to  present  the   following  note  to  the  German 
Foreign  Office : 


L'nder  instructions  from  my  Clovernnient  I  have  the  honor  to  present 
a  claim  for  $228,059.54.  with  interest  from  January  28,  1915,  against 
the  Gentian  Government  on  behalf  of  the  owners  and  captain  of  the 
American  sailing  vessel  William  P.  Frye  tor  damages  suffered  by  them 
on  account  of  the  destruction  of  that  vessel  on  the  high  seas  by  the 
German  armed  cruiser  Princ  Eitcl  friedricit,  on  January  28,  1915. 

The  facts  upon  which  this  claim  arises  and  by  reason  of  which  the 
German  Government  is  held  responsible  by  the  Government  of  the 
United  States  for  the  attendant  loss  and  damages  are  briefly  as  follows : 

The  IVilliam  P.  Frye,  a  steel  sailing  vessel  of  .?.374  tons  gross  ton- 
nage, owned  by  American  citizens  and  sailing  under  the  L'nited  States 
flag  and  register,  cleared  from  Seattle,  Wash.,  November  4,  1914, 
under  charter  to  M.  H.  Houser,  of  Portland,  Ong.,  bound  for  Queens- 
town,  Falmouth,  or  Ph-mouth  for  orders,  with  a  cargo  consisting  solely 
of  186.950  bushels  of  wheat  owned  by  the  aforesaid  Houser  and  con- 
signed "tmto  order  or  to  its  assigns."  all  of  which  appears  from  the 
ship's  papers  which  were  taken  from  the  vessel  at  the  time  of  her 
destruction  by  the  coniiiimder  of  the  German  cruiser. 

On  January  27.  1915.  the  Priiic  Eitcl  Friedricit  encountered  the  I- rye 
on  the  high  seas,  compelled  her  to  stop,  and  sent  on  board  an  armed 
Iwarding  party,  who  took  possession.  .Xfter  an  examination  of  the 
ship's  p;ijH'rs  the  comman<ler  of  the  cruiser  'lirected  that  the  cargo  t>e 
thrown  nverNiard.  but  <iibsequcntly  decided  to  destroy  the  vessel,  and 
on  the  following  moniing,  bv  his  order,  the  I'ryr  was  sunk. 

The  claim  of  the  owners  and  captain  consists  of  the  following  items: 

\"alue  of  ship,  equipment,  and  outfit $150,000.00 

Actual  freight  3-  per  freight  list.  5034  1000/2240  tons  at 

32-6- £8180-19-6  at  $4.86    39.759.54 

'  Official  Print  of  the  Department  of  State. 


CASK  OKTHF.  II'IUJ.IM  /■    fRYL  ,51 

"^''"c!!";!! '!;',"""'■  "'""^- "f  ^  ^'I't.  Kk1,„c  an.l  Artlu.r 
m<     li     ,"••  ''«'"'\'"  ^'"1'-  i"  cn„„ect,o„  with  mak- 
(W    ^1     ,r  '■'""'■''■"■'""  '""^  tllinf;  claim..    ..  ^-.mOO 

ersonal  effect.  „t  La,,t.  11.11.  Kiehne.  .  "^.^  m 

Damages  c  ,ven„^  l„s.  ,]„,.  ,0  deprivation  of  ;,seof  ship!  [       izjooio! 

'^'"''''    r$228.059.M 

»//,am  /  .  /  rye  l,y  the  <  .ernian  cruiser  Pri„c  Eitcl  Fricdrkli. 

Bry.w. 


.Vo    jUS-} 


.■/;;;/)aj.sv.,/or  T/rn/r,/  I,,  the  ScnrUny  of  State 


The  foll(.winj,T  j^  translation  of  the 
note  of  .\prii  ,1 : 


<i  the  Forei,i,ni  f  )ffice  to  m\ 


<  >\MS\\\    FoRKION-    (  )FI'ICK. 

The  ihulersit'n,  ,1  ha.  the  honor  <o  ,„-.L         ^^':''''"- -[Pnl  5-  1015. 
'•:xcellencv.  Mr    lames  \      (     r   'T   '  '  I'^'^'J"  ""'  ""'''  "^  ^is 

Anu^ica.  .latcl  the  Tj  Ins  a^^^  S:.)o£r  V  ^  2^^     7^''  '*^T^  ^^ 
for  daniac:.-.  fur  the  .inkin-    ,f  ,1, '    \  f  ,  '  ^^■''■>"^'' »«  claim, 

on  iKian    a  cartro  ,,f  ^^■h..■.,  „^'    •  '■  •  aim  .scarcneci  her.    Ilefoum 

.-m,I  .sank  shijC  ''"^  '  ^''''f*'''  "''"''  '^*''-  ^'"'^^v  ""  t'oard 

!t  results  from  the-e  fm-ti  tU-yr  »i,„  r^ 
in  accordance    "  th   the  nnn,- ,  I         f  ^<^niian  comman.ier  acted  .im'te 


[Kirts  of  (Jiicenstown.  aln 
ited  was  honnd.  arc  ,t.  i<;h- 
.'ver,  serve  as  hases  f.  .r  tin- 
fx'incr  food  or  f  d-i  :)(>"-. 
meanltii,'  of  .Article  24.  V,,,  ] 
2>^.   .\...    1.  of  the  i,:  man 


,,.1,         ,  rii    ,   ' "..nri.iiice.      1  ne 

nth    and  Plymonth.  whither  the  ship  vis- 

;.rt.fn.d  Ent:l,sh  coast  places,  which,  more- 

r.r>tish  naval  forces.     The  cartro  of  wlicat 

wa<    condition.-d    contral.an.l'  within    the 

.  of  t!,e  nec!arai..n  of  London,  and  .Art-cle 

I'ri/e  onhnance.  and  was  therefore  to  be 


"^TPBWI^BIfflE 


'JteS' 


ir,2 


DIPLOMATIC  C()KKi:SI'(  )\DENCF-. 


considered  a>  <lestitie(l  for  tlie  arnied  lUrces  of  tlie  enemy,  pursuant 
to  Articles  .?.?  and  .U  of  the  Declaration  of  London  and  Articles  .?2  and 
33  of  the  liennan  prize  ordinance,  and  to  be  treated  as  contral)and 
pendini^  ]>roof  of  tlu-  coiitrar\.  This  proof  was  certainly  not  capable 
of  heiiii;  adduced  at  the  time  i.f  iiie  vi^itinjj  of  the  ves>el.  since  tiie 
cargo  papers  read  to  order.  rhi>.  hnwever,  furnished  the  conditions 
under  which,  pursuant  to  .\rticle  49  of  the  Dedaratinn  of  London 
and  Article  113  of  the  (ierman  prize  ordinance  the  sinking;  of  the  ship 
was  ()ermissil)le.  since  it  was  nut  possible  for  tlie  auxiliary  cruiser  t^ 
take  the  prize  into  a  t  ierman  port  without  involviiii;  (lan;.;<T  to  its  own 
security  or  the  success  of  its  operations.  I'lie  <hities  devolvint^  upon 
the  cruiser  before  destruction  of  the  ship,  jiursuant  to  .Article  .^0  of 
the  Declaration  of  London  and  .\rticle  116  of  the  (ierman  prize  ordi- 
nance, were  fulfilled  by  the  cruiser  in  that  it  took  on  board  .ill  tiie 
IKTsons  found  on  the  .sailing  vessel,  as  well  as  the  ship's  papers. 

Tile  legality  of  the  measures  taken  bv  the  (lemian  coniniaiuler  i> 
furthermore  subject  to  examination  by  the  (a-rman  Prize  (^)urt  i)ur- 
su.int  to  .Article  .^1  of  the  Declaration  of  London  and  section  1,  Xo.  1. 
of  the  (ierman  Code  of  I'rize  IVocedure.  These  prize  proceediiiijs  will 
be  instituted  before  the  I'rize  (.'ourt  at  llamburj;  as  soon  as  the  ship's 
papers  are  received  and  will  comprise  the  settlement  of  ((uestions 
wliether  the  destruction  of  the  cargo  and  tiie  ship  was  necessary  within 
the  meaning  of  .Article  49  of  the  Declaration  of  London:  whether  the 
property  sunk  was  liable  to  capture:  and  whether,  or  to  what  extent, 
indemnity  is  to  be  awarded  the  owners.  In  the  trial  tiie  owners  of 
ship  and  cargo  would  be  at  liberty,  pursuant  to  .Article  ,W.  jjaragraph  3, 
of  the  Declaration  of  London,  to  adduce  proof  that  the  cargo  of  wheat 
had  an  innocent  destination  and  did  not,  therefore,  have  the  character 
c  cnntr.iband.  If  such  proof  is  not  ;idduced,  the  (German  f^overnment 
would  not  I>e  liable  for  any  compensation  whatever,  according  to  the 
general   principles   of   internati.iiial   law. 

Ifuwever.  the  IcLral  situation  is  somewhat  different  in  the  light  if 
the  s)Hcial  sti|inlation'<  api)licable  to  the  relations  between  Germ.-itn 
and  the  L^iited  States  since  .\rticle  13  of  the  Prussian-.American  treaty 
of  friend-hip  ;iiid  cnnimerce  of  Julv  11.  1799,  taken  in  connection 
with  .Article  12  of  Prussian-American  treatv  of  commerce  and  navi- 
'..r.-itioti  of  M;i\  1,  1S2S.  provides  th.it  contraband  belongin'r  to  the  <ub- 
iect-  or  citizens  of  either  |i.-irt\-  cm  ii"t  be  confiscated  l)v  the  other 
in  ,inv  ci-e  but  onK  detained  or  used  in  consiileration  of  p;i\nient  uf 
the  full  value  of  the  s,-inie.  C)n  the  gronnf!  of  this  treatv  -.tipiil.ifion 
which  is  as  a  matter  of  course  binding  on  thi-  (ierman  Prize  Court  the 


i|(  and  cargo  would  receive  compensation 


.\mericaii  owners  <if  ^1 

if  the  cciurt  -liuuM  dirl'ire  the  cargo  of  wheat  to  be  contraband.     N'ever 
theless  the  .ippro.-irhinnr  p^Vo  proceedings  are  not  rendered  ^npcrtluipii- 
since  the  conip(  tent  Prize  Court  must  examine  into  the  letralitv  of  the 


ws:s^'^':^'m.  j^:^fsf5ii:ig^' 


CASK  or  THK  H-IU.IAM  P.  rRYE  ,(,3 

"=.r;li'r';;,:;::,"St;!;rr'"" "■ ""  -""-^ »'  «« 

April  4,  VMS.  (Sijrned)     Jagow. 

Gkkaku. 


<'C 


vo 


•1  < 


r/(f  Sarctary  of  Sta'c  to  Ambassador  Gerard 

l>i:i'AKi.Mi:.\T  01-  State, 
Washington,  April  jS',  igi^ 
'     iruc.cl   t.   pre.ent  the   fullnui,,^  „otc  ,0  the  German 


fl 


i 


lial.ilitv  i,  l,i.,!,lv  an,,r.tei,,    7        r       ■'■■''"'"';'  'l'^  •■"'"""•^<'   '^^ 
■"appn.pnate   in  the  circumstance^   of  t   i '  cL  .      „  '*  7'.'"'^'  '"" 

unnecessary  (lelav  to  adont  tl J    „.;,    !  '   '"' '    ''■'""'''   '"voKc 

"^  the  capture  a^^  lll^j!^    ^^  ^*^ ri,- >;;- -'e  that  tl,e  le^litv 

a.nount  of  indemn.ty  shoul.i  h.:  snh„S'  ^     'p   ^^Colm     '  ""'  "" 

oJ.^:;i:o:n:;::;s.:r\:;:r';h:r7n;;i;i!:nv;:;!.-f^ 

:.:■ 'z  s,  ?s^'  -^  '-w::r  till  \™r  ;,;;;-"='■;. -t 

on  account  of  the       s  it  ,  '■"^ermne.u  a  clann  for  in.len.nitv 

'llH'   hal,ihtv  oitu    In      n  1  ;'''''  '"'^"■"''  '•>•  -^'"^rican  citizens. 
<.f  tiK.  cl-  nn,       -Nn      '""■''  '-'.^'"''■'"  '  ■•nennnent  and  the   standin.r 

the  luo  <;,    er„,„e  n  1    n  m.  '     ,,       ''"f''""''"'^. '"-•^"tiation  helucen 

"1,1  happiu  the  riue.tion  ot  liahiHty  has  airea.iv 


it'<-n  settled  in  th; 


lat  \\a\ 


Tl,c 


'f  the  indemnity-  -re'Viu.'     mV""  ~''''"''  "^  ""-'  '-■'■'''"'•'"t-^  and  the  amount 


i: 


^^!Wm^^^!H^^ 


164 


DIPLOMATIC  COKRESI'ONDENCE 


tlie  vts-el.  T'.ut  it  will  be  observed  that  tbe  claim  under  discussion 
dois  nut  include  dania;  -  fcir  tlic  destruction  of  the  cargo  and  tlic 
(luesiii.n  oi  the  value  of  the  cargo  therefore  is  not  involved  in  the 
pre>ent  discussion. 

The  (iovernment  of  the  United  States  recognizes  that  the  (ierman 
(iovernment  will  wish  to  be  satistied  as  to  the  American  ownership  of 
the  ves>el.  ami  the  amoinit  of  the  (hunages  sustained  in  conse<|uence 
of  her  destruction. 

riiese  matters  are  readily  ascertainable  and  if  the  <  ierman  ( iovern- 
naiit  desires  any  further  evidence  in  substantiation  of  the  claim  on 
the-e  i)oints  in  addition  to  that  lurnisheu  l)y  the  shii)'s  ]ia|Hr<.  which 
are  alreadv  in  the  ])ti>ses-.i()n  of  tlie  ( ierman  (iovermnent,  anv  additional 
e\ideiice  foimd  necess;iry  will  Ik-  produced.  In  that  case,  howtver. 
inasmuch  as  an\  evidence  which  the  (ierman  <  iovermnent  ni.i\  wish  to 
have  produced  i-  more  .iccessible  and  can  more  conveniently  be  ex- 
amined ui  the  t  nittd  States  than  eKewhere,  on  acid\mt  of  the  preseiue 
there  of  the  owners  and  captain  of  the  William  I'.  ir\,-  ,111. 1  their 
documentary  rec'irds,  ainl  other  ()0S>ible  witnes-e-.  the  <  iovernment 
of  the  liiited  States  \cntnres  to  suggest  tile  advisabilit\  of  transferring 
the  negotiatioiK  for  tbe  srttlement  of  tbc>e  points  to  the  Imperial 
'  '■■  'man  l-'inba"\  at  W'a^hiii^ton. 

In  \u\v  01  tile  .(dmi^sion  df  liability  by  reason  of  ~|H'cilic  treatv 
-tipuhit!'  n-^.  :t  ha-  Income  uiinece---.ar\  to  enter  into  ,1  iliscus..irin  nf 
tbe  me.ining  an.l  etiect  nf  the  Declaration  of  London,  whicli  i-  given 
soini  ])roiniiuiice  m  your  I'xcellency's  iKitu  of  April  .^,  ftinlur  than 
to  -av  that,  as  the  (ierman  (iovermnent  has  :dre,i(b  bien  .idviM'd,  tbe 
(ii'vernnient  of  the  I 'iiiled  ."states  does  not  reg.ird  tbe  I  )<  .-lar.ati'in 
of  I  iind'  lU  a-  in  force. 


.liii'\iSMul"r  Gcird  l,<  Ihr  \'ccr,-tar\  of  State 
N...  2,V)I.| 

.\M1  KK    \\     1'miI  \s.,> 
Hrrliii.  Jia,,-  ".     >;/  ^ 
V]  f   f..llowing  is  the  te\t   ^f  the  repiv  of  tbe  (ierm   m   i  ;..m  riinn  nt 
ri   tbe  /  'Vi'  ca-e ; 


I  Ik'  lllli'i  I  -ivt;,-,!  b;i-  the  b'  llol  lo  m.aki-  tll(  f  ■M..witl;  npK  I-.  tbr 
lift.'  ot  111-  l'\ccll,iu-v  Mr  I.m.,  -  W.  ( i.-rard  \nib:i--.id,,r  ..|  tb,. 
I  i:Ui.|  :^t.it<-  i.f  \m(tir,!.  ,'.itrd  Ai'ril  M).  I'M-  if  11  \.,  ;_>oi  I  ,„, 
llir  -ii'..,>t  ..f  !li,  -inkMi-  of  till-  VuK  ricMii  ..iilni-  \(  --,1  HrH.nn  /' 
/  '  -o'  l'\  the  (  ii  ini.in  .nivib.m  cnn-.  r  /'i  :<•     I  ilrl  I  1  i,  ,/>/,  li 


CASi-  OF  THE  inUj.iM  /',  I-RVE  j^,; 


wi.u...,,..,,.,,,::;L:r.;;':-sr^;p;:;^ 

■I'riM.m  M,-  ,1,,  iV/.  (  ,   „■  ■',  ''  ";  ^■"""■••'''•■""1  "■-  st.hi.ct  to  tin- 

>--'^<-  -t   tin-  kin.l  um.Ut  c-„       I  I,      "    '"■"'■   I'"'"'"-"""   f..r 

:;.■•::::,T;:':^::^;^::r■rHr;!:l£.S:-^,r.::;: 


I'lx's  will,  ,t.  tn-atv  ..t,|„.,,„.  ,    ,        7  n"     "''•■'■"'"'•">•  tluT,  f,„v,  o„n- 
.n>.„„„.,|  |,v  i,   t^-    ^^l^":^','  '""  '•^""'  "I""  ••"•  I'n/r  (our,, 

-"■I  i-T..,, .  ,  .1  J:'    :r/'  tV"^ '"^"'"' ""■  ^"•'■'•-^'"  "''<■■- 
':;-^--..i..-''"n;,;;',:!i,,;;;;r:;i'i:;:::r^^^^^ 


Ii>  arraiiu 
I 


'V\'.i-.   t! 


'"  ■i>''-"r.laiu-f  with  t!i.    t'r.itx      v\ 


\'^.>T,r:,n    .lain  ,      f,       ,,'"'„":  "V"'"  "-^'''■'•-    '"^'"    '-"'   'i'- 


•  ■111  111 


niTfa' 
„   ,       ,    ,     I         .1  .  '"""''  '■'•'I  i'l  til''  ni  iltrt- 

"'    ""      '   ri/r   (.1111    inn^t    fir    i    I..  ■.     i    ,      /  >'"'<'  til.'  r|,-, mm, „, 


166 


DIPLOMATIC  C()RKi-.Sl't)NDENCE 


ititercsted  parties  to  settle  tlu-ir  claims  would  Ik  to  enter  them  in  tlie 
c..mt)etent  quarter  in  accor.laiu-e  with  the  provisioii>  of  the  (,crman 
Code  of  Prize  IVocedure.  ,       i  .1, . 

The  undersiRned  heRs  t..  su},M;e>t  that  the  ambassador  bniiK  the 
above  to  the  knowledge  of  his  Ci.-vernmeiu.  and  avails  hiniselt  at  the 
saine  time  of  the  opportunity  to  renew  the  assurances  of  his  most  di=.- 
tintniished  consideration.  , 

'^  (Signed)     V.  Jagow 

(il-.HAKH. 


The  Sciictary  of  State  to  Ainbassiuior  Gerard 

[Tilcgrainl 

No.  lKt.8.|  ,  ^ 

DkI'AKI  Ml  NT  oi-   srwi , 

H\islii>i^toit.  June  J" I.  Kjifi- 
Yon   ar.    instructed   to  pre-ent   tlu-    fotlowini:  n-.tc  to   the  ( .>n- 
M mister  of  JMireijiTi  .\fTair-: 

i  have  tlu'  hnnnr  to  infnnu  vour  l-lxcellency  tliat  1  duly  comimim- 
cated  t,.  mv  i.Mv.rmnent  x.nr  m.i-  "i  the  7th  infant  .m  the  subject 
,.f  the  claim  i.r,>ente.l  in  nu  n.  .te  nf  April  3d  last,  on  behalf  of  the 
,,uuers  .uid  cai.tam  of  the  \nurican  ^aihn.i,'  vessel  II  mum:  I  Irye 
HI   conse.|uence   of    her   dcMnul,,,,,   by    the    t.eiman   auxiliary   cruiser 

I'riiiT  l-.itel  l-riednch.  . 

Ill  r-piv  I  am  instructed  bv  in\  1  ...Mnitneiit  to  s.iy  lliat  it  lias  care- 
fnlK  .iiMdire.l  th-'  realms  -urn  l.v  the  lm)K-rial  (  ,.-rman  ( .overii- 
nu'iit  fnr  inKinu-  t!.,a  tlii^  .  laini  siiouid  in-  pa-ed  upon  by  the  <  .crman 
I'ri/e  *  oiirl  nMea<l  I  ixinu  ^itUd  bv  .lirect  <li|.l.imath-  di-cnsMyn 
lirtwicn  tlir  tun  (,..v.  imunl..  .1-  -..p^iMi-eil  b>  the  (  ■overiimeiit  of  the 
fnited  st..ie-.  an.i  tii.i!  ,t  i,i;r.i-  lu  tiii.l  ibat  it  c.tii  ii.-l  c..,uur  in  the 
,,.,!,  hisioiis  ivacbcd  bs  Ibr  111  1  .  n.il  '  ,cnnan  I  .uvernnient 

\.  poinled  unt  111  nu  la-!  :.ntr  tu  VM,  ..i.  thl^  Mlbjtvt.  .l.itf.l  \linl 
M)  tlic  („.\.-riiiiirnt  of  tlv  1  :iiud  St.iK-  iia-  coiiMdered  that  the  oiilv 
,MH-sti.m  nii.Ti  ,l,~c.!-ion  v^a-  i!m-  tiielh,.,!  ubich  sboiibl  U-  adojited  for 
i.ccrtaitiin^  tin-  .im..nnt  of  i1h-  imlemiiin  t,.  Ik-  paid  under  .111  admitted 
iiabibtx^  an.l  it  not.-  «illi  -uipiiM^  that  ii;  addition  '.•'  lln-^  .nu-ti-.n  tin- 
lni)H-n,il  <  i.nii.m  (  ,..\. mm.  nt  n...v  .'m  -in  -  lo  la!--  -oirr  ^iiu  -turns  a-  t.> 
Uh-  iiK-anin^-  .md  •■tl' ■  !  ol  li  ■  t.a.il>,  vtipnlati.,ii-.  m,  irr  winch  it  has 
admiMtd  It-  !i.i!i!tt\ 

h  111,  (  „,\rri  iiielit  ol  til.  !  nit.'l  ^l.it.-  rr.>t;\  inidn  Maud-  thi' 
,„,,„, on  ..i  Ibr  !iiii«-rial  i.fMiiaii  I  ,oM  riuueiit  .1-  ii"\\  \'U  .  ntid.  U  is 
Ibar  lb.  provisions  of  \rl.!.  1'  o|  il„-  tr.'alv  of  17""  b,tu,-n  the 
rnitid    -tal.-     and    !'ru--ia      ■.-,]     .      .onliini..i    ill    lou'.    bv    tii,    Ir.'atv 


h.h§m 


CASH  OF  THE  WILLIAM  I'.  I  UYL 


167 


of  18J8,  justified  the  coniniandcr  of  the  I'riitz  Litil  l-ricdruii  m  sink- 
ing thf  ll'illiam  /'.  Iryc,  altliou^h  niakitij^f  ilic  Inipt-rial  (It-rnian  (Jov- 
t-rnnient  liable  for  the  (laniajjcs  suffered  i;i  ciinse(|uence,  and  that  inas- 
much as  the  treaty  provii'ts  no  spccifi.-  iiiethnd  f,ir  ascertaining;  the 
amount  of  indemnity  to  he  paid,  that  (|uestinn  must  he  submitted 
to  the  (ierman  I'riy.e  Court  for  deiermi:}ation. 

Ihe  Government  of  the  I'nited  State-,  on  the  otiier  hand,  does  not 
find  in  the  treaty  stipulations  iiientionil  any  |u-tilicalion  for  the 
sinkinj;  of  the  l-iyc.  and  does  not  consider  that  the  (ierman  I'rize 
Court  has  any  jurisdiction  over  the  (lue-tiijn  of  the  amount  of  in- 
demnity til  be  paid  1j\  the  lmi)erial  (iciinan  i-incnnient  on  account 
of  its  admitted  liability  for  the  destruction  ui  ,ui  American  ves^el  "U 
the  hifjh  seas. 

You  state  in  \tiur  note  of  the  "tii  in-tant  ihat  Article  1.^  i.f  the 
ahove-nientioned  treat>  of  17'K)  "i\pres-l\  reser\e-  to  the  party  it  u;ir 
the  riirht  to  stop  the  carrying,'  of  contraiiatid  and  to  detain  the  crntra- 
band  :  it  follows  then  th.a  if  it  c.in  i.ot  he  acciimplish<-d  in  anv  other 
ua>.  the  stoppinj,'  of  the  >u|i]i!\  niav  in  llir  extreiiu-  ca-e  In-  t-tTected 
bv  the  destruction  of  the  coiitrahaiKl  am]  of  tlu   -liio  iarr\  mil;  it." 

Tile  <  ioverntneiit  of  ilu-  I'liiKd  State-  can  not  concur  in  tin-  coiichi- 
-lon.  (  )n  the  contrary,  it  lioids  ih.it  these  Irr.itv  pro\!-ion-  i|o  not 
.inthorize  the  destrui'tion  ,if  a  neutral  \r--el  in  an\  i-ircnnist.ances.  P.y 
its  express  terms  ihe  tre.it\  prolnlnt-  t\rn  tlu-  dtttntuni  of  .i  lu'utra! 
\r-si'l  carrying,'  contr.ab.ind  if  tin-  niasti-r  of  thr  \e-sel  ;■  willini;  to 
-urrencler  the  c<iiitr.di.iiid  Article  l.i  provide-  "in  the  case  sup[>osed 
lit  a  \f-se!  stopiK-il  for  .irtule-  of  contrah.ind-  if  the  master  of  the 
vt--el  -topped  will  dili\ei  oiil  tiie  j,'Oo(l-  -iipjHi-cd  in  be  of  c<intr;iband 
n.mire.  he  -h;ill  be  admitted  to  do  it.  and  the  ve--el  -li.ill  not  in  th.it 
case  be  carried  into  ;in\-  port,  nor  further  deiamed,  but  ~li;ill  be  allowed 
to  priM-eed  on  her  voy.iije  " 

In  tin-  .  ,1-c  the  admitted  f.ut-  -bow  lli.at  piirsnaiil  to  order-  irom 
the  coinin.inder  of  the  I  lerin.in  crnistr.  the  iii:i-ter  of  the  l>\,-  inuler- 
took  to  tlirov\  o\erbo.ird  the  ciri^o  of  thai  \i--el.  but  t'  ■!  before  the 
Work  .  I  deh\iTini;  out  the  eari^o  \va-  finished  the  \,e--e'  with  the  .  arj^o 
w.i-  -link  In   otiler  of  tlu-  <  lerni.in  commander, 

b"or  ihi  I  re,i-ons.  eM  n  if  it  be  assumed  as  voiir  I'.xcelleiicv  has 
done,  Ih.il  the  coi;,.  \v  .i-  .  oiitr.ab.mil,  \otir  conieiitiiMi  lb.it  the  de-trnc- 
tion  of  the  vessel  w.i-  Mi-titied  lu  the  |'ri>v  ision-  of  \rticle  1,^  (Iocs 
not  seem  to  be  well  foiindi  d.  The  i.o\einment  of  tin  I  iiiti'd  .^tate- 
has  not  thought  it  necess.irv  m  the  discussion  of  this  case  to  ^u  into 
the  i|iie-tioii  of  the  coiitr.diaiul  or  iioii  contr.ili.iiid  ihat.icler  ,>{  (he 
c,'iri;o  The  Iniperi.il  i  (inian  (  aivernnient  has  admitted  lb, it  tlii-  (|iies- 
tioii  m,ikes  no  diffVi.  ;!■  s,,  far  .i-  its  liabibiv  t,r  d.ima),'es  i-  .-oiu  ei  lu-d. 
and  ilie  result  is  i  i.  .mir  o  far  ,is  the  iustitication  for  ibe  -iiiknit;  of 
tlu  M  i!  is  eoiueriud  \  bow  n  ,ibose,  if  we  assume  tb.i:  thi  r.irj.:o 
was   eonti.J- i-'d    the   ni.ister  of   lb.     '  •    ,    -hnnld   have  iK-en   .iiK.wt'd   to 


168 


DIPLOMATIC  CORRESPONDENCE 


deliver  it  nut,  and  the  vessel  should  have  l)een  allowed  to  proceed  on 
her  vovage. 

On  the  other  hand,  if  we  assume  that  the  cargo  was  non-contraband, 
the  destruction  either  of  the  car.s,'o  or  the  vessel  could  not  Ije  justified 
in  the  circumstances  of  this  case  under  any  accepted  rule  of  interna- 
tional law.  Attention  is  aKo  called  to  the  provisions  of  Article  \2  of 
the  treaty  of  17S3  helween  tile  United  States  and  Prussia,  which, 
like  Article  1.^  of  the  treaty  of  17W,  was  continued  in  force  hy  Article 
13  of  the  treatv  of  ISi.""!.  So  far  as  the  provisions  of  Article  12  of 
the  treaty  of    1785  applv   to  the   question  under  ccinsideration,   they 

are  as  follow  > ;  i  •■  t 

•if  one  of  the  coiitractiiii:  parln-,  -^lionld  he  eiif^aijed  in  war  with 
aiiv  other  l'..wer,  the  free  iiiteicoiir-'-  ,in,l  commerce  of  the  suhjects 
..r  citl/eli-  ..I  the  IKirtv  nniaiuin-  neuter  with  the  helliverent  Power- 
shall  not  be  iiiterrupied.  (  Hi  the  contrary,  m  tiv,'  r;i-^  .  ,i-  '.n  till!  ;i>.u-,-, 
the  ve--.el>  of  the  neutral  part\  may  navi-.ite  I  reely  to  .ml  from^  the 
]Hirt-  and  i  in  the  cna-t-  of  the  lielli.ueieiit  p,.vli<'-.  free  vcsmU  iiKiknii; 
free  uood-.  ni-otuiich  th.at  .•ill  thin!,--  -liall  1"  adtu.l-e.l  free  which  -hall 
he  on  hoard  am  .r-el  helon-iii'^  t..  the  neutral  ]iart\.  ahhoui,di  -ncli 
thiiiijs  helon;,'  to  an  enemy  ol   tliv  Mthi-r: 

it'  -rem-  clear  to  tile  ('.overniiunt  of  llie  1  ■iiled  Mate-,  tiieref.ire. 
tiiat  wliether  tile  >-,it,L;o  ,,|  the  /  r\v  i-  reu.irded  .!-  e.intralund  or  .is  ncn- 
contr.-iliand.  tlie  de-truction  of  tJie  ves-ei  \\a-.  ,i-  -t.ited  in  my  previou- 
i-ommniiicatiMn  nii  tiii-  suliiect,  'a  violati-n  ni  tlie  Mlili-,itio'i-  mip.-ed 
upon  the  imperial  f  ierman  <  .(.\ernnient  unlrr  cM-tin^  tr<al>  -tipnia- 
tion-i  hetweeii  tile  1  nited   St.ate-  and   Prussia.' 

I"(ir  llic-e  na-iiii-  tlie  iHe.eniment  <•{  the  I  nited  "-t,il<  -  mu-t  'It-- 
,i-rec  with  tiiv  ei'iUeiilion  uliieji  It  nnder-t.and-  i-  ii.iw  made  liv  the 
Impen.il  (  ierm.in  i  ,.  .v  enimeMi  th.it  an  Ameriean  \e--el  .  .irryins^  coii- 
t'.ilMnd  :iia\  I'e  de-tr.e.e.l  uitliont  li.iliilit.  >  ■!  .le.'oimt.iliiht^  l«-\.>iid 
tl'.e  paMiieilt  "f  Micii  ,;•  Miipeii-.iti.  ii  I'T  .l.iin.me-  a-  ma\  l,e  i'lM-.i  h\  .i 
i,i:m,in  I'n.'e  (  oni!  1  lie  i--nr  tlu!-  pic-.nt.  d  ,iri-i-  uii  a  .h-pnted 
inierjint  itinii  "1  ti'.it-.  provi-inn-.  tiie  -.  ttlenient  oi  \\lii>li  i.,|iiire- 
.!  Ill  -hplom.itu-  ih- n--ion  lietueen  tlie  t\v..  '  aivernment -.  .:'.'■■'.  iii 
I,  t  pn.)>erK  1h-  1..1-.  i  iip.Ml  tile  .le.i-i'-n  of  tl  ■  '  ,enil,i"  I'm/'  t  'rl. 
uli".  1'  1-  ni  U'l  \\a\'  c  !i.  i:!-ne  i  ir  imidiiiu  iii"'"  ^'"'  I  -ov .  i  ii'iiert  oi  t!  e 
I'lnt'  ■!  ^t.ile- 

M,,r,,,\(r,  .  \en  if  no  <\\-\  uli'd  qne-ti-n  '>i  tieit\  iiitei  ]■;  n.itu 'ii  ua- 
i,,\,,;v,,l,  ila  ,i.lnn--Mn  !.\  llie  Imperial  i  .ennar,  i.i.vernm.nt  -t  it- 
Ii,,l,riu  t',.i  .i.uiMU'--  I  ■!  -mkin-  tlu  ..-->'  wonl':  .in:  t^  in  ike  it 
,1,1!:,  ,  ,  -,  11  \  ,  -. ,  f.|T  ,i-  tin  kiini  !-  eoneri  iicd,  tn  a-l^  tlii  i  'n/r  '  "n't 
t.  .!,.-ide  ■'wii.-tltf  till-  !.'-tni.ti..n  of  \'u-  -Inn  .ni'l  ..nj..  \: .:  ^-.I 
,,,,1    ■,,  li,  ilir:    .n  1    '  n.jtr   «l.it   .M.i.liti-n-   tiir   po.nn'       -nni-,    w         r    k', 


ili-i   iti'-n."  w  in  -li,  \> 


-I. ill    ni   \  ■iin'  III  ■! 


..  .1 


it( 


I.:.-,,  ulli.l'  -iii.nld  l,r  ,lr.-l.!e.!  hv  iIm^  i'n.a  i  ..Il'l  \  ■  ■■  ->  I  •  ■  l-  I'l.'- 
,|i!,  .!;,,n  ri  Ian  t'.  tli,  ■  iii'm  tla-v  aP'  ••lit-  .|r  of  llir  o' ■  -cnl  .1'-  n--i..n 
I,,-,  an-i  .   a      p-  ,ntr  I       n    "i    in\    iei\     .n-    i-.t-    li'    x-n    ..n    ''••    -'■'••■■■ 


I  ASK  OF  THK  n-lLLIAM  /'.  FRYE 


169 


<laU'cl  .\i)ril  30.  •'tlR'  chiini  umler  i!iscii>sion  (li>es  not  include  dama^'es 
for  the  (Ic-tnitljon  of  tin-  cary;o." 

Tlie  real  qiKstion  IxMwetn  tiie  two  Govcninu-nt>  is  what  reparation 
must  1)0  made  for  a  breach  of  treaty  ohlifjatioiis,  and  tliat  is  not  a 
question  which  falls  within  the  jurisdiction  of  a  Prize  Court. 

In  my  rir>t  note  on  ilie  -uhji-ct  tlie  Government  of  the  Unite.i 
States  riM|ue-ted  tiiat  'full  reparation  he  made  hv  tiic  Imperial  Ger- 
man Governmetn  for  the  uestruclion  of  the  U'lUuisn  P.  l-ryc"  Repa- 
ration necessarily  includes  an  indemnity  for  the  actual  pecuniary  loss 
sustanied.  and  the  Government  of  tlie  United  States  takes  thi,-  oppor 
tutnty  to  assure  tlie  Imperial  (Jerman  Government  that  >uch  an  in- 
demnity, if  promptly  paid,  will  i)e  .icceiited  a^  satisfactorv  reparation, 
I'Ui  It  does  not  rest  with  a  IVize  Court  to  <letenninc  what  rcparatiMU 
should  he  made  or  what  reparation  would  he  satisfactory  to  the  ( iov  ■ 
ermnent  of  the  United  States 

Vour  l-i.xcellency  states  in  your  note  of  June  7  that  in  the  event  tht 
Prize  Court  siiould  not  jjrant  indemnity  in  .iccordance  with  the  treaty 
re(|uirements,  the  Gennan  Government  would  not  hesitate  to  arrange 
f>r  e(iuit_ah!e  indenmity.  hut  it  is  also  nc.t-sarv  that  the  Government 
of  th.-  United  States  -hould  Ik-  sati-t'ird  unit  'the  amount  of  the  in- 
•iemiuly,  anil  it  would  strin  to  he  more  .ijipropriate  and  convenient 
that  an  arran<,'eniein  f-r  C(|uitahle  indenniitv  -liouM  he  airrced  upon 
now  rathei-  tlian  later.  Ihe  decision  of  the'l'ri.'e  C..urt.  e\.n  on  tile 
(juestion  of  the  .imouiit  of  indtinnitv  to  he  pai.l.  would  not  he  l>i,idni>; 
or  conclusive  on  the  ( lOvernnKut  of  the  United  States. 

The  Governnunt  of  the   United   <tate.  ;il-.o  disMiUs   from  the  \  iew 
ONpie-sed  in  your  note  that    •there  would  he  no  fiUiiirlation 
of  the  .\nierican  Cr  .\eniineni  nn!e-~  the  i'n/e  C 
indemnity  in  .iccord. Ill,-,    w;th  the  lre,i!\  '■     The 

American  ( ,.  .vernmeiit  is  for    in  mdemnilv   for  a  viol.i'tic.n  of  ,a  tre,i!\, 

ind 
-loi'. 


tor  a  cl.aiin 
■mrt-  sjiould  not  s^Tatit 
.•iaiiii  presented  hv  tile 


in   in~tiiict!on   troin   en   indeimiHv    in   ac-ord.ince   with   the  trealv. 
UuTef.ire  is   .a  matter   for  .i.lin-tM  ,  rt    l.\'  diro'f     lii.lom.iii.-   di-c'ti 
iicn-.i'en   the  two  Go\  triini' nts  ,;ii,!   |v   jti   ,,,,   w;,^ 
aciMii  of  a  Cienuan   I'n.-e  Coirt 

I'T  till-  te.loin,  .aKnr  ^i.ueJ  :lie  I  Ion  rriveii! 
.iu  not  reco'jni/e  the  iiroprat'.  .^f  o,,I,m.t;iii-  1^  e 
'"1  l'"li,i!i  ..|  he  ..«  lU'i-  .iMd  .I'lta'n  ..f  l!e  f'r;.- 
•our;    {,■■     -I  iileineii' 

Ihi     <  ',o\  eminent    ..f    tlie    I  'nile.l    < 

w  h.-'i  tlie   InC'erial 

imi-  ''i   neiilr.i'  .nid 


i|''pendenl    np.in  t!" 

of  the  United  State- 
cl  um  I'reseiitr.l  hv  i' 
!■•  the  «  ienn.an   Pri;-e 


.[,  -    1, 


n. 


]ir'  HI  1  III 

on   ■■.,|hr 

not   heiii   pieseiilr.l   !,\    t 

von  ,t:it.    Ml   ' .  v\    no',    . 

C.ise     niih    l.ensiMe      .ilv 


I.,,  (i 


ertn.ti  I  |..\  eiMinint  nru    w  i-h  lo  take 
■iicniv    inl(  re  l-d  n.irti.  -"  uhi  ■'■   hm- 


■rir 


11 


1   .'f  llu'  1  'n 


,1 


St. 


I>on:' 


-eli:r!ni  n! 


•f  I'l  .-e  .■tiler 


.1. 


h-.  1'  e  r, 


'    'M.il.e   I'l  :,-r  ( ".  .nri   proceec 
111.!     i!eii'ei\e    the    nei-e  —  il 
'■|--i-ni    r'.rin    ;>en  'ins,'   th.     ci 
:  '•■  (  'i.ntt 


.  hm  which 
'ii'jr-  in  tlr- 

f..        !.o-'. 
'1-1   ',•■    ilio" 


170 


DIPLOMATIC  CORRKSl'ONDKNCK 


The  Government  of  the  I'nitcd  States,  therefore,  suggests  that  the 
Imperial  Genuan  Government  reconsider  the  sul.ject  in  the  hght  of 
these  consi.leralions.  and  hecaiise  of  the  objeetions  aganist  resortmg 
to  the  Prize  Court  the  Lovernnient  of  tlie  Liiucd  States  renews  its 
funner  suggestion  tliat  ;in  etiort  be  made  to  settle  this  claim  by  direct 
diplomatic  negotiations. 

'  I.ANSINt;. 


No.  2o5t).] 


.Iwha-^.uidor  iicnird  to  the  .S.-c-rM)  v  ''/  State 
ITelcgraiiil 


.\.MIKK.\.\    ICmII.NSSV. 

lifiliii,  July  JO.   1(^13 


Iovmul;  ii"te  -.■•-■ccivo 


l-oKKU.N  t>Fnei:.  Ki-ilni.  July  jo,  IQ13. 
Ihe  undersigned  has  tiie  honor  to  inform  his  Excellency,  Mr, 
lames  W.  (.erard.  Ambassador  of  the  United  States  of  America,  in 
"reply  to  the  note  of  the  _'()tii  ultim<..  Foreign  Othce  No.  Mj  nu  the 
-^ubjeci  of  the  Miiking  of  the  American  niercliaiit  vessel  II  iilmm  I  . 
fVv  I'v  the  Gennan  auxiliarv  crui.^er  I'rmz  IMd  h,u-dnch.  that  the 
ponits  of  view  brouu'hl  (mt  in  the  note  have  been  caretu.ly  cxamiii.-l 
by  the  ImiKTMl  t.eriiun  l.o^ernmem.  Ihis  ev..unniation  lia>  led  to  l!.e 
following  conclusions:  ....  .      ^ 

Ihe  (.overnnient  of  the  United  States  believes  that  it  is  mcumbt-nt 
upon  it  to  take  the  position  that  the  treaty  riglits  to  which  America 
is  entitled,  as  contame.1  m  .Xiticle  12  of  the  lTuss,;m..\niencan  tre.itv 
of  amitv  an.l  commerce  of  S.ptember  10,  l/S.s.  ,n  .XrtKle  1,>  of  tlu 
l'rnssi;,n-.\nierican  treaty  of  amity  and  commerce  o|  July  H.  '""' 
were  violated  bv  the  sinking  of  the  iri7/w»«  /'.  /Vvr.  It  mterprets 
these  .irtK-les  a-'meamni;  tlut  .1  KU-icli.intm;m  oi  tl;-  neutra'  cMitract- 
niL-  partv  carrvin^,-  contraband  can  not  in  any  .ircumstamcs  Ik'  c.e- 
strove.l  i.v  a  uar-ship  of  the  U'lligerent  contracting  j.arty,  an<l  that 
the  sinking  of  the  ir.7/;,.'W  /'.  l■r^r  was.  theref.,re.  ni  v  10 iatu.n  01  ihe 
treaty,  even  if  lur  ciryo  -h-mM  liav.  ,oMs,sted  of  .-oiitrabaii.l.  whicl: 
it   li-.-iv.-s  oiil-idi-  of   tlu    di-cus-i.il 

llu-  (..rmaii   u  .\,-rniiiei,1    cm   not    a.vepl    this    \  „•« ,      It    insi-ts   ;,- 
tuT.tof..!,-  tli.it  the     oriiman.U:   ..I  the  1  ,.-nii,in  auxiliary   .  rtiiscr  .icted 


111   t 


!  .•   It'ja!   i-Mtci  >    of   ihr    ri'jht   of   itnilrol 


lit    lr,iile   m 


iiiitraliaiiil 


..'ni.A.Ml  hv  war  sliips  .A  U-llii;.n-m  nations,  and  that  tlie  tre.ity  stipu- 
:-,Pon-  -1  ,-nti.  t'cd  ineielv  iMiu'e  thr  «  ■.rmaii  <  io\ i-rnnu'iit  to  make  okiu- 
i„-ns,,ti..i.    lot    th.'    •.l.niai.'c    sUsiauu.l    h\    thr     \mencan    cili/ens   om- 

ccnit'il  ,  , 

1,   ,,   .u  I    ,hsi,ntei|   I.v  tlu'    \ni.Ticaii  ( •ovenmieiit  that,   an  onliiii,'  f> 
j;,T....r.    iTinci].'.-   of    iPternatninal   law,   a   liillmerent    is   authori.'e.l    m 


CASK  OI-  THE  H'lt.lJ.tM  I'   IRyU 


171 


sinkiiip  tiiiitral  \i>s(K  tmckr  alim -.t  any  conditions  for  carrying  con- 
trahand,^  As  is  well  known,  tlii'sc  ])rinciplc->  were  laid  down  in  Articles 
49  and  30  of  the  Declaration  of  I.cjndoii.  and  were  recojjnized  at  that 
lime  by  the  duly  eni|«)wer(d  dele},'ate«  of  all  the  nations  which  i)ar- 
ticipatcHl  in  the  conference,  includint,'  the  American  delegates,  to  !)•-. 
declarative  of  evi-tinu;  international  law  (see  preliniinarv  clause  of 
the  Declaratinii  i,f  London  )  ;  inoreo\cr.  at  tlic  Ufjinnint,'  of  the  i>resent 
war.  the  American  ( iovcrnnicnt  ;>!iii,o«ed  tn  tile  iK/llifjereiit  nation-  to 
ratify  the  Declaration  of  l.oiKl.in  and  <,'ive  it-  provi-ions  formal  validity 
aKo 

The  (iermaii  ( io\  ernni.nt  lias  alre.idy  expl.iined  in  it-  iw.tc  of  April 
4  last  f(ir  what  reas,,ns  it  consifler-  that  the  condition-  justifyinj^'  the 
sinkm^;  under  internaiion.d  law  were  pre-ent  in  the  case  of  the 
Hiltiam  I',  l-'ryr.  The  car^;o  con-i-ted  of  conditionul  contr.ahand.  the 
(Ij-tiiiation  of  which  for  the  ho-ti!e  anned  force-  was  to  he  i)resumed 
under  the  circuni-t.ince- :  no  prfxif  to  overcome  thi-  ])resninj»tion  has 
heen  furni-heil.  More  than  lialf  t'le  car;;.,  of  the  vc--el  w.is  contra- 
hand,  so  that  the  vessel  w.i-  liable  to  cohfi-calion  The  .attempt  to 
hrinjj  the  American  \'-ssi]  int.,  ;i  ( lernian  port  would  li.ive  -reatly 
imi>eriled  the  (iemiaii  ve--cl  in  tlu  j,'iicn  -ituation  of  ilie  w.ir,  and  at 
any  rate  i)racti<:a;iv  driVat.d  the  -ii.ce--  ,  f  her  further  operations. 
Thus  the  authority  f.  r  -itikint;  the  ve  -el  was  <ri\en  acconlinjj  to  gen- 
tral  principles  of  intern. iiion.il  law. 

There  only  remain-  then  t..  he  ex.niiiiud  the  que-tion  how  f.ir  the 
I'russt;in-.\meric.iti  treaty  stipulation-  modify  these  principles  of  in- 
ternational l.tw. 

In  thi-  coniHCtion  \rti,lc  \2  <  f  the  tre.itv  of  17S.-  provide-  that  in 
the  event  of  .i  w.ir  l-lwuii  ..nc  of  the  contractini;  partie-  with  an- 
other Power  the  free  commerce  ;md  intercourse  -if  the  n.ationals  of  the 
party  remainint;  neutral  with  the  bellit;crent  I'owers  shall  not  he  inter- 
rui>ted.  hut  that  on  tlu  contrary  the  m-ss,1  of  tile  neutr.d  ji.iny  iiia» 
navij^ate  freely  to  and  from  the  ports  of  the  helli-.'erent  Powers',  even 
neutra!i/in>,'  enemv  i;(«..!-  on  Iniard  thereof.  However,  thi-  .irlich 
merely  fonnulatt  -  fjenera!  ruk-  f  t  the  fr.-edom  of  manlime  inter- 
course and  leaves  ilie  ijue-tion  i>f  contr.di.md  untouched,  the  specific 
sti)>ulations  on  thi-  i»  iiit  .aie  contain, 'd  in  the  fo'lowinij  .article,  whicii 
Is  materially  identical  with  .\rtic|c  1.^  of  tlie  trcatv  ..f  l?')**  now  I'l 
force. 


The  plain   inicntioii  of   ,\rticle    1.^  i-  t-  ■ -tahli-h   :.   reason. il.'r 


|)romise   between   the   'iiiliiarv   interest-   ..f   ti 


ellii,'eretil 


.m- 
■litr.actiiii' 


partv  and  the  com-ni  rciai  intere-t-  of  i|u-  iieim  ,i   ;,.irty,     <  i"  the  one 
h.ind   the  bellinertnt   p.irt\    ;-  to  Ii.im-  rlu-  n^h;    i. .   orf.cr  i    ilie   ir.ui- 
IM>rtati(ni  of  war  -iipi>he-  to  hi-  ..lUer-.iri,  -  e-.  eit  wluii  ,,,iiud  o-i  \e-- 
-els  of  the  nentr.il  p.iri\     .u  ■  ie  othr^  li.in  i  di,    roninurce  ,md  n.i\  i 
pation  of  the  nentr.al  iMf^v-  i-  ?■  •  '«    nif<rti!,      wiili  .i.  lit?!.    ,,-  .»,-.,|,l.:. 
bv   tile   measure-   nece--.ir\    to:    -iie'i   ..rev.'^  •  ..n.   ,,,i,l   r.  i-oiuh!.-  rom 


DIPLOMATIC  CORRESPONDENCE 


pensalion  is  to  be  paid  for  any  inconvenience  or  damage  wliich  ma) 
nevertheless  ensue  from  tlie  i>rocecdnig  of  tiie  lielligerent  party. 

Article  13  recites  the  following  means  whereby  the  Ix-Uigerent  party 
can  prevent  the  vessels  of  the  neutral  party  from  carrying  war  sup- 
plies to  his  adversary.  The  detention  of  the  ship  and  cargo  for  such 
length  of  time  as  the  lielligcrent  may  think  necessary :  furthermore  the 
taking  over  of  the  war  stores  for  his  own  use,  paying  the  full  value  of 
the  same  as  ascertained  at  the  place  of  destination.  The  right  of 
sinking  is  not  mentioned  in  the  treaty  and  is  therefore  neither  ex- 
presslv  pennitted  nor  expressly  prohibited,  so  that  on  this  jxiint  the 
party 'stiinilations  must  be  supplemented  by  the  general  rule>  of  inter- 
national law.  From  the  meaning  and  spirit  of  the  treaty  it  really  ap- 
pears out  of  the  question  that  it  was  intended  to  expect  of  the  bel- 
ligerent that  he  shouM  permit  a  vessel  loaded  with  contrab.md,  for 
example  a  -hipment  of  arms  and  ammunition  of  decisive  importance 
lor  the  outcome  of  tiie  war,  to  prcKced  unhindered  to  his  enemy  when 
circumstances  forbid  the  carrying  of  the  vessel  into  port,  if  the  gen- 
eral rules  of  internati.inal  law  allow  sinking  of  the  ve>-el. 

The  remaining  stipulations  of  .Article  1.?  must  likewise  be  con- 
sidered in  this  light:  they  provide  that  the  captain  of  a  ve>sel  stoi>ped 
shall  be  allowed  to  ])rocced  on  his  voyage  if  he  delivers  out  the  con- 
traband to  the  war-ship  which  stopjied  bi>  ves-el.  For  -uch  deliver- 
ing out  can  nut  of  cour.-e  I>e  considered  when  the  ensuing  lo-s  of  time 
imperils  either  the  war-ship  herself  or  the  success  of  her  other  opera- 
liMUs.  In  the  case  of  the  U'iU'vim  P.  I- rye  the  German  commander  at 
hrst  tried  to  ha\e  matters  settled  by  the  delivery  of  contraband,  but 
convinced  himself  of  the  impracticability  of  this  attempt  in  that  it 
would  exi)o~e  iiis  ship  to  attack  by  whatever  superior  force  of  enemy 
war  ve-sels  pursuing  him  and  was  acconlingly  obliged  ti>  detenuine 
uiM)n  the  sinking  of  the  i'ryc.  Thus  he  did  not  exceed  on  this  point 
the  limits  to  which  he  was  bound  by  .\rticle  1.1 

However,  .\rticle  l.i  a^-erts  itself  here  to  the  extent  that  it  founds 
the  obligation  to  compensate  the  American  citizen^  afTei'ted.  wherea> 
;u-cording  to  the  general  rule-  of  •nternational  'aw  tlie  belligerent  partv 
does  not  need  to  grant  comi)en-ation  for  .'i  ve-^el  law  tnll\  -unk.  For 
if.  \i\  Article  1,1  the  imTc  exerci-e  "f  ndu  of  hii:':w.iv-  m.ikes  the 
liellicerent  liable  for  coii;].cnva!inn.  this  mn-i  app"'  j  i  '<-ti«ri  to  the 
exirri-e  of  the  riirht     f  sinking. 

1 ii,'-t!on    ubetbcr   tiie   ( iernian    i-otiim.uvli'r    .i.  i.'I    1.  ••  JK     wi- 


ir  111 


i^icicration 

of 


>\    thr 


H'    Mlle-tUMl 

!■'■  •  "iriK   a  ^nb 

■u-cording   to    general    principle-    of    uUenKitionai     aw 

.(!- .  ir,   Art'i-l.'   1   of  Tlie  Hague  (^onventioti   for  tlu 

wn   iiiltrnati 

! ion       '1 

\y  r  .<ui  r 

staled   in    it- 


( iiTinan   !'n/'    i  ourts 

:is    laid    down  ; 

labli-hment  of 

ii:d   Prize  (  ourt  and   in    \rticle  ?!   of  'he   IVelarntion  of 

'    ("lerrnni    I  io\  r-niiiient    i-on-icnu-nllv    ';i'd    the    '•>-,     .i* 

•  ,   li.fi.n'  till   coiiMi'.irnt  I'ri/r  I  ourt  at  I  lambiiru.  a-  w  i> 

tiotr  of  till-  "ih   nitiino.     Tlii-  court   found  b^    its   iudg- 


CASE  (W  THE  WILLIAM  I'.  PRYE  IJT, 

mem  (^f  ili<-  10th  instant  that  tlie  carfro  of  the  American  vessel  IVillMm 
t.  t,yc  was  contraband,  tliat  the  ves>el  could  not  be  carried  into  ix)rt 
an.i  that  tiie  smkinj;  was  theref..re  jiKtified:  at  the  <ame  time  the' 
comt  expressly  rec(.-i-,i,-cr!  the  validity  of  tlie  Prussian- American 
!re;ity  stipulations  severally  mentioned  tor  liie  rtlaiions  I.etweeii  ilic 
German  Kmpne  an.]  America,  so  that  the  sinkint,'  of  the  -^iiip  and 
cargo,  s<)  far  as  .Nmencan  proi)erty.  makes  the  Gennan  Empire  liahk 
l..r  md.  nimty.  i  h.-  Prize  Cuurt  was  unable  to  fix  the  indemnity  itsflf 
siMce  u  had  no  data  before  it.  failmi,'  the  receipt  of  the  nece>-ar. 
detail  from  tlie  jiarties  interested. 

It  will  now  be  necessary  to  -ettle  the>e  points  in  a  different  wav 
Ihe  German  Government  suRf^ests  as  the  simplest  wav  that  each  /,t" 
the  two  Governments  devisr„atc  an  expert,  and  that  tlie  two  expert- 
jnintly  fix  the  amount  of  in.Iemnity  for  the  xe>~el  and  -mv  American 
l>roperty  whicli  may  have  been  »m,k  with  her.  The  (Jerm'an  (ioverr- 
ment  will  promptly  i)ay  the  amount  of  indemnity  thus  ascertained-  it 
expressly  declares,  however,  revertin-  tu  uliat  has  been  stated  abo'v- 
that  tlus  i.ayment  does  n,it  constitute  sati-faction  for  the  violation  of 
Amencan  treaty  n-hts.  but  a  .lutv  or  .K)licy  ,,f  this  Government 
touiided  on  the  existing;  treaty  -tipnIatKMi-. 

Should  the  American  Govenm.eiit  iidt  a-ree  to  this  manner  of  .ft- 
thni;  the  m;itler.  the  t,crni.m  GoMrnnient  i-  i.repared  to  -ubmu  tli- 
dilterence  of  opinion  as  bein-  a  (pieMi.m  of  tl„-  interpretation  ..f  the 
exi-tmp:  treaties  between  Germany  an<l  the  I'nited  .States  to  the  tri- 
l.unal  at  1  he  Hague,  pursuant  to  Article  ,^S  of  The  Ilafjue  Convention 
tor  the  pacific  settlement  of  intemati.mal  disputes 

The  undersifjned  befjs  to  sui^gest  that  tlu'  Ambassador  brin.-  the 
above  to  the  attention  of  hi-  ( loyernment  .md  av.nls  himself,  etc, 

\'()\   [.\f;f)w. 


(iKKAKn. 


Xo.  20.^7. 


riic  Sci-rrtaiy  of  Slatr  to  .hiiliiissiidor  Gerard 
[TiU'^train] 


l)f  I'AKT.MKNT   OF    .'-^T.VTR, 

Washiiifitoii.  An</ust  lo.  /oi^. 
^■ou   are   instrticte.l   to  present   the   foil,. win-  note   to  the  (iermau 
Mini-ier    fur   Foren;n    Alf.iir- 


l  ndrr  instnu-ti.  !,-  ironi  mv  G.  vcrmnem.  I  have  the  honor  to  in- 
form your  I-.xcellency  in  rt-plv  to  vour  note  of  luK  .^0  in  regard  to  the 
claim  tor  repar.ilion  for  the  sniking  of  the  ll'Ululii:  P.  /-Vyc  that  the 
t.ovenmunl  ot    ilw   I'nited    Stales   learn,    '.vith   regret   that  tiie  objec- 


174 


DIPLOMATIC  CORRKSroNDKNl!-: 


tions  urKi'd  by  it  ajjainst  the  submission  of  this  case  to  tlic  Prize  Court 
for  decision  have  not  .onimenilod  themselves  to  the  Imperial  Ciennan 
(government,  and  it  c<iually  regrets  that  the  reasons  presented  by  the 
Imperial  ( ierman  ( lovirnment  for  submitting  this  case  to  the  I'rize 
Court  have  failed  to  remove  the  objections  of  the  (iovcrnment  of  the 
I'nited  State.-  to  the  adoption  of  that  course.  As  tiiis  ili>a{jrcemciit 
lias  l>cen  reached  after  the  full  presentation  of  the  views  of  hotli  (lov- 
ernnients  in  our  previous  corres]H>iulence,  a  further  ewhaiijje  of  vic\v> 
on  the  questions  in  dispute  would  doubtless  be  un|)rotitable,  ami  the 
(iovernment  of  the  United  States  therefore  welcomes  your  F.xccl- 
lency's  sujjge>tion  that  soir.e  other  way  should  'oe  touiid  for  -ellliie; 
this  case. 

The  two  :iietho<ls  of  settlement  projjoscd  as  alternative  suijRestion- 
in  your  Kxcellcncv's  note  have  been  given  careful  consideration,  and 
it  i>  Ix-lieved  that' if  they  can  l>c  ci>mbint>d  so  tliat  ihey  may  Imtli  'le 
ado])te<l,  they  will  fumi-'h  a  satisfactory  basis  for  the  Miluti.Mi  of  the 
questions  at  issue. 

The  Government  of  the  United  States  has  already  eNi'ressed  it-  .Ic- 
sire  that  the  question  of  the  amount  of  indemnity  to  he  paid  by  tli- 
Iniperial  German  G<)venim<-nt  under  its  admitted  liability  for  the  los-e- 
oi  the  owners  and  captain  on  account  of  the  destruction  of  the  I'rw 
should  lie  settled  by  diplomatic  nejjotiation,  and  it  entirely  concurs  with 
the  surrfrestion  of  the  Imin-ria!  German  GovenimcnU  that  the  simple  t 
vvay  would  Ik-  to  ,it:ree,  as  pro])osed  in  ymir  note,  "thai  each  of  the  t\\o 
(iovemmeiUs  desiyjiate  an  expert  an<l  that  the  twf>  e.xiRTts  jointly  ii\ 
the  aniomit  of  indemivity  for  the  vessel  and  any  .\merican  i>r(>iHTtv 
which  mav  have  been  sunk  with  her."  to  be  paid  hv  the  lniiH.'ri,il  ( n*-- 
man  Government  when  ascertained  as  state<l  in  your  note.  It  is  as- 
sumed that  the  arranirmient  will  include  some  provi-ion  for  oaliin:,' 
in  an   umpire  in  case  the  e\i>erts   fail   to   ay;ree. 

The  Government  of  the  I'nited  States  notes  that  your  sui,'i;estinn  is 
made  with  the  express  reservation  that  a  payment  under  this  arrain;e- 
riunt  would  not  constitute  an  admission  that  .\merican  treaty  rights 
had  been  violated,  but  would  be  rey;arded  hy  the  Imperial  Gennan 
Government  merely  as  fnltillintj  a  diuy  or  policv  founded  on  existim; 
ttealy  stipulations.  \  payment  made  on  this  mulerstandint;  would  he 
en'irely  acceptable  to  the  Government  of  the  United  Stal<s.  provided 
that  tlie  acceptance  of  such  pavtiunt  should  likewise  he  muh-rstood  to 
he  without  prejudice  to  the  contention  of  the  GovernmeiU  of  tlie 
United  Slatr-  that  the  sinl- iim  of  the  I-ivr  was  without  leiral  justific:!- 
I:.  II.  and  ])rovidrd  also  that  an  arrangement  can  be  at;reed  u|)on  for 
the  immediate  s,ihmis-ion  to  arbitration  of  the  questiem  of  leirat  justi- 
tic.ition,  in  so  i:ir  as  i!  involves  the  interi)retation  of  existim,'  treaty 
stijmlntions 
Thc"'-  can 


as  to 


hi-  no  diUerence  of  opinion  hetvveen  the  two  Government- 
ik'sir.  ''i'itv   I,!    having'  this  (piestion   of   'he  true   intent   and 


CASK  (W  THK  nil.l.l.lM  /'.  /  AT/i 


175 


meaning  uf  their  treaty  stipulations  determined  without  delay  and  to 
that  end  tlie  Government  of  the  United  States  proixjses  that  ti'ie  altern- 
ative sugge-tion  of  the  Imperial  (Jemian  (Jovernment  alM.  he  adopted, 
so  that  this  question  of  treaty  interpretation  can  In?  submitted  forth- 
with t..  arbitration  pursuant  to  Article  38  of  The  Hague  Convention 
for  the  pacific  settlement  of  international  disputes. 

In  tiiis  way  both  the  (juestion  of  indemnitv  and  the  question  of  treatv 
intcri>retatioii  can  promptly  In;  settled,  and  it  will  he  observed  that  the 
only  change  made  in  the  plan  pr.>iH,sed  by  the  Imperial  German  Gov- 
ernment IS  that  inste-id  of  eliminating  either  one  of  its  alternative  sug- 
gestions, they  are  lH)iii  given  ctTcct  in  order  that  both  of  the  que^tions 
under  (hscussion  may  be  dealt  with  at  the  same  time. 

If  this  proposal  proves  acceptabU-  to  the  IminTial  (ATiiian  (;overn- 
ment.  it  wiH  Ih*  necc^-ary  ats3  to  determine  whether,  peiuhng  ilie  .ir- 
bitral  award,  the  Inii«,'rial  German  Government  -hall  govern  it-  naval 
operations  in  accordince  with  its  own  interpretation,  or  in  accordance 
wiih  the  interpretation  maintained  bv  the  fnited  State-,  .is  to  the 
obligations  imjxjsed  by  their  treaty  stipulations,  and  the  Goveniment 
of  the  United  States  woubl  be  glaif  to  have  an  expression  .,f  the  viev»- 
of  the  Im[)erial  (jeniini  G.i\  crnment  on  tiiis  [xniit. 

I.XNSINl,. 


Ambassad'^i    (ii-rcvd  Id  tlw  Scactarx  of  Slat, 
(1  ilfyraiii] 


I'olluuing  note  r.'i-eivcd   from  the  I' 


\.\ii  Kii  \N    1"mii\sss, 
licr'in.  Si'ptcinlwr  -'o,    /';/5 
■reign  f  Mlice  to-dav  : 


I"oKi;ii;\  (  >iini  , 
l^''>'l>n.  S\-f'l,'iitlu-r  II).  li)ti. 
I  he  linder-igned  ha-  the  Iioikt  to  nrikc  tiic  follownii;  reply  to'tl-e 
note  of  his  Excellency.  Mr.  Janus  W.  (Jerard.  Ainba-sa.lor  of  tlu- 
I  lilted  Statfs  oi  \!iKTu;i.  date.!  l.?th  ultimo,  on  the  subject  of  tlie 
(lami  for  reparation  ior  t!ie  sinking  ,.f  the  Ameri.-an  merchantman 
1/  ilihim  I'.  /•>\(\ 

W  ilh  regard  tirst  to  the  ascertainnient  of  ii,e  .j.ima-,'-  l,v  exixTt^ 
the  (,ennan  <  ...verninenl  believe-  that  it  -Mould  dis|H'n-e  with  the  iioni- 
malion  ot  an  umpire.  I„  ||,e  c.a-e-  of  f,,,.  ascertainment  of  d.mi.ages 
hitherto  arr.-iiiged  between  the  (  ierm.in  <  iovenunent  and  a  neutral  Gov- 
ernment from  -imil.ir  cans.-  the  expert-  named  bv  the  two  partie- 
have  alwavs  reached  an  .i-reenieiit  a-  to  tbe  amount  of  the  dam,i-e 
without  dilticnlty;  .ho„l,l  j,  ,„„  |,e  ,,o-.ibIe.  liouevr  to  reach  an 
agreement  on  some   point,   it   ro„!,|   probabK    !„■    -ettled  lu    diplomatic 


^^ 


.,-  •''■S\^.-7:(-u>t!' 


MICROCOPY    RESOLUTION   TEST   CHART 

(ANSI  and  ISO  TEST  CHART  No    2^ 


1.0 


I.I 


1.25 


*^  m     III  2.2 


2.0 


1.8 


1.4     Hill  1.6 


j£     /APPLIED  INA^GE     Inc 


■'fc'    .'«8      'i^?' 


176 


DIPLOMATIC  CORRF^rONDENXE 


negotiation.  Assmning  that  the  American  Government  ri.ij;ree>  to  this. 
the  German  Government  names  as  its  expert  Dr.  Kepny.  of  Bremen, 
director  of  the  North  German  Lloyds:  it  be<;s  to  await  the  designation 
of  the  American  expert. 

The  German  Government  declares  that  it  agrees  to  the  proposal  of 
the  Ai'ierican  Government  to  separate  the  question  of  indemnity  from 
the  (|uestioii  of  the  interpretatidn  of  the  I'rnssian-American  treaties  of 
178.^.  1799.  and  1S28.  It  therefore  again  expres>ly  states  tiiat  in  mak- 
ing payment  it  due-  ndt  acknowledge  the  violation  of  the  treaty  as 
contended  by  the  American  si<le.  Init  it  will  admit  that  the  settletmnt 
of  the  (|«estion  ni  indemnity  does  not  iirejndice  the  arrangcnieiu  of 
the  difference  of  opinion  concerning  the  interpretatinii  of  the  treaty 
rights,  and  that  this  dispute  is  left  to  be  decided  by  The  Hague  trilmnal 
of  arbitration. 

The  negotiations  relative  to  the  signin.u:  of  the  comproiins  provided 
by  .\rticle  r2  of  The  Hague  Arbitration  Convention  would  liest  lie 
con<lucted  between  the  l"(ireii,Mi  Office  and  the  .Xnierican  Kmbassy  in 
P.erlin  in  view  of  the  diftknilties  in  the  wav  of  instructing  the  Imperial 
Ambassador  :it  Wa-hington.  In  case  the  American  Government  agrees, 
the  Foreign  (  U'tice  i-  jireparcd  to  submit  to  the  Embassv  a  draft  of 
such  ;i  ii'inpntinis. 

The  American  Government's  in(|iiiry  whether  the  r.erman  Govern- 
ment will  ,;,'o\ern  it-  naval  ojieratious  in  accurdance  witii  the  German 
or  American  interpretation  nf  the  treaty  stipulation-  in  (juestion  pend- 
ing,' the  a  bitral  proceedings  has  been  carefully  considered  by  German 
Governnu.ir.  Frfim  the  standpuint  of  law  and  equity  it  is  not  pre- 
vented in  it-  opinion  from  proceeding  against  .American  ships  carrying 
contrabaii'l  according  to  its  interjiretation  until  the  question  is  settled 
bv  arliitration.  For  the  G.crman  Government  iloes  not  need  to  depart 
from  the  application  of  generallv  rocognized  rules  of  the  law  of 
maritime  war.  as  the  Declaration  of  London,  unless  and  in  so  far  as  an 
exception  ba-ed  on  a  treaty,  is  est.ablished  beyond  all  doubt  :  in  the  case 
of  the  pre-ent  difference  of  opinion  between  the  German  and  the  Amer- 
ican Government-  such  an  exception  could  not  be  taken  to  be  c-tal>- 
lished  except  on  the  ground  of  the  arbitral  award.  Moreover,  the 
di<advantai;es  to  Germanv  wliich  '  'd  ensue  from  the  .\merican  inter- 
l)retation  of  the  treatv  stipulation-  would  be  -o  much  greater  as  to  be 
out  of  proportion  to  tho-e  which  the  German  interpret.-ition  would 
entail  for  the  I'tiited  States.  For  whereas  the  .\merican  interpretation 
woul.j  niatcriallv  imtiede  Germany  in  her  conduct  of  warfare,  hardly 
:inv  p;irticular  di<aih  ;inta;;e  to  .\nierican  citizens  would  result  from 
tlv  German  interpretation,  -ince  thev  receive  full  repar.ation  for  .any 
pripert'    d;imaL.'e  -ust.iiiu'cl. 

\everthele-s  tlie  German  Government,  in  order  to  furni-b  to  the 
\meriran  f  ;over?mii'iit  e\i''ence  of  its  conciliatory  attitude,  has  i-s-ied 
orders  to  the  Germ.an  !iaval  force-  not  to  de-tro\-  \iniTicatt  iiierc'i.int- 
nuii   v.huh  have  1o,-id''d  Cfindition.al  contraband.  e\cn  when  the  condi- 


CASE  OF  THE  IflLLLIM  P.  FKYE 


U7 


tions  of  iiiteriiatidiial  law  are  pre-ent.  but  to  permit  them  to  continue 
their  voyage  unhindered  if  it  is  not  possible  to  take  them  into  port. 
On  the  other  hand,  it  nnist  reserve  to  itself  the  right  h>  destroy  vessels 
carrying  absolute  contraband  wherever  such  destruction  is  permissible 
according  to  the  provisions  of  the  Declaration  of  London. 

The  undersigned  begs  to  suggest  that  the  .Ambassador  bring  the 
above  to  the  knowledge  of  his  ( iciverninent,  and  avails  himself  of  the 
opportunity  to  renew,  etc. 

\'(i.N'  J.\G<I\V. 

Ger.\rd. 


The  Secretary  of  Stale  to  Ambassador  Gerard 
[Tclt^r.-ini] 

Dei'.\rt.\il.\  I   oi-  Statk. 

ll'asliiiii^tuii,    Oetober   is.    nji^. 
You   are   instructed   to   proent   tlie    following  ui.te  to  the  (jcruiau 
Minister  of  I'ortign   Vifairs  • 


.n  reply  to  your  F.\cellency's  note  of  .September  1''.  on  thr  ~tibi(-ct 
of  the  claim  lor  damages  for  the  sinking  of  tin-  American  mercliant- 
rnaii  il'iHiaiii  I'.  I'rye.  I  am  instructed  by  the  Government  of  the  L'nited 
States  to  say  that  it  note<  with  s.itis faction  ihe  willingness  of  the 
Imperial  German  Government  to  settle  the  i|iKstions  at  i^sue  in  this 
case  by  referring  ti>  a  joint  commission  of  expert-  the  amount  of  the 
indemnitv  to  be  p.iid  liy  the  ImiK'ria!  German  Govenmient  under  its 
admitted  liability  for  he  losses  of  the  owners  and  ca()tain  on  accomit 
of  tlie  destruction  of  the  vessel,  and  by  referring  to  arbitration  the 
(|uestion  of  the  inter^jretation  of  treaty  rights.  The  Giovernment  of 
the  United  States  further  note^  that  in  .igreeing  to  this  arrangement 
the  Imperial  German  Government  expres-lv  states  that  in  making  jiav- 
ment  it  does  not  acknowledge  the  violation  ot  the  treatv  a<  contended 
by  the  Government  of  ibe  l'nited  State-,  and  that  the  settlement  of 
the  question  of  indenmity  cloes  not  prejudice  the  arrangement  of  the 
differences  of  opiin'ou  betwee'i  tlie  t".o  G.ovevntnents  concernint:  the 
interpretation  of  the  treatv  rights.  The  ( iovernment  of  the  l'nited 
St.ates  under-tand<  thai  this  .•irr,un:i<meiil  w  ill  .al-o  be  without  preiudice 
to  its  own  contention  in  accordance  with  the  statement  of  its  po><ition 
in  it-  note  of  \ii-ust  10  la-^t  to  vour  FNCeHencv  on  this  subject.  an<l 
the  Government  of  the  l'nited  States  .igree^^  to  ilii-  arrangement  on 
th.it  nnderstanditit:.  Vour  Fxcellencv  states  that  the  Imperial  German 
Government  believes  that  the  nomination  of  an  nmi'ire  should  be  di- 


178 


DIPLOMATIC  CORRESPONDENCE 


pensed  with,  because  it  has  been  the  experience  of  the  Imperial  German 
Government  that  the  experts  named  in  such  cases  have  always  reached 
an  agreement  without  difficulty,  and  that  should  they  disagree  on  some 
point,  it  could  probably  be  settled  bv  diplomatic  negotiation.  The 
Government  of  the  L'nited  States  entirely  concurs  in  the  view  that  it 
is  not  necessary  to  nominate  an  umpire  in  advance.  It  is  not  to  be 
assumed  that  the  experts  will  be  unable  to  agree,  or  that  if  they  are, 
the  point  in  dispute  can  not  be  settled  by  diplomatic  negotiation,  but 
the  Government  of  the  l'nited  States  believes  ihat  in  agreeing  to  this 
arrangement  it  should  be  understood  in  advance  that  in  case  the  amount 
of  indemnity  is  ii.t  settled  by  the  joint  commission  of  experts  or  by 
diplomatic  negotiation  the  question  will  then  be  referred  to  an  umpire 
if  that  is  desired  by  tue  Government  of  the  United  States. 

Assuming  that  this  understanding  is  acceptable  to  the  f"i_erman  Gov- 
ernment, it  will  only  remain  for  the  Government  of  the  L'nited  States 
to  nominate  its  expert  to  act  with  the  expert  already  nominated  by 
the  German  (jovernment  on  the  joint  commission.  It  secrrs  desirable 
to  the  Government  of  the  L'nited  States  that  this  joint  commission  of 
experts  should  meet  without  delay  as  soon  as  the  .\meric.n  member  is 
named  and  that  its  meetings  should  be  held  in  the  Ui  ited  States, 
because,  as  pointed  out  in  my  note  to  you  of  April  30  last,  any  evidence 
which  the  German  Government  may  wish  to  have  produced  is  more 
acceptable  and  can  more  conveniently  be  examined  there  than  else- 
where. 

With  reference  to  the  agreetiient  to  submit  to  arbitration  the  question 
of  treaty  interpretation,  the  Government  of  the  United  States  notes 
that  in  answer  to  its  inquiry  whether,  jiending  the  arbitral  proceedings, 
the  (ierman  Government  will  govern  its  naval  operations  in  accordance 
with  the  German  or  American  interpretation  of  the  treaty  stipulations 
in  question,  the  reply  of  the  German  Government  is  that  it  "has  issued 
orders  to  the  German  naval  forces  not  to  destroy  .American  merchant- 
men which  have  loaded  conditional  contraband  even  when  the  condi- 
tions of  international  law  are  present,  but  to  permit  them  to  continue 
their  vnvage  unhindered  if  it  is  not  possible  to  take  them  into  port." 
and  that  "on  the  other  h.ind  it  must  reserve  to  itself  Jie  right  to  destroy 
vessels  carrying  absolute  cmtraband  whenever  such  destruction  i-  per- 
missible according  to  the  provisions  of  the  Declaration  of  I>ondon." 

Without  admitting  that  the  Declaration  of  Ix)ndon  is  in  force,  and 
on  the  understanding  that  the  requirement  in  Article  ."^0  of  the  Declara- 
tion that  "before  the  vessel  is  destroyed  al'  persons  on  board  must  be 
placed  in  safety"  is  not  satisfied  bv  merely  giving  them  an  opportunity 
to  escape  in  lifelniats,  the  Government  of  the  United  -States  is  willing, 
p<>nding  the  .irbitral  award  in  this  case,  to  .accept  the  Declaration  of 
London  as  the  rule  governing  the  conduct  of  the  Gennan  Government 
in  relation  to  the  treatment  nf  Americm  vessels  carrying  cargoes  of 
ahsiiinte  contrabatul.     <  >n  thi-  understanding  the  i 'nivevninent   of  the 


CASE  OF  THE  WILLIAM  P.  FRYE 


179 


United   States  agrees  to  refer  to  arbitration  this  .luestion  of  treaty 
interpretation.  ^ 

The  Government  of  the  United  States  concur,  in  the  desire  of  the 
imperial    (.erman   Government   tiiat   the   negotiations   relative   to   the 
signing  of  tlie  comproutis  referring  this  question  of  treaty  interpreta- 
tion to  arbitration  under  the  provisions  of  Article  52  of  The  Hamie 
Arbitration   Convention,    should    be   conducted   between    the    Gerrnan 
1-oreign  Office  and  tjie  American  Embassy  in  Berlin,  and  the  (Govern- 
ment of  the  Ln.ted  States  will  be  glad  to  receive  the  draft  compro- 
rn.se   which  you  inform  me  the  FM.rei.gn  Office  is  prepared  to  submit  to 
the  American  Ambassador  ,n  Rerlin.     Anticipating  that  it  may  be  con- 
venient for  the  Imperial  German  (Invernment  to  know  in  advance  of 
these  negotiations  the  preference  of  the  Governi..ent  of  the   United 
>tates  as  to  the  form  of  arbitration  to  be  arranged  for  in  the  com- 
promise   my  Government  desires  me  to  sav  that  it  would  prefer    if 
agreeable  to  the  Imperial  (Government,  that'  the  arbitration  should  be 
by  summary  proce.liire.  based  upon  the  provisions  of  Articles  86  to  90 
inclusive,   of   Th      Hague   Arbitration   Convention,    rather   than    the 
lc:iger  form  of  arbitration  before  the  Permanent  Com.  at  Tlie  Hague. 

Arrange  for  simultaneous  publication  of  this  note  at  earliest  date 
which  will  give  you  time  to  notify  the  Department. 

U.WSING. 


Ambassador  Gerard  to  the  Secretary  of  State 


No.  1964. 


Amkric.w  Emb.\ssy. 
Berlin.  December  3.   rgi^. 

Sir  :  With  reference  to  my  telegram  of  even  date'  and  to  previous 
correspondence  on  the  subject  of  the  claim  for  damage,  for  the  sinking 
of  the  Amencan  merchantman  IVilHam  P.  Frxe.  I  iiave  the  honor  to 
transmit  to  you  herewith  a  copy  and  translation  of  a  note  received 
from  the  Imi)erial  Foreign  Office,  date.l  November  20.  10^  which 
replies  to  a  note  which  I  addressed  to  the  Imperial  Foreign  Office  on 
OctolKr  14.  IQl.s.  pursuant  to  the  instructions  contained  in  vour  tele- 
gram No.  2291.  of  October  12.  1915. 

A  copy  and  translation  of  the  draft  of  a  comfromis  Mibmitted  by  the 
Imperial  (German  Govcniment  is  likewise  transmitted  herewith. 

I  liave.  etc., 

GFRARn. 

'  Not  printed. 


180 


DIPLOMATIC  CORRESPONDENCE 


[Inclosure— Translation] 
The  German  Minister  for  Foreiqn  Affairs  to  Ambassador  Gerard 

IJkrlin,  Xoi'eiiihcr  29,  1915. 
ihf  unclcrMi;n«i  l.as  the  honor  to  inform  his  Excellency,  Mr.  James 
W  C.erard,  Ambassador  of  the  United  States  ot  America,  in  reply  to 
the  note  of  October  14,  F.  O.  Xo.  ?071.  relative  to  mdemmty  for  the 
.inkin-  of  the  American  merchant  vessel  llilliam  P.  J-rye,  as  well  as 
to  the' settlement  by  arbitration  of  the  differ  ce  of  opinion  which  has 
ari>en  on  this  occasion,  as  follows:  •       r       .1        „,.cM 

With  re<-ard  hrst  to  the  ascertainment  of  indemnity  for  the  vessel 
sunk  the  (ierman  (k.vernment  is  in  agreement  with  the  Aniencan 
Government  in  principle  that  the  amount  of  damages  be  hxed  by  two 
experts  one  each  to  be  nominated  by  the  I  ierman  and  the  American 
Governments.  The  German  Government  regrets  that  it  can  not  comply 
with  the  wish  of  the  American  Ciovernment  to  have  the  exj^rts  meet 
in  Washington,  since  the  expert  nominated  by  it.  Dr.  Greve.  of  l.remen, 
director  of  the  North  German  Lloyd,  is  unable  to  get  away  trom  here, 
and  furthermore  wouUl  be  exposed  to  the  danger  of  capture  during  a 
vovasre  to  America  in  consctiuence  of  the  conduct  of  maritime  war  by 
Fn-lan,l  cmitrarv  to  international  law.  Should  the  American  expert 
like\N  i^e  be  unable  U>  get  away,  the  two  experts  might  perhaps  get  in 
touch  with  each  other  hv  correspondence. 

The  German  Government  likewise  regrets  that  it  can  not  assent  at 
this  time  to  the  nomination  of  an  umpire  as  desired  by  the  .\merican 
( .overiiment.  for  apart  from  the  fact  that  in  all  probability  the  experts 
will  reach  an  au'reement  in  the  case  of  the  (ri7/«n»  P.  Irye  with  the 
same  facilitv  a-  was  the  case  with  similar  negotiations  with  other 
neutral  G,.vernments.  the  assent  of  the  German  Government  to  the 
consnltati.m  of  an  umpire  would  depend  materially  upon  whether  the 
difference-  of  opinion  between  the  two  experts  pertained  to  questions 
of  principle  or  inerelv  to  the  appraisement  of  certain  articles.  The 
coiiMiltation  of  an  umpire  could  only  be  considered  at  all  in  the  case  of 
appraisements  of  this  nature. 

Sliould  the  American  Ciovernment  in-ist  on  its  demands  for  the  meet- 
ing of  the  experts  at  Washington  or  the  earlv  choice  of  an  umpire,  the 
onlv  alternative  wr.uld  be  to  arrange  the  fixing  of  damages  by  diplo- 
matic negotiation.  In  such  an  event  the  German  Government  begs  to 
await  the  transmission  of  a  -tateinent  of  ])articulars  of  the  various 
claims  for  damages  accompanied  by  the  necessary  proofs. 

With  reirard  to  the  arbitral  treatment  of  the  difference  of  opinion 
relative  to^he  interpretation  of  certain  stipulations  of  the  Prnssian- 
American  commercial  treaties,  the  German  Government  ha-  drawn  up 
the  incl(!se(l  draft  of  a  coinpromis,  which  would  have  to  be  wordeil  in 
the  Gennan  an<l  F.ngli'^h  languages  and  drawn  up  with  due  considera- 
tion of  the  two  .alternating  texts.  It  is  true  that  the  draft  does  not 
accommodate  the  sutrgestions  of  the  American  Government  so  far  as 


CASE  OF  THE  IV/LLLLM  P.  FRVE 


181 


it  is  not  in  accordance  with  the  rules  of  siimmarv  procedure  pro- 
vided by  chapter  4  of  The  Hague  Arbitration  Convention,  but  with 
the  rules  of  rejjular  procedure.  The  summary  procedure  is  naturally 
intended  only  for  differences  of  opinion  of  inferior  importance,  whereas 
the  (jennan  Government  attaches  very  particular  importance  to  the 
interpretation  of  the  Prussian-American  treaties  which  have  existed 
for  over  100  years.  Pursuant  to  the  agreement  made,  anv  propo.sed 
amendments  would  have  to  be  discussed  between  tin  1  oreign  Office 
and  the  American  Embassy,  and  oral  discussions  would  appear  to  be 
advisable. 

Until  the  decision  of  the  permanent  court  of  arbitration,  the  (lerman 
naval  forces  will  sink  only  such  American  vessels  as  are  loaded  with 
absolute  contraband,  when  the  preconditions  provided  by  the  Declara- 
tion of  r,ondon  are  present.  In  this  the  German  Government  quite 
shares  the  view  of  the  .American  Government  that  all  possible  care 
must  l)e  taken  for  the  security  of  the  crew  and  passengers  of  a  vessel 
to  be  sunk.  Consequently,  the  persons  found  on  board  of  a  vessel  mav 
not  be  ordered  into  her  lifeboats  except  when  the  general  conditions, 
that  is  to  say,  the  weather,  the  condition  of  the  sea,  and  the  neighbor- 
hood of  the  coasts  afford  absolute  certaintv  that  the  boats  wilT  reach 
the  nearest  port.  For  the  rest  the  German'  Government  Ix-gs  to  point 
out  that  in  cases  where  German  naval  forces  have  sunk  neutral  vessels 
for  carrying  contraband,  no  loss  of  life  has  yet  occurred. 

The  undersigned  begs  to  give  expression  to  the  hope  that  it  will  be 
posvible  for  the  two  Governments  to  reach  a  complete  understanding 
reirarding  the  case  of  the  JViUiam  P.  Pryc  on  the  above  basis,  and 
avails  himself  of  this  opportunity  to  renew  to  his  iLxcollencv,  the 
Ambassador,  the  assurance  of  his  highest  co.nsideration. 

\'nN"   I.\r,ow. 


[  Trail  ^l.ition] 
.XRIilTRATIO.V    CO.MI'ROMIS 

The  Imperial  German  Guverntuent  and  the  Government  nf  the  I'nited 
States  of  .America  having  reached  an  agreement  to  submit  to  a  court 
I  if  arbitration  the  difference  of  opinion  which  has  arisen,  occasioned 
In  the  sinking  of  the  American  merchant  vessel  Jl'illiciii  P.  /Vvr  by  a 
German  war-ship,  in  re^^pect  of  the  interpretation  of  certain  -tiimlations 
of  the  Pru-sian- American  treaties  of  amity  .-md  commerce,  the  under- 
signed, duly  aullKirized  fir  this  purpose,  have  agreed  to  the  following 
co)iif'ro)iiis: 

.Article  1 

A  C'lnrt  uf  arliitr.-ition  compiled  in  accordance  with  the  following 
-tipiil.-itioii-^  is  charged  with  the  decision  <if  the  legal  i|uesti()n: 

Whether  according  to  the  treaties  existing  between  the  parties  in 


182  DIPLOMATIC  CORRESPONDENCE 

particular  Aniclc  1.?  of  ihc  I'russian-Anierican  treaty  of  amity  and 
coirmiercc  of  July  11,  179*->,  the  belligerent  contracting  party  is  pre- 
vented from  sinking  merchant  vessels  of  the  neutral  contracting  ])arty 
for  carrying  contraband  when  such  sinking  is  permissible  acccjrding 
to  general  i)rinciples  of  international  law. 

Article  2 

The  court  of  arbitration  shall  be  composed  of  five  arbitrators  to  be 
ciiosen  among  the  members  of  the  permanent  tribunal  of  arbitration  at 
The  Hague. 

llach  Ciovernnicnt  will  choose  two  arbitrators,  of  whom  only  one  may 
be  a  national  of  such  country,  as  scx^n  as  possible,  at  the  latest  withni 
two  weeks  from  the  day  this  compromis  is  signed.  The  four  arbi- 
trators thus  nominated  shall  choose  an  umpire  within  four  weeks  after 
thev  have  been  notified  of  their  nomination ;  in  case  of  an  ecjual  vote 
the  president  of  the  Swiss  Federal  Council  shall  be  requested  to  select 
the  umpire. 

Article  3 

On  March  1.  1916,  each  party  shall  transmit  to  the  bureau  of  the 
permanent  tribunal  of  arbitration  18  copies  of  its  argument  with 
authenticatetl  copies  of  all  documents  and  correspondence  on  which  it 
intends  to  rely  in  the  case.  The  bureau  will  arrange  without  delay  for 
the  transmission  to  the  arbitrators  and  to  the  parties,  e.icb  arbitratur  to 
receive  two  copies,  each  party  three  copies.  Two  copies  shall  remain 
in  the  archives  of  the  bureau. 

On  May  1.  1916,  the  parties  shall  dei)osit  their  countcrcases  with 
the  supporting  evidence  and  their  statements  in  conclusion. 

Article  4 

F.ach  party  shall  deposit  with  the  international  bureau  at  ll;e  latest 
on  March  1,  191A,  the  sum  of  .1000  gulden  of  The  Xetherlands  toward 
the  costs  of  the  arbitral  procedure. 

Article  5 

The  court  of  arbitration  shall  meet  at  The  Hague  on  June  1.=^.  191(i, 
and  proceed  immediately  to  examine  the  dispute. 

Article  6 

The  parties  may  make  use  of  tlie  (lem  i-  or  the  F.ngli>h  language. 
The  nuinber>  of   the   court   may  use  th,    (lernian   or  the    Fngli>h 

l;mguage  as  thev  inav  choose.     The  decisinns  of  the  ci.urt   --hall  be 

written  in  both  languages. 


CASE  CF  THE  .Wi'AM 
Article  7 


183 


Each  party  shall  be  represented  by  a  special  aRent  whose  duty  shall 
be  to  act  as  an  intermediary  between  the  partv  and  the  court.  These 
agents  shall  furnish  the  court  any  explanations  which  the  court  may 
demand  of  them;  they  may  submit  any  le),'al  arf,'unients  which  they 
may  consider  advisable  for  the  defense  of  their  case. 

Article  o 

The  stipulations  of  the  convention  of  October  18.  1907,  for  the 
pacific  settlement  of  international  disputes,  shall  be  applied  to  this 
arbitral  procedure,  in  so  far  as  nothing  to  the  contrary  is  provided  by 
the  above  compromis. 

Done  in  duplicate  at  Berlin  on  the  day  of  


Case  of  the  British  Steamship  Appam,  captured  by  German  Naval 
Forces  and  brought  by  a  Prize  Crew  into  an  American  Port 

The  German  Ambassador  to  th?  Secretary  of  State 

(Translation) 
J.  Xr.  A  785.] 

CiERMAN  Embassy, 
il'ashhigton,  February  j,  iqi6. 

Mr.  Skcretarv  of  State:  I  have  the  honor  to  inform  Yout  Excel- 
lency that  the  British  steamer  Appam.  captured  by  the  Cerman  naval 
forces,  arrived  at  Newport  News,  \'a..  on  the  1st  o,'  this  month  under 
the  command  of  Lieut.  Ber^j  of  the  navy.  The  commanding  officer 
intends,  in  accordanc  with  Article  XIX  of  the  I 'russo- American  treaty 
of  September  10.  1785,  to  stay  in  an  .\merican  port  until  further  notice 

The  Appam  has  not  been  converted  into  an  auxiliary  .ruiser,  is  not 
armed,  and  has  made  no  prize  under  Mr.  Berg's  command  She  carrir s 
on  hoard  the  crews  of  seven  enemy  vessels  taken  by  11.  .M.  S.  Moetve 
who  have  been  transferred  to  her  by  that  ship. 

There  is  on  Imard  a  locked-up  military  jiarty  fif  the  enemy,  whose 
internment  in  the  L'nited  States  I  recpiest. 

The  crew  of  the  Appam  tried  to  offer  resistance  when  the  ship  was 


184 


DIPLOMATIC  CORRESPONDENCE 


captured,  as  the  guns  at  hand  were  already  in  place  and  trained  on 
the  German  warship.  The  members  of  the  crew  are  therefore  to  be 
looked  upon  likewise  as  combatants,  and  I  have  the  honor  to  ask  of 
Your  Excellency  tliat  they  too  be  detained  in  the  United  States  until 
the  end  of  the  war. 
Accept,  etc., 

J.  BhRNSTORFF. 


The  Secretary  of  State  to  the  British  Ambassador 

Dep.artmext  of  Statf., 
Washington,  February  j,  iqi6. 
Mv  DEAR  Mr.  A.mdassador:  Referring  to  our  conversation  of  to-day 
in  regard  to  the  steamer  Appam  now  at  Norfolk  in  charge  of  a  Germar. 
prize  crew,  1  have  received  from  the  collector  of  customs  in  Norfolk 
a  list  (copy  of  which  is  inclosed)'  of  persons  on  board  the  Appair. 
which  the  prize  master  asserts  are  in  the  militar>'  or  naval  service  of 
His  Britannic  Majesty  and  whom  he  believes,  therefore,  -hould  not  be 
released  from  his  vessel.    I  desire,  therefore,  to  ask  if  you  will  be  good 
enough  to  inform  me  as  to  whether  any  of  the  gentelmtn  named  on 
the  list  are  members  of  His  .Majesty's  armed  forces. 
I  am.  etc., 

Robert  Laxsint.. 


Memorandum  from  the  British  Embassy 


British  Embassy, 
Washington,  February  /,  ioi6. 
The  I'.ritish  Embassy  hai  the  honour  to  refer  to  the  rule  of  inter- 
national law  now  generally  recognised  and  embodied  in  .\rticles  21  and 
2o  of  The  Hague  Convention  NIII  of   l'X)7  and  to  request  that  the 
])rinciples  in  question  should  be  applied  to  the  Appam. 

These  principles  have  been  accepted  by  both  the  British  and  the 
I'nited  .'States  Governments.  The  Queen's  Proclamation  of  1861  inter- 
dictf  1  the  armed  ships  of  belligerents   from  carrying  prizes  made  by 

'  Xnt  prititc<i. 


CASK  OF  THE  API' AM 


185 


them  into  Uritish  ports,  harbours,  roadsteads,  or  waters,  a  measure  of 
which  the  Secretary  of  Stale  ui  the  Liiited  States  e.xpressed  his  ap- 
proval. 

In  the  report  of  the  American  dcu.Liaiei,  to  the  llai,'ue  Conference 
it  is  stated  that  while  Articles  21  and  22  seemed  unoi)jectionahle.  Article 
2i  (allowing  the  sequestration  of  prizes)  -was  objectional.lt  for  the 
reason  that  it  involves  a  neutral  in  participation  in  the  war  to  tlie  extent 
of  giving  asylum  to  a  prize  which  the  belligerent  may  not  be  able  to 
conduct  to  a  home  port.  This  article  represent.,  the  revival  of  an 
ancient  abuse  and  should  not  be  approved.  In  this  connection  it  is 
proper  to  note  that  a  propositi(jn  at)s.jlutely  forbidding  the  destruction 
of  a  neutral  prize,  which  was  vigorou.. y  supported  by  luigland  and  the 
United  States,  failed  of  adoption.  Had  the  proposition  been  adopted 
there  would  have  been  some  reason  for  authorizing  such  an  asylum  to 
be  afforded  in  the  case  of  neutral  prizes." 

This  declaration  shows  that  the  Prussian  treaty  of  17' '9  (by  which 
in  any  case  Creat  P.ritain,  not  being  party,  can  not  be  atTected)  was 
regarded  as  obsolete  and  inconsistei  with  modern  doctrines,  and  the 
fact  that  the  United  Stat.-s  ( .overnment  adhered  to  the  convention  while 
reserving  Article  _'3  shows  that  in  so  far  as  the  provisions  of  the  treatv 
of  1799  conflict  with  the  convention  they  are  regarded  as  overridden 
by  the  later  instrument. 

The  rule  embodied  in  Article  21  of  the  1907  Conventi.in  is  of  general 
application,  and  the  fact  that  ( Ireat  Hritain  has  not  -  itifu-d  the  conven- 
tion does  not  at^ect  the  obligation  of  the  fmted  .--t.u,  -  o  tre.t  ships 
and  property  of  all  nations  in  accordance  with  wh.i'  ''  ,  itur'  ►"  the 
Lnited   States   towards    the   convention    shows   tha       ,u\  i,.es 

regarded  as  the  general  rule. 

Relying  on  the  above  consideration-  this  Embas>v  -     ■  .  d  to 

request  that  if  the  Appam  is  regarded  by  the  L-n,ted  Stat,  -  •.  nt 

as  a  prize  she  should  be  restored  to  her  own.  r-  an  1  tli. 
interned. 

The   i'.ritish  Embassy  he-s  to  add  thnt  according  to  iiii-- 
ceived  the  captain  of  the  German  prize  crew  signalled  .m  ,,i  : 
tlie  ship  was  a  part  ,,f  the  armed  naval  f.Hxe  of  the  (ierni.ui  ,re. 

If  this  claim  is  advanced  the  United  States  Government  u;!!  .i 
deal  with  the  ship  arcorditu;  to  tlvir  recu^Mil-cf!  practice.     It",  h- 
she  is  regarded  as  a  prize,  this  I-„,h;i>sy  expresses  it>  entire  c.  -•  ^ 


186 


DH'l.OMATIC  CORRKSPOXDEN'CE 


that  she  will  not  be  allowed  to  leave  United  States  jurisdiction  under 
German  control  in  a  condition  which  would  enable  her  to  undertake 
oflfensive  action;  and  that  she  will  not  be  allowed  to  increase  or  aug- 
ment her  force  by  adding  to  her  armament  or  her  crew  or  by  transfer 
of  trained  men  to  the  ship  or  by  a  change  of  personnel  or  in  any  other 
manner.  The  British  Embassy  begs  to  add  that  the  claim  that  the  ship 
was  a  war  vessel  shows  that  if  allowed  by  the  L'nited  States  to  leave 
as  a  prize  under  (ierman  control  she  would  be  used  by  the  (lermans 
as  a  man-of-war ;  and  it  is  needless  to  remind  the  State  Department 
of  the  doctrine  accepted  by  both  our  (loverniiients.  under  which  the 
liritish  I  iovernment  woulo  be  compelled  to  hold  the  L'nited  States 
tiovernment  responsible  for  any  injury  which  she  may  inflict. 

Cecil  Spri.\(;  Rici:. 


Memorandum  from  the  German  'imbassy^ 

Telegram  from  the  German  Government  concerning  its  opinion  on 
Appam  case : 

"Appam  is  not  an  auxiliary  cruiser  but  a  prize.  Therefore  she 
must  be  dealt  with  according  to  Article  19  of  Prusso-American 
treaty  of  1799.  Article  21  of  Hague  Convention  concerning  neu- 
trality at  sea  is  not  applicable,  as  this  convention  was  not  ratified 
by  England  and  is  therefore  not  binding  in  present  war  according 
to  .Article  28.  The  above-mentioned  .\rticle  19  authorizes  a  prize 
ship  to  remain  in  .Vmericaii  ports  as  long  as  she  pleases.  Neither 
the  ship  nor  the  prize  crew  can  therefore  be  interned  nor  can  there 
be  question  of  turning  the  prize  over  to  English." 


M emorandum  from  the  British  Embassy 


Rritish  Emiiassv, 
Washington.  February  u.  Ii)j6. 
It  has  been  ascertained  from  .Vorfolk  that  no  restrictions  are  place! 
upon  persons  going  on  board  the  Appam  at  the  invitation  of  her  coni- 


'  Rrcoivi-d  at  the  Dejiartnunt  nf  St;;tf  February  X,  1910, 


CAS1-;  oi-  THI-:  .//'/■. m; 


187 


mander,  though  the  latter  reports  daily  to  the  collector  of  customs  that 
all  visitors  have  returned  to  the  shore. 

Ihe  iJntish  luiihassy  cannot  but  vie.v  this  arrangement  with  some 
anxiety  and,  referring  to  their  memorandum  of  1-ebruary  3rd.  beg  to 
reiterate  the  e.xpression  of  their  confidence  that  ade(|uate  precautions 
are  being  taken  with  a  view  to  preventing  any  increase  in  the  armament 
or  crew  of  the  ship  or  any  change  in  her  personnel  which  would  aug- 
ment her  force. 

The  present  notification  is  not  of  course  to  be  considered  as  a  re(|uest 
for  action  or  as  a  complaint,  but  is  made  in  fultilinent  of  the  duty  in- 
cumbent on  this  Embassy  to  inform  the  State  Department  at  once  of 
any  information  which  may  reach  them  relative  to  matters  appertaining 
lo  pending  questions  between  the  two  Governments. 


Memorandum  from  the  British  liiiibassx 

P.RITISII  Ilmmassv, 
Washington,  l-cbnmry  /j,  iqio. 
The  i'.ritish  Kmbassy  has  the  honour  to  inform  the  .State  Depart- 
n.ent  that  the  I'.ritish  ( iovernment  reserves  all  rights  under  accepted 
principles  pnd  practice  of  international  law  with  regard  to  the  Apfam. 
and  that  any  action  taken  in  the  matter  by  the  owners  in  maintenance 
(.f  their  interests  is  not  in  any  way  to  be  considered  as  prejudicing  any 
claim  advanced  or  to  be  advanced  by  the  Itritish  (iovernment. 


The  German  Amhassadur  to  the  Secretar 


y  of  St,iie 


Xr.  .\.  1293, 


(Ierm.w  I-:MIi,\SSV, 
Washingtcn.  I-'ebruarv  -'-'.  loin. 
My  de.\r  Mr.  Secri.tarv:  Lieut.  Hans  Berg,  of  the  Cenium  Im- 
perial Xavy  and  commander  of  H.  M.  S.  Affam,  now  lying  at  anchor 
near  Newport  News,  \a..  has  infromed  me  that  a  libel  was  filed 
against  said  vessel  in  the  United  States  District  Court  for  the  I^istern 
[district  of  X'irginia,  at  Norfolk,  on  the  16th  day  of  February.  1<)16, 
by  the  I'.ritish  and  African  Steam  Navigation  Co.,  Limited,  and  that! 


188 


DIPLOMATIC  CORRESPONDENCE 


under  the  authority  of  said  court,  he  has  been  cited  by  the  marshal  of 
the  eastern  district  of  \irginia  to  appear  before  said  court  on  Friday, 
the  3d  day  of  March.  1916.  to  answer  the  said  libel. 

As  the  Appam  was  captured  at  sea  by  a  German  man-of-war  and 
brought  to  the  Virginian  port  as  a  prize  ship  according  to  the  treaty 
existing  between  our  countries,  you  may  well  appreciate  my  surprise 
at  the  action  which  has  been  taken. 

Article  XIX  of  the  treaty  of  1799  between  Prussia  and  the  United 
States,  renewed  in  part  by  Article  XII  of  the  treaty  of  1828.  provides 
that  "the  vessels  and  effects  taken  from"  the  enemies  of  the  contractin;.? 
parties  ma}  be  carried  freely  wheresoever  they  please,  and  that  sucli 
prizes  shall  not  be  "put  under  legal  process  when  they  come  to  and 
enter  the  ports  of  the  other  party     .     .     ." 

In  view  of  the  terms  of  the  ti  .-aty.  I  am  at  a  loss  to  understand  why 
such  action  has  been  taken  by  a  court  of  your  country.  It  may  be 
argued  that  it  lias  been  because  Article  21  of  the  Hague  "Convention 
concerning  the  rights  and  duties  of  neutral  powers  in  naval  war"  is 
applicable.  This  article  provi'  ^  :  ".X  prize  may  only  be  brought  into 
a  neutral  port  on  account  of  unseaworthiness,  stress  of  weather,  or 
want  of  fuel  or  provisions." 

It  must  leave  as  soon  as  the  circumstances  which  justified  its 
entrv  are  at  an  end.  If  it  does  not  the  neutral  jxnver  nmst  order 
it  to  leave  at  once;  should  it  fail  to  obey  the  neutral  power  nuist 
employ  the  means  at  its  disposal  to  release  it  with  its  officers  and 
crew  and  to  intern  the  crew. 

r.ut  as  (Ireat  Britain  lias  not  ratified  the  convention  the  article  is  not 
binding,  for  the  reason  ih.it  Article  2S  pnivide^;  "Th  ■  pnivisions  of 
the  present  convention  do  not  api>ly  excejit  to  the  contracting  powers, 
and  then  only  if  all  the  belligerents  are  parties  to  the  convention." 

I'lesides.  the  Appam  tlies  ilu'  naval  flag  of  .iiid  belongs  to  the  <  ierni.-iu 
( loveriuiient.  and  therefore  the  possession  of  the  captors  in  a  neutral 
]>ort  is  the  ])ci-session  nf  their  suvereign.  The  sovereigTi  whose  ofiicer^ 
h.ive  e.i]>lure(l  th<-  vessel  a^  a  prize  <if  \\;ir  remains  in  possession  of 
iliU  vessel  .itid  h.is  full  jiDwer  over  her.  The  neutral  sovereign  or  its 
cimrl  can  I.ike  no  cou'niz.inee  of  the  <]uestion  of  i)rize  or  no  prize  and 
can  ii"I  \\''esi  frnni  the  jin^seNsinn  nf  the  ca]U(ir  a  ])rize  of  war  lirnughi 
ii\t(i  its  jMirts. 


;<^  ^t^^^'^^s-'v^^fr^mi 


CASK  OF  THE  .U'I'.IM 


189 


Tlie  position  which  I  take  is  fully  >upported  by  an  opinion  of  the 
Attorney  <  leneral  of  the  L'nited  States  (7  (  )p.,  122),  the  syllabus  of 
which  recites  that  a  "foreign  ship  of  war  or  any  prize  of  hers  in  com- 
mand of  a  public  ofificer  possesses  in  the  ports  of  the  L'nited  States  the 
ri>,'ht  of  exterritoriality  and  is  not  subject  to  the  local  jurisdiction." 

I  would  therefore  most  respectfully  protest  against  the  action  of  the 
L'nited  States  District  Court,  and  re(|uist  that  you  may  ask  the  At- 
torney tieneral  to  instruct  the  L'nited  States  District  Attorney  for  the 
-.astern  District  of  X'irginia  to  ajipear  before  the  L'nited  States  Dis- 
trict Court  and  take  such  steps  as  may  be  necessary  and  proper  to 
secure  the  prompt  dismissal  of  the  libel. 
1  am.  etc., 

J.  BlTR.N'STOHFF. 


The  Secretary  of  State  to  the  German  Ambassador 


Dki'artmknt  of  Ststk, 
IVashithitoii,  March  2.  iqi6. 

I'.N(FIJ,F,\,  \  :  1  lia\c  the  honor  td  aiknnuli-dge  tile  receipt  of  \'our 
Excellency's  note  of  the  Jd  of  February,  informing  me  that  the  Hritish 
steamer  .If'f'am.  cajnured  by  the  <  ierman  naval  forces,  had  arrived  at 
.Vorfolk  under  the  command  of  Lieut.  I'.erg.  of  the  Imperial  derman 
Xavy.  who  intends,  in  accordance,  as  he  believe^,  with  .\rticie  XIX  of 
the  i'rus-ian-.\merican  treaty  of  17'»0,  to  remain  in  .\nierican  waters 
until  f-.irther  notice,  and  that  the  Appam  ha>  not  been  converted  into 
an  auxiliary  cruiser,  is  not  armed,  and  has  taken  no  prizes  under  I.ieiu. 
r!erg"s  command.  In  conclusion  ^'our  ICxcellency  re(|uests  internment 
in  the  l'nited  States  during  the  remainder  of  the  war  of  a  militarv 
jiarty  belonging.  Your  I^.xcellency  states,  to  the  enemy  of  Cermanv  and 
also  the  internment  of  the  crew  of  the  Appam.  inasmuch  a<  they  olTered 
resistance  to  capture  by  Ilis  Majestv's  forces, 

I  have  the  honor  also  to  acknowledge  the  reccijit  of  Your  F.xcel- 
iency's  note  of  I'ebruary  22.  calling  my  attention  to  a  libel  wliich  ha> 
l-.een  tiled  against  the  Appaui  by  the  l'nited  States  District  (  ourt  on 
I'ebni.iry  Id  by  the  P.ritish  and  African  Steam  Xavigation  (  o.,  [.iniiteij. 
and  to  the  f.ict  that  lient,  I'.en,'  ba-  been  citeil  to  appear  before  the 
emtrt  on   March  .^  next  to  answi  r  this  libi  I      N'our  l-.xccllency  pnini  • 


190 


DIPLOMATIC  CORRF.Sl'ONDHNCK 


out  that  in  view  of  the  terms  of  Article  XIX  of  the  treaty  of  \79^  and 
of  the  inoperation  of  The  Hague  Convention  relating;  to  neutral  ri},'ht^ 
and  duties  in  naval  warfare,  you  are  at  a  loss  to  understand  why  such 
action  has  been  taken  in  this  country.  Your  F.xcellency,  moreover, 
asserts  in  effect  that  as  the  Appam  flies  the  naval  flag  of  and  beltjnj^s 
to  the  (German  Government,  and  as  the  possession  of  the  captors  is 
the  possession  of  their  sovereign,  "the  neutral  sovereign  or  its  court 
can  take  no  cognizance  of  the  question  of  prize  or  no  prize  and  can 
not  wrest  from  the  possession  of  the  captor  a  prize  of  war  brought  into 
its  ports."  Your  Kxcellency,  in  conclusion,  protests  against  the  action 
of  the  court  and  requests  that  the  Attorney  (ieneral  instruct  the  proper 
I'nited  States  District  .Attorney  to  take  such  steps  as  may  be  necessary 
and  proper  to  secure  the  prompt  dismissal  of  the  iihcl. 

.\rticle  XIX  of  the  treaty  of  17')0.  to  which  Your  I-:xccllency  refers, 
reads  as  follows : 

Tile  vessels  of  war.  public  and  private,  of  liotb  parties,  shall 
carry  (coiidiiirr)  freely,  wheresoever  they  please,  the  vessels  and 
effects  taken  (pris)  from  their  enemies,  without  being  obli>,ed  to 
pay  any  duties,  charges,  or  fees  to  officers  of  admiralty,  of  the 
customs,  or  any  others;  nor  shall  such  ()rizes  (prises)  be  arrested,' 
searched,  or  put  under  legal  process,  when  they  come  to  and  enter 
the  ports  of  the  other  party,  but  may  freely  Ik-  carritd  (condiiitcs) 
out  again  at  any  time  by  their  captors  He  Z'aissrau  prcncur)  to  the 
places  expressed  in  their  commissions,  wnicli  the  commanding 
officer  of  such  vessel  ( /.'  dit  zaissrnii)  shall  be  obliged  to  show. 
Hut  conformably  to  the  treaties  existing  between  the  I'nited  .States 
and  (ireat  Britain,  no  vessel  (raisscaii)  that  shall  have  made  a 
prize  { prise)  upon  British  subjects  shall  have  a  right  to  shelter 
in  the  ports  of  the  United  States,  but  if  ( ;7  est)  forced  therein  by 
tempests,  or  any  other  danger  or  accideiU  of  the  sea.  they  ( il  sera) 
shall  be  obliged  to  depart  as  soon  as  jiossible. 

This  translation  is  taken  from  the  published  tre.aties  of  the  I'nited 
States,  and  while  not  ci informing  strictly  to  the  original  I'rench  text 
(copy  of  which  is  inclosed*,  is  sufficiently  accurate  for  the  purposes 
of  this  note.  At  the  outset  it  may  tie  (xiinted  out  thit  as  the  object 
of  this  provision  was  to  mollify  the  existing  practice  of  nations  .-'.s  to 
asylum  for  prizes  brought  into  neutral  ports  by  men-of-war.  it  is  sub- 
ject to  a  strict  interpretation  when  it^  jirivileges  are  invoked  in  a  given 
cas(  in  moditlration  of  the  established  rule.  ]'y  a  reason.ible  interpre- 
tntioii  of    \rticle  XIX,  however,  it  s.^ms  cle.ir  that  it  is  ,ip|)lieable  only 


'^^smMn^^r^-x*^"-: 


CASK  OF  THF.  At'l'.lM 


191 


to  prizes  which  are  brought  into  American  ports  by  vessels  of  war. 
The  Appam,  however,  as  Your  Excellency  is  aware,  was  not  accom- 
panied by  a  ship  of  war,  but  came  into  the  port  of  Xortolk  alone  in 
charge  of  a  prize  master  and  crew.  .Moreover,  the  treaty  article  allows 
to  capt'-ring  vessels  the  privile,!,'es  of  carrying  out  their  ])rizes  again 
'to  the  places  expressed  in  their  comniis>~ions."  The  commissions  re- 
ferred to  are  manifestly  those  of  the  captor  vessels  which  accompany 
prizes  into  port  and  not  those  of  the  officers  of  the  prizes  arriving  in 
port  without  convoy,  and  it  is  clear  that  the  port  of  refuge  was  not  to 
be  made  a  port  of  ultimate  destination  or  indefinite  asylum.  In  the 
case  of  the  Appam  the  commission  of  Lieut.  I!erg.  a  C(jpy  of  which  was 
given  to  the  collector  of  customs  at  Norfolk,  not  only  is  a  commission 
of  a  prize  master,  but  directs  him  to  bring  the  Appam  to  the  nearest 
American  port  and  "there  to  lay  her  up."  In  the  opinion  of  the  ( iovern- 
ment  of  the  L'nited  States,  therefore,  the  case  of  the  Appam  does  not 
fall  within  the  evident  meaning  of  the  treaty  provision  which  contem- 
plates temporary  asylum  for  vessels  of  war  accompanying  prizes  while 
en  route  to  the  places  named  in  the  commander's  commission,  but  not 
the  deposit  of  the  spoils  of  war  in  an  .American  port.  In  this  interpreta- 
tion of  the  treaty,  which  I  believe  is  the  only  one  warranted  by  the 
terms  of  the  provision  and  by  the  British  treaties  referred  to  in  .\rticle 
XIX,  and  by  other  contemporaneous  treaties,  the  Government  of  the 
L'nited  States  considers  itself  free  from  any  obligation  to  accord  the 
Appam  the  privileges  stipulated  in  .\rticle  XIX  of  the  treaty  of  1799. 

L'nder  this  construction  of  the  treaty  the  Appam  can  enjoy  only  those 
privileges  usunlly  granted  by  maritime  nations,  including  (Germany,  to 
prizes  of  war,  namely,  to  enter  neutral  ports  only  in  case  of  stress  of 
weather,  want  of  fuel  and  provisions,  or  necessity  of  repairs,  but  to 
leave  as  soon  as  the  cause  of  their  entry  has  been  removed. 

As  to  the  grounds  upon  which  the  application  for  the  libel  of  the 
Appam  by  the  l'nited  States  court  was  made,  this  Department  has  no 
direct  information;  but  it  is  understood  that  the  libelant  contend-;  that 
the  Appam  is  not.  assimiJ!!;,'  that  it  is  a  prize  of  the  Cernian  Covern- 
nient,  the  property  of  tiiat  ( iovernnient.  but  that,  on  the  contrary,  the 
title  to  the  vessel  is  now  properly  in  the  Rriti<h  owner-  Whether  in 
the>ie  circumstances  the  l'nited  States  murt  has  properly  or  impniperly 
assumed  jurisdiction  of  the  ca<e  and  taken  custody  of  the  ship  is  a 
l<-gal  question  v  hich.  accordmi:  to  Amcricin  practice,  nuist  now  be  de- 
cided  by   the  niimicij>al   courts   of   this  country.      With   the  purpose. 


192 


DIPLOMATIC  CORRESrOXDENXE 


however,  of  having  Your  Excellency's  views  as  to  this  matter  brought 
to  the  attention  of  the  court,  I  have  transmitted  your  note  of  February 
22  to  the  Attorney  General,  with  a  request  that  he  instruct  the  United 
States  District  .'  cney  to  appear  in  the  case  as  amicus  curia  and 
present  to  the  coui    a    opy  of  Your  Excellency's  note. 

As  to  the  internment  of  the  military  party  which  Your  Excellency 
states  was  on  board  the  .Ippuiii,  as  well  as  the  officers  and  crew  who 
offered  resistance  to  capture  by  His  Majesty's  ships,  I  have  the  honor 
t(j  inform  you  that  the  (.iovernment  has.  after  due  consideration,  con- 
cluded that  they  should  be  released  from  detention  on  board  the  Appam, 
together  with  their  ])ersonal  effects. 
Accept,  etc.. 

RollEKT  La.nsinu. 


The  Gcruian  Ambassador  to  the  Secretary  of  State 


J.  Xr.  .\,  1829.]  CiEKMAN-  Emb.assv, 

irashiiiiitoii,  March  /./,  igiO. 

Mv  i)i:.\u  Mk.  SelKICTAKV  :  Referring  to  previous  correspondence  in 
regard  to  H.  .\I.  S.  .Ippaiii,  I  am  informed  hy  our  counsel  that  the 
.State  and  Treasury  Departments,  mainly  through  the  collector  of  cus- 
toms, have  been  requesting  the  District  Court  of  the  L'nited  States 
for  the  I-'asteni  District  of  Virginia  to  guard  against  two  things :  (  1  i 
An  augment;ition  of  the  crew  of  the  Appam;  and  (2)  an  attempt  on 
her  part  to  e.^cape ;  and  that  such  action  would  tend  to  disturb  the 
peace  of  mind  of  the  court. 

While  I  can  not  understand  on  what  theory  the  court  can  he  asked 
to  have  anything  to  do  with  (juesticins  of  augmentation,  I  can  readily 
appreciate  its  desire  to  prevent  any  possible  escape  so  long  as  court  pro- 
ceedings are  pending. 

In  view  of  the  action  of  the  Dep.irtments.  the  court  a])pears  tm- 
willing  to  permit  the  ship  to  continue  in  the  stream  with  only  two 
keepers,  and  has  requested  counsel  to  consent  to  her  removal  to  a  whTt 
ir  some  safer  anchorage. 

T.ieut.  F'.erj,'  object-;  to  her  beint^  t.iken  to  a  wharf  on  account  of 
inrriased  dilTKulty  of  controllinir  his  crew,  the  dantrer  of  annoyance 
from  curiiKity  seekers,  and  the  piwsihility  of  injury  from  hostile  sources- 

r.ecause  of  the  divergent  wishes  in  thi*;  re--]iect,  1  Vielicve  that  the 


CASK  OF  THE  Al'PAM 


193 


court  will  be  fully  satisfied,  and  at  the  same  time  Lieut.  Herg  can  carry 
out  his  wishes,  if  I  now  assure  you,  as  I  do,  that,  while  reserving  all 
the  rights  of  the  German  Government  in  this  case,  both  before  the 
court  and  in  our  diplomatic  negotiations,  and  with  a  further  reserva- 
tion that  such  assurance  and  agreement  shall  be  without  prejudice  to 
the  defense,  no  change  shall  be  made  in  the  status  quo  with  respect  to 
augmentation  of  the  crew  or  eqtiipment  that  might  be  considered  a 
breach  of  neutrality,  and  that  no  attempt  to  run  the  vessel  away  will 
be  made  so  long  as  said  ship  remains  under  the  custody  of  said  court. 

I  would  therefore  most  respectfully  request  that  you  may  communi- 
cate my  assurance  to  the  Treasury  Department,  and  that  both  Depart- 
ments may  communicate,  through  the  proper  officers,  with  the  court 
and  inform  it  that,  in  view  of  my  assurance,  they  have  no  further  re- 
quests to  make  along  this  line  at  the  present  time,  and  that  for  the 
present  it  would  not  appear  to  be  necessary  that  the  ship  be  removed 
to  a  wharf. 

In  my  note  of  February  22  I  requested  you  to  ask  the  Attorney 
CJeneral  to  instruct  the  United  States  District  Attorney  for  the  Eastern 
District  of  Virginia  to  appear  before  the  United  States  District  Court 
and  take  such  .steps  as  may  be  necessary  and  proper  to  secure  the 
dismissal  of  the  libel.  At  a  hearing  held  before  said  court  at  Richmond, 
\'a..  on  March  /,  said  attorney  appeared  and  presented  a  copy  of  ni} 
^aid  note  of  February  22  to  you,  but  did  not  ask  for  the  dismissal  of 
the  libel.  In  view  of  this  fact,  and  believing  at  this  time  that  his  pres- 
ence in  said  court  will  not  be  further  necessary  for  assisting  in  arriving; 
at  a  solution  of  the  case,  I  would  most  respectfully  request  that  you 
may  ask  the  Attorney  (jeneral  to  instruct  him  not  to  appear  further 
without  securing  expre'^s  instructions  sn  to  do  for  such  special  reasons 
as  your  ( ".overnnient  may  have  for  so  atitlnirizing  hini. 
I  am.  etc. 

J.  BlRNSTOkll'. 


The  German  .hubassadur  t,i  the  Secretarv  af  Stale 

I  Translation  I 

J    \'r.  .X.  1727. 1  (iF.RM.w  l'.Mn.\ssv, 

U':ishin(iton,  Mareh   ic>.  iqic>. 
In  reply  to  your  kind  note  of  the  2d  instant.  1  have  the  lidiior,  in 
compliance  with  instructions,  to  submit  to  you  the  incl(>se(i  iiunionui- 


194  DIPLOMATIC  CORRESPONDENCE 

dum  of  the  Imperial  Government  on  the  subject  that  has  been  received 

by  me.  .,  ,, 

Should  the  Government  of  the  United  States  fa.l  to  concur  m  th.- 
Imperial  Government's  interpretation,  the  Imperial  Government  would 
propose  that  the  construction  of  the  treaty  in  question  be  referred  .o 
the  Hague  Court  of  Arbitration  in  the  same  way  as  the  Imperial 
Government  proposed  in  the  IVUliam  P.  Fryc  case  in  Secretary  of  State 
von  Jagow-s  note  of  November  29  last,  to  Mr.  Gerard,  ambassador  o: 
the  United  States  at  Berlin,  provided  that  the  status  quo  of  the  .steam- 
ship Appam  will  remain  unchanged  throughout  the  arbitration  proceed- 
ings and  that  the  steamer  will  be  allowed  to  remain  with  her  prize 
crew  in  an  .American  port  during  that  time. 

Accept,  etc., 

J.  Ber.nstorff. 


[Inclosure] 
MEMORANDUM 


J   Xr  A  1727/16.1  German  Embassy. 

The  Imperial  (^.overnmem  does  not  consider  correct  the  interpreta- 
tion of  the  Department  of  State  of  .\rticle  19  of  the  treaty  of  1/99  as 

given  in  the  note. 

The  Department  of  State  criticized  that  the  Appam  was  not  brought 
into  port  by  a  warship,  but  arrived  only  with  a  prize  crew  on  board. 
The  treatv  of  1799.  referring  to  prizes  accompanied  by  a  warship, 
speaks  of' course,  of  commercial  warfare  as  it  was  usual  in  those  times 
and  which  could  be  carried  on  l>y  both  parties  only  by  privateers.  This 
made  it  neces>arv  tliat  the  prize  was  brought  into  port  by  the  capturing 
vessel  The  development  of  modern  cruiser  warfare,  where,  as  a  rule, 
the  warship  sends  her  prize  into  port  by  a  military  prize  crew,  can  not 
render  the  stipulations  of  .\rticle  19  of  said  treaty  null  and  void.  The 
prize  masters  and  prize  crew,  who  represent  the  authority  of  the  bel- 
ligerent State,  now  take  the  i)lace  which  the  capturing  vessel  held  form- 
erly That  Mich  stipulations  are  not  in  contradiction  to  the  general 
rules  of  international  law.  and  that,  therefore,  the  treaty  is  not  subject 
to  the  especially  Mricl  interpretation  given  to  it  by  the  Department  of 


CASE  OF  THE  Al'PAM 


195 


State,  is  proved  by  Article  23  of  the  Hague  Convention  regarding 
neutrality  on  sea,  which  was  adopted  by  a  great  majority,  although 
under  reservation  by  the  United  States,  Great  Britain,  and  Japan. 

The  Department  of  State  missed  in  the  commission  of  Lieut.  Re-' 
an  order  to  take  the  prize  into  a  (ierman  port,  as  it  is  ur.wiiiing  to 
admit  the  permanent  internment  of  the  German  prize  in  an  American 
port  as  a  consequence  of  the  treaty.  As  proved  by  the  last  but  obsolete 
sentences  of  Article  19  of  the  treaty  of  1785  and  Article  19  of  tlie 
treaty  of  179<),  the  object  of  Article  19  is  to  grant  asylum  or  shelter 
to  prizes  of  one  contracting  party  in  the  ports  of  the  other  party.  The 
asylum  naturally  continues  only  as  long  as  the  prize  crew  is  on  board 
and  the  danger  of  being  captured  by  enemy  naval  forces  exists.  Both 
premises  prevail  in  this  case.  Lieut.  l!erg.  an  officer  of  the  Imperial 
Xavy,  was  commissioned  by  the  commander  of  a  German  warship  to 
seek  with  his  prize  in  an  American  port  the  asykmi  guaranteed  by  the 
treaty.  The  opinion  of  the  Department  of  State  that  the  commission 
must  mention  a  German  port  of  destination  for  the  prize  is  unfounded, 
as  .\rticle  19  only  provides  the  freedom  of  the  prize  to  leave  for  the 
places  which  are  named  in  tiie  commission,  but  does  not  make  the  right 
of  asylum  depend  on  such  port  being  mentioned.  Such  an  indication 
seems  superfluous  if  the  prize  is  conducted  by  a  prize  crew  mustered 
^rom  the  Imperial  Xavy,  for  such  crew  has  to  bring  the  prize  into  a 
(ierman  port  as  soon  as  possible.  .\t  present  the  claim  for  asylum 
naturally  still  exists,  considering  the  uneven  distribution  of  the  domina- 
tion of  the  seas  between  the  belligerents. 

.As  long  as  the  right  of  asylum  lasts  the  jurisdiction  of  American 
courts  over  the  prize  is  formally  excluded  by  .Article  19;  a  German 
prize  court  alone  is  competent.  The  opinion  of  the  Department  of 
State  that  the  American  courts  nmst  decide  about  the  claims  of  the 
British  shipping  company  is  incompatible  with  the  treaty  stipulations. 
It  is  therefore  respectfully  requested  that  the  prize  crew  should  be 
permitted  to  remain  in  the  .American  port,  and  also  that  the  legal 
sti'iis  before  an  American  court  should  be  suspended. 


196 


DIPLOMATIC  CORRESPONDENCE 
British  Ambassador  to  the  Secretary  of  State 


British  Embassy, 
IVashington,  March  31,  igK^- 
Mv  DEAR  Mr.  Secretary:  On  February  3rd,  last,  I  had  the  honour, 
under  instructions  from  my  Government,  to  request  that  if  the  Apjam 
were  regarded  by  the  United  States  Government  as  a  prize  she  should 
be  restored  to  her  owners  and  the  prize  crew  interned. 

Since  that  date  it  has  come  to  my  knowledge  that  a  proceeding  has 
been  brought  in  the  Admiralty  Court  of  the  United  States  by  the 
owners  of  the  vessel  for  its  restitution  and  that  the  court  has  taken 
jurisdiction  of  the  suit.  It  appears  that  the  vessel  had  been  detained 
•  in  an  American  port  by  the  prize  crew  for  more  than  two  weeks  before 
suit  was  instituted.  I  am  informed  that  the  vessel  was  in  a  seaworthy 
condition  when  brought  into  port  and  that  the  time  which  e  apsed 
before  the  beginning  of  the  suit  was  more  than  sufficient  to  supply  any 
deficiencies  of  coal  and  provisions.  The  detention  of  the  vessel  for 
such  a  period  of  time  was  therefore  a  violation  of  the  neutrality  of  the 
United  States  under  the  law  of  nations  as  expressed  in  Articles  1 
and  22  of  Convemion  XIII  as  formulated  at  The  Hague  in  1907  and  as 
previously  understood  and  applied  among  the  nations. 

I  understand  that  the  Admiralty  Courts  of  the  United  States  have 
jurisdiction  to  decree  the  restitution  to  the  owners  of  a  prize  brought 
,nto  an  American  port  by  a  belligerent  captor  when  there  has  been  a 
violation  of  American  neutrality  on  the  part  of  the  captor.  It  seem, 
to  me  desirable  and  proper  that  such  violation  of  American  neutrality 
.hould  be  called  to  the  courfs  attention,  not  only  by  the  private  owners 
of  the  captured  vessel  but  also  by  the  official  representatives  of  the 
L'nited  States  (Government. 

1  have  the  honour  to  request  that  if  the  United  States  ( .overnmen 
do  not  see  their  way  clear  to  direct  by  executive  order,  as  suggested 
in  n,v  note  above  referred  to.  the  return  of  the  vessel  to  her  British 
ow.uT..  instructions  mav  be  ;.nven.  should  there  be  no  objection,  to  the 
nn,,.er  representatives  of  the  Department  of  Justice  of  the  Lnitcd 
V.aus  to  appear  in  their  official  capacity  before  the  United  States 
District  Court  for  the  Kastern  District  of  Virginia,  in  which  the  suit 
for  the  recovery  of  the  steamship  .•^^^<Im  is  pending,  and  to  represent 
to  that  court  on  behalf  of  the  Government  of  the  United  States  that 


CASE  OF  THE  APPAM 


197 


the  detention  of  the  steamship  Appam  under  the  circumstances  above 
set  forth  constituted  a  violation  of  the  neutrality  of  the  United  States 
and  apply  to  the  court  to  direct  the  return  of  the  vessel  to  her  owners 
upon  due  proof  of  their  ownership  and  of  the  facts  constituting  the 
violation  of  neutrality  above  set  forth. 
I  am,  etc. 

Cecil  Si'ri.nc,  Rici:. 


The  Secretary  of  State  to  the  British  Ambassador 


Dei'.xrtmf.xt  of  Stati' 
ll''ashiH(/ton,  April  _;,  /p/ft. 

Mv  Di:.\R  Mr.  Amh.sssaihjk  :  I  have  received  your  torniai  note  of  the 
31st  ultimo,  in  which  you  ro(iuest  that  as  the  Appam  had  violated  the 
neutrality  of  the  United  States  by  her  staying  in  port  up  to  the  begin- 
ning  of  the  suit  now  pending  against  her,  such  violation  of  American 
neutrality  be  called  to  the  court's  attention  by  the  proper  representatives 
of  the  Department  of  Justice  on  behalf  of  the  r.overnnicnt  of  the 
L'nited  States,  and  that  application  be  made  to  the  court  to  direct  the 
return  of  the  vessel  to  the  owners  upon  due  proof  of  their  ownership 
and  of  the  facts  constituting  a  violation  of  neutrality. 

In  reply,  allow  me  to  say  that  as  the  vessel  was  in  .American  juris- 
diction up  until  the  time  of  the  filing  of  the  suit  against  her.  pending 
consideration  of  the  question  as  to  whether  she  was  entitled  to  the 
privileges  claimed  for  her  by  the  (ierman  Government  by  virtue  of 
Article  19  of  the  treaty  of  1799,  and  as  this  Government  reached  a 
decision  on  that  question  only  after  the  libel  had  been  filed.  I  am 
unable  to  accept  your  suggestion  that  the  presence  of  the  Appam  in 
.■\merican  waters,  in  the  circumstances,  constituted  a  violation  of  the 
neutrality  of  the  United  States.  Holding  this  view.  I  regret  that  I  am 
unable  to  comply  with  your  request  to  have  oflRcial  representations 
made  to  the  court  in  the  sense  of  your  note  under  acknowledgment. 
I  am,  etc., 

RopERr  Lamsing. 


198  DIPLOMATIC  CORRESPONDENCE 

The  Sccrctarx  of  State  to  the  Gcr}nan  Ambassador 

\o.  2217.] 

Department  of  State, 

Washington,  April  j,  igi6. 
KxcKi.LENCY :  I  have  the  honor  to  acknowledge  the  receipt  of  your 
note  of  the   16th  ultimo,  inclosing  a  memorandum  of  the  Imperial 
Ciernian  Government  on  the  subject  of  the  Appam,  now  at  Norfolk. 
The  memorandum  of  the  Imperial  Government  contends,  in  brief,  that 
.Article  19  of  the  treaty  of  1799  "speaks,  of  course,  of  commercial  war- 
fare as  it  was  usual  in  those  times  and  which  would  be  carried  on  by 
both  parties  only  by  privateers,"  and  that  the  development  of  modern 
cruiser  warfare,  in  which  a  prize  master  and  crew  representing  the 
authority  of  a  belligerent  State  now  take  the  place  which  the  convoying 
vessel  formerly  held,  should  govern  the  present  interpretation  of  the 
treaty.    The  Government  of  the  United  States  agrees  with  the  German 
Government's  statement  that  the  treaty  speaks  of  a  mode  of  warfare 
in  use  at  the  time  the  treaty  was  negotiated.     It  is  precisely  for  this 
reason  that  the  Government  of  the  United  States  does  not  believe  that 
the  treaty  was  intended  to  apply  to  circumstances  of  modern  warfare 
which  are  essentially  different  Trom  those  in  vogue  at  the  close  of  the 
eighteenth  century.    The  Government  of  the  United  States  does  not 
understand  upon  what  ground  the  Imperial  Government  contends  that 
a  treaty  granting  concessions  under  specifically  mentioned  circumstances 
can  be  construed  to  apply  to  a  situation  involving  other  and  different 
circumstances.     To  grant  limited  asylum  in  a  neutral  port  to  a  prize 
accompanied  by  the  capturing  vessel  is  not  the  granting  of  a  right  of 
"laying  up"  in  a  neutral  port  a  prize  which  arrives  in  the  control  of  a 
prize  master  and  crew. 

Your  Excellency's  Government  further  contends  that  Article  19, 
besides  being  applicable  to  modern  conditions,  is  not  contrary  to  the 
general  rules  of  international  law,  and  therefore  not  subject  to  a  re- 
stricting interpretation,  and  in  support  of  this  cites  as  declaratory  of 
the  general  rules  of  international  law  Article  23  of  Hague  Convention 
XIII.  .\s  indicated  by  the  Imperial  (iovemment,  the  L'nited  States 
did  not  in  the  case  of  this  convention,  and  never  has,  assented  to  the 
^equestration  of  prizes  in  its  ports.  The  ground  of  this  position  of  the 
United  States  is  that  it  does  not.  in  the  opinion  of  this  (iovernment, 


CASI-  OF  THP:  APr.lM 


i<>y 


comport  with  the  obligations  of  a  neutral  power  to  allow  its  ports  tu 
be  used  either  as  a  place  of  indefinite  refuge  for  belligerent  prizes  or  as 
a  place  for  their  setiuestration  during  the  jjroceedings  of  prize  courts. 
The  contention  of  the  (iovernnient  of  the  L'nite''  States  in  its  note  of 
March  2  in  this  case  is  consistent  with  this  long-established  and  well- 
known  policy  of  the  American  ( iovernment.  in  the  light  of  which  the 
treaty  of  1799  was  negotiated  and  has  been  enforced  and  applied. 
I'rovlded  the  vessel  enters  an  American  port  accompanied  by  a  (ierman 
naval  vessel,  Article  19  contemplates  in  the  view  of  this  Ciovernment 
merely  temporary  sojourn  of  the  prize  in  an  American  port  and  not  its 
sequestration  there  pending  the  decision  of  a  prize  court. 

Holding  the  view  that  Article  19  is  not  applicable  to  the  case  of  the 
Appam,  this  Government  does  not  consider  it  necessary  to  discuss  the 
contention  of  the  Imperial  (Iovernment  that  under  Article  19  .American 
courts  are  without  jur.sdiction  to  interfere  with  the  prize,  and  for 
the  same  reason  it  can  not  accede  to  the  request  that  the  "legal  steps 
before  an  American  court  should  Ix  suspended." 

In  Your  Exc  lency's  note  transmitting  the  memorandum  of  your 
Government  roposed  that  should  this  Government  fail  to  concur 

in  the  contentic  of  the  Imperial  Government  the  'onstruction  of  the 
treaty  in  question  be  referred  to  the  Hague  Coi.  "^ -"bitration  in 

the  same  way  as  the  Imperial  Government  has  propo  !o  in  the 

William  P.  I'rye  case,  provided  that  the  status  quo  of  tlit  .Ippam  re- 
main unchanged  throughout  the  a.  titration  proceedings  and  that  the 
steamer  be  allowed  to  remain  with  her  prize  crew  in  an  American  port 
during  that  time.  It  is  regretted  that  this  proposal  which  appeals  to 
the  principle  of  arbitration,  of  which  this  Government  is  an  earnest 
advocate,  can  not  be  accepted  in  this  particular  case  by  the  Government 
of  the  United  States.  Its  acceptance  would  manifestly  defeat  the  very 
object  of  the  United  States  in  its  reservation  to  .\rtic'  23  of  Con- 
vention XIII  by  allowing  the  prize  to  remain  in  an  '  merican  poit 
for  an  indefinite  period  while  the  arbitration  proceeding:  .veie  in  prog- 
ress, which  might  continue  until  after  peace  is  restored.  In  this  respect 
the  case  differs  from  that  of  the  iniliam  P.  Fryr.  Moreover,  inasmuch 
as  the  Appam  has  been  libeled  in  the  L'nited  States  District  Court  by 
the  alleged  owners,  this  Government,  under  the  American  system  of 
government,  in  which  the  judicial  and  executive  branches  are  entirely 
separate  and  independent,  could  not  vouch  for  a  continuance  of  the 


200 


DIPLOMATIC  CORRESPONDENCE 


status  quo  of  the  prize  during  the  progress  of  the  arbitration  proposed 

l,y  the  Imperial  (Government.    The  Tuited  States  Court,  havini;  taken 

juri.-.diction  of  the  vessel,  that  jurisdiction  can  only  be  dissolved  by 

judicial  proceedings  leading  to  a  decision  of  the  court  discharging  the 

case— a  procedure  which  the  executive  can  not  summarily  terminate. 

In  these  circumstances  the  (iovernment  of  the   L'nited  States  can 

only  accept  the  proposal  of  the  C.erman  Government  for  the  arbitration 

of  the  meaning  of  .Article  10  of  the  treaty  of  17W.  upon  the  under- 

st:'"ding  that  the  Appam  depart  from  the  territorial  jurisdiction  of  the 

l'nited  States,  in  the  event  that  the  libel  is  dismissed  by  the  court 

and  after  she  has  had  a  reasonable  time  to  take  on  board  such  supplies 

as  may  be  necessary,  in  the  judgment  of  this  ( iovernment,  for  a  voyage 

to  the  nearest  port  subject  to  the  sovereignty  of  (iermany;  and  failing 

this,  that  she  be  released  and  the  iirize  master  and  crew  be  interned 

for  the  remainder  of  the  war. 

.\ccept,  etc.. 

Robert  Lansing. 


Ambassador  Gerard  tn  the  Secretary  of  State 

No.  3192.1 

Amer  c.\n  Embassy, 

Berlin,  May  22.  ioi6. 
Sir:  I  have  the  honor  to  enclose  herewith  a  translation  copy  of 
Note  N'erbale  No.  Ilia  8936.'  which  the  (ierman  Foreign  Office  ad- 
dressed to  this  F.mbassy  under  date  of  May  17.  1916.  together  with 
the  three  enclosures  mentioned  thenm  and  translation  copies  of  the 
same,  in  connection  with  the  judgment  rendered  by  the  Prize  Court 
at  Hamburg  on  the  lllh  instant  in  the  proceedings  against  the  I'.ritish 
steamship  Appam. 

I  have,  etc., 

Iami-S  \V.  ("ii  kakd. 

(Inclci-virel 

IN  Tnn:  n.\mr  df  the  empire 

In  the   Prize   Court  proceedings   relating  to  the   British  steamship 
Appam.  owners:  .Vfrican  Steamship  Co.,  home  port   Liverpool,— and 


Not  printed. 


CASF.  OF  THE  AI'PAM 


201 


her  carKO— the   Imperial    Prize  Court  at   Hamburg,  at  its  session  of 
May  11.  1916,  in  which  took  part: 

1)  ( )berlanclesgerichtspresident  Dr.  t'.randis,  a    President, 

2)  Mr,  Xoize,  merchant.  i 

3)  Captain  Reincke,  I.   X.   retired,  I    as  Assistant 

4)  Oberlandesgerichtsrat  Dr.  Lehmann.    [  Judfjes. 

5)  Mr.  Witthoefft,  merchant. 


rendered  the  following  judgment : 

The  captured  vessel  and  the  cargo  therein  have  been  legally  captured 
and  are  to  be  confiscated. 


Rkasons 

The  British  steamship  Apl^am.  a  merchant  vessel,  was  captured  on 
January  1.^  1916,  by  II.  M.  .S.  Mouc  in  the  .Atlantic  <  )cean  and  brought 
to  Newport  News,  .\ccording  to  the  ship's  papers  the  vessel  is  of 
British  nationality;  proprietor  is  the  .\frican  Steamship  (."ompany  of 
f.iverpool.  The  ship  is  registered  at  [.iverpool.  The  steamship  was 
on  the  voyage  from  Duala  to  Liverpool.  Knemv  vessels  are  subject 
to  capture,  according  to  P(rizej  Ofrdinaiicel  1().  and  to  confiscation, 
according  to  P.  C).  17. 

The  cargo  on  board  consisted  of  about  ,100(1  tons  of  general  cargo, 
including  £.36,549  gold  in  bars.  .According  to  the  bills  of  lading.'in 
connection  with  P.  O.  20,  the  entire  cargo  must  be  considered  as  enemy 
I)-operty  and  is  subject  to  confiscation,  according  to  P.  O.  18. 

In  reply  to  the  monition  which,  in  accordance  with  the  provisions  of 
S26  P.  G.  O..  was  published  on  March  20.  1916,  in  the  Deutschrr 
Rcichsanccigcr  (Imperial  (ierman  Gazette)  for  the  entrv  of  claims 
in  respect  of  ship  and  cargo,  nobody  has  applied  within  the  stipulated 
period  of  six  weeks.  The  application  of  the  Imperial  Commissioner 
has  been  made  in  accordance  with  P.  G.  O.  20. 

judgment  had,  accordingly,  to  b    ^jven  as  stated. 

(.'^^i.gned)         BRAN-ms.  Dr.  K.  I.EHNfANN. 


202 


DIPLOMATIC  CORRESPONDENCE 

For  the  proper  copy : 

Hambur;,',  May  11.  1916. 
(L.  S. )  Signature. 

Secretary  of  the  Impcnal  Price  Court. 


Certified. 


si:al 


qoqSo 


Berlin.  May  17,  1916. 

The  Foreign  I  )ftice  of  the  ( iernian  Empire. 
Bv  order : 


(Signed)      Kriege. 
lunbassy  of  the  United  States  of  .America.  Berlin. 
Seen  fur  authentication  of  the  foregoing  signature. 
This  18th  day  of  May.  1<)16. 

[sK.M.)  (Signed)      Roland  I'..  IIarvfv. 

Srcrrtary  of  the  Embassy. 


Proposal  of  the  German  Government  for  a  revision  of  the  Treaty 

of  1799' 

The  .Minister  of  S'.<.itzerland  in  Chari^e  of  German  Interests  in  Anieruii 
to  the  Seeretary  of  .S'/atf 

Li;(;\II«)N    OF   SWITZI  KLANl), 

lVcts!iin};ton.  I-'ehruary   lo.  iqi;. 
aIk.    Skckktakv  (II-    Statk:     Tlie   ( iemian    Legation  at    Berne   Ins 
conimui'icated  the  f.illowing  to  tlie  Swis^   i'olitiial   Department   (  for- 
eign (  tttice  1  : 

I  lie  Amerii  an  treat\  of  friend-!np  and  commerce  of  tin-  ckv  entll 
<if  lulv.  17'".  iirovides  liy  .\rticle  2.^  for  the  treatimut  nf  tlie  suh- 
lects  or  citizens  of  the  two  State-  and  their  pru|)<rt\  in  the  ivent 
of  war  between  the  two  Static.  Tin-  .irticlc  wh;cii  i-  without 
i|m-stii'n   in   fnl!    fMrcc  .i-   regards  the   rel;itions  lietwceii   tlie  t  ier- 

'  f)ffif  i.il    ^rim^  "f  tin-  ncp.irtini  tit   if   Stulc 


PROPOSED  REVISION  OF  TREATY  OF  1799 


203 


man  I-'nipirc  and  tlie  L'nitcd  States,  requires  certain  explanations 
and  additions  on  account  of  the  development  of  international  law. 
The  (iernian  (iovernment  therefore  proposes  that  a  special  ar- 
ranjjcmcnt  be  now  sitjiied,  of  which  the  Hnglish  text  is  as  follows: 

.li^rcciiiciit  between  Ciermany  and  the  United  States  of  .\merica 
concerninjj  the  treatment  of  each  others  citizens  and  their  private 
property  after  t!ie  severance  of  diplomatic  relation's. 

Article  /).  .\fter  the  severance  of  diijlomatic  relations  between 
(Jermany  and  the  L'nitcd  State-  of  America  and  in  the  event  of 
the  outbreak  of  war  between  the  two  Powers,  the  citizens  of  either 
party  and  tlieir  |)rivatt  proi)erty  in  the  territory  of  the  other  party 
shall  be  treated  accordinj,'  to  .Article  23  of  the  treaty  of  amitv  and 
commerce  between  Prussia  and  tlie  United  States. Of  the  llth  of 
July,  17W,  with  the  following  explanatorx  and  suiipiementarv 
claii-es: 

Article  3).  Ger:iian  merchants  in  the  United  States  and  .Xnier- 
icaii  merchants  in  ( lermany  shall,  so  far  as  the  treatment  of  their 
I)er.sons  and  tiieir  property  is  concerned,  be  held  in  everv  respect 
on  a  par  with  the  other  persons  mentioned  in  .Article  23.  They 
shall  accordins;ly.  even  after  the  period  provided  for  in  .Article  23 
has  elapsed,  be  entitled  to  remain  and  continue  their  profession  in 
the  country  of  their  residence.  Merchants  as  well  as  the  other 
I)ersons  mentioned  in  .Article  23  may  be  excluded  from  fortified 
jilaccs  or  other  places  of  military  inip<irtance. 

Article  .?).  (lermans  in  the  I'nited  States  and  .Americms  in 
(ieniiany  shall  be  free  to  leave  the  country  of  their  resideiice 
within  the  time  and  by  the  routes  that  shall"  be  assured  to  them 
by  the  projuT  authorities.  The  persons  departiufj  shall  be  entitled 
to  KiKO  a'on^'  their  |)ersonal  property,  including;  money,  valuables, 
and  hank  accounts,  exceptinj,'  such  projjerty  the  exportation  of 
whicii  is  prohibited  according;  to  general  i)rovisions. 

Article  /I.  The  protection  of  (iermans  in  the  United  States  and 
of  .Americans  in  (iermany  and  of  their  i)roperty  -hall  be  guaran- 
teed in  aecorilance  with  the  laws  existing  in  the  countries  of  either 
part>.  They  -hall  be  under  no  other  restrictions  concerning  the 
enjoyment  of  their  private  rights  and  the  jtidici.d  enforcement  of 
their  rights  than  neutral  resi<lent-.  They  ma\  accordinglv  not  be 
transferred  to  concentration  camps,  nor  -hall  their  private  pni]i- 
erty  be  subject  to  sequestration  or  li(|uid,ition  nr  I'ther  compulsorv 
alienation  except  in  case  that  under  the  existing  law-  appK  also 
to  neutrals.  As  a  general  rule  ( leniian  property  in  the  I'nited 
States  and  American  property  in  (lernianv  shall  not  be  sid)ject  to 
-(■([urstration  or  li(|uidation.  or  other  conipnl-orv  alienation  under 
other  conditions  than  neutral  pmpertv. 

Article  ^).  I'.-itent  rights  or  other  protected  rights  held  by  (ier- 
mans in  the  United  Stales  or  Ainericaiv  in  (  icniiany  -hall  tint  be 
declared  void,  nor  -hall  tlu    (  \irci-e  of   such  rights  he  im[)eded. 


204  DIPLOMATIC  CORRESPONDENCE 

nor  shall  such  riphts  be  transferred  to  others  without  the  consent 
of  the  person  entitled  thereto,  provided  that  rejjidations  made  ex- 
clusively in  the  interest  of  the  State  shall  apjily. 

Article  6).  Contracts  made  between  (lemians  and  Americans, 
either  before  or  aftef-  the  severance  of  diplomatic  relations,  also 
obligations  of  all  kinds  between  ( iermans  and  Americans,  shall 
not  be  declared  cancelled,  void,  or  in  susi^ension.  except  under 
provisions  applicable  to  neutraW.  Likewise  the  citizens  of  either 
party  shall  not  be  impeded  in  fulfilling  their  liabilities  arisint;  from 
such  obligations,  either  by  injunctions  or  by  other  provisions,  un- 
less these  apply  to  neutrals. 

Article  ').  The  provisions  of  the  sixth  Ilapno  Convention, 
relative  to  the  treatment  of  enemy  merchant  shi]>s  at  ihe  outbreak 
of  hostilities,  shall  apply  to  the  merchant  vessels  </  either  party 
and  their  cargo.  The  aforesaid  ships  may  not  be  '  irced  to  leave 
port  unless  at  the  same  time  they  be  given  a  pa;<>.  recognized  as 
i)inding  by  all  the  enemy  sea  powers,  to  a  home  port,  or  a  port  of 
an  allie<l  country,  or  to  another  port  of  the  cotmtry  in  which  the 
ship  happens  to  be. 

Article  S).  The  regulations  of  chapter  ^  of  the  eleventh  Hague 
Convention,  relative  to  certain  restrictions  in  the  exercise  of  the 
right  of  capture  in  maritime  war.  shall  apply  to  the  captains, 
officers,  and  memln-rs  of  tlir  crews  nf  merchant  ships  specified  in 
.\rticle  7.  and  of  ^uch  mercluiiit  -^h'ns  a<  may  be  criiiturcfl  in  the 
course  of  ;i  possible  war. 

Article  <>).  This  agreement  -hail  ;ip|)l\  also  to  the  ci  Ionics  and 
other   foreign    |)o-scs-ions   nf   either  patty. 

I  am  instructed  and  have  the  honor  to  bring  the  foregoing  to  your 
Excellencv's  knowledge  and  to  add  that  the  (ierman  (  lovemment  would 
cons  ler  the  arr;uigement  as  concluded  ;ind  act  .-iccordin'jly  as  soon  as 
the  consent  of  the  .\merican  ("luvernment  shall  have  I)een  communi- 
cated to  it  tiirongh  tlie  Swiss  Civerniiient 
I'.e  pleaseil,  etc., 

P.  Rn   i;r. 


The  Secretary  of  State  to  the  Ministey  «f  Sr.-it-erland  ii<  Char-e  of 

German  Interests  in  America 
\().  4Ui  ]  Tlri'AKTMi  N  r  i>i   Si.\ti  , 

M'il.s/l!')i;/">I.   March   -'o.    I'JI~- 
SiK  :      I  beg  to  .icknowledge  the  recipt  of  your  note  "f  February  10th 
pre-ituing  the  pro|K)-.ils  ()f  the  ( icrm.m  '  iovenunent    t'.>r  .an  interpre- 
tative and  supplementary  airreenuiit  a-  ti)    \rticie  2.i  of   die  treaty  of 


PROPOSED  REVISION  OF  TREATY  OF  1799 


205 


1799.  After  due  ::onsideration,  I  have  to  inform  you  that  the  Govern- 
ment of  the  Uniteu  States  is  not  disposed  to  look  with  favor  upon  the 
proposed  agreement  to  alter  or  supplement  the  meaning  of  Article  26 
of  this  treaty.  Ihis  position  of  the  Government  of  the  United  States, 
which  might  under  other  conditions  be  different,  is  due  to  the  repeated 
violations  by  Germany  of  the  treaty  of  1828  and  t'.ie  Articles  uf  the 
treaties  of  17^^?  and  1799  revived  by  the  treaty  of  1828.  It  is  not 
necessary  to  narrate  in  detail  these  violations,  for  the  attention  of  the 
German  Government  has  been  called  to  the  circumstances  of  each 
instance  of  violation,  but  I  may  here  refer  to  certain  of  them  brielly 
and  in  general  terms. 

Since  the  sinking  of  the  American  steamer  William  P.  I'ryc  for  the 
carriage  of  contraband,  there  have  been  perpetrated  by  the  German 
iia\al  forces  similar  unwarranted  attacks  upon  and  destruction  of 
numerous  American  vessels  for  the  reason,  as  alleged,  tliat  tlicy  were 
engaged  in  transportation  of  articles  of  contraband,  notwithstanding, 
and  in  disregard  of.  Article  1,^  of  the  treaty  of  1799.  that  "No  such 
artiv.  ( '  f  contraband)  carried  in  the  vessels  or  by  the  subjects  or 
citizens  either  party  to  the  enemies  of  the  otlier  slial!  be  deemed 
viintrabaiul  x)  as  to  ''ndtice  cnfiscation  or  condetunation  and  a  less  of 
property  to  individuals,"  and  that  "In  the  case  .  .  .  of  a  vessel 
sloi>peil  for  articles  of  contraband,  if  the  master  of  the  ve->el  stopped 
w  ;ll  deliver  out  the  goods  supposed  to  be  of  contraband  nature,  he  shall 
be  admitted  to  do  it.  and  the  vessel  shall  not  in  that  case  be  carried 
into  any  p(rt  or  fitrtlier  detained,  but  shall  be  allowed  to  proceed  on 
her  voyage." 

In  addition  to  the  sinking  of  .\merican  vessels,  foreign  merchant 
vessels  carrying  American  citizens  and  .American  property  have  l)eeii 
sunk  by  (Jerman  submarines  without  warning  and  without  anv  adequate 
security  for  f'^e  safety  of  the  persons  on  board  or  compensation  for 
the  destruction  of  the  proix-rty  by  such  action,  notwithstanding  tin' 
solemn  engagement  cif  Article  1.^  iit  the  treaty  of  1799  tliat  "All 
persons  belonging  to  any  ve--el  of  war,  pnlilic  or  i>rivate,  wlio  shall 
molest  nr  insult  in  any  manner  whatever  the  people,  vessels  or  efftct- 
of  the  other  party,  shall  be  responsible  in  their  persons  and  propertx 
for  damages  and  interest,  '^ufiioiirit  security  for  which  ■AvM  be  gi\en 
by  all  connnanders  of  private  anucd  ves-rU  before  tluv  are  oi>mmis- 
sioned,"  and  iiotwith-t.indine  Hie  further  stipulation  of  Article  \2  of 
the   Ire,Tt\-  f>f    17S5   that   "iln-    fr^'''   intercourse  and  commerce   of  the 


r4i^A':S^ 


20fi 


DIPLOMATIC  CORRESPONDENCE 


subjects  or  citizens  of  the  party  remaining  neutral  with  the  tjcUigerent 
Powers  shall  not  be  interrupted."  Disregarding  thesf  obligations,  the 
German  Government  has  proclaimed  certain  zones  of  the  high  seas  in 
which  it  declared  without  reservation  that  all  ships,  including  those  of 
neutrals,  will  be  sunk,  and  in  those  zones  German  submarines  have,  in 
fact,  in  accordance  with  this  declaration,  ruthlessly  sunk  merchant 
vessels  and  jeopardized  or  destroyed  the  lives  of  American  citizens  on 
board. 

Moreover,  since  the  severance  of  relations  between  the  United  States 
and  Germany,  certain  American  citizens  in  Germany  have  been  pre- 
vented from  removing  freely  from  the  countn.-.  While  this  is  not  a 
violation  of  the  terms  of  the  treaties  mentioned,  it  is  a  disregard  of  the 
reciprocal  liberty  of  intercourse  between  the  two  countries  in  time  of 
peace,  and  can  not  be  taken  otherwise  than  as  an  indication  of  a  purpose 
on  the  part  of  the  German  Govcrnn.  to  disregard  in  the  event  oT 
war  the  similar  liberty  of  action  provided  for  in  Article  23  of  the 
treaty  of  1799 — the  very  article  which  it  is  now  proposed  to  interpret 
and  supplement  almost  wholly  in  the  interest  of  the  large  numter  of 
German  subjects  residing  in  the  United  States  and  enjoying  in  their 
persons  or  property  the  protection  of  the  United  States  Government. 
This  article  provides  in  effect  that  merchants  of  either  countrv  residing 
in  the  other  shall  b.  allowed  a  stated  time  in  which  to  remain  to  settle 
their  affairs  and  to  "depart  freely,  carrying  off  all  of  their  effects  with- 
out molestation  or  hindrance."  and  women  and  children,  artisans  and 
certain  others,  may  continue  their  respective  emplo>-mciits  and  shall  not 
be  molested  in  their  persons  or  property.  It  is  now  proix)sed  bv  the 
Imperial  (lerman  Government  to  enlarge  the  scope  of  this  article  so 
as  ti>  grant  to  (lernian  subjects  and  (krman  property  remaining  in  the 
United  States  in  time  of  war  the  same  treatment  in  many  respects  as 
that  enjoyed  by  neutral  subjects  and  neutral  pro])ertv  in  the  L'nited 
States. 

In  view  of  the  clear  violations  by  the  German  authorities  of  the  plain 
terms  of  the  treaties  in  question,  solemnly  concluiiol  on  the  mutual 
understanding  that  the  obligations  thereunder  won'  '  lie  faithfully  kept, 
ill  view  further  of  the  disregard  of  the  canons  of  international  courtesv 
and  the  comity  of  nations  in  the  treatment  of  inufx-ent  .Xmerican  citi- 
zens in  Germany,  the  Govenmient  of  the  Uiiited  States  can  not  per- 
ceive an\  adv,-,nt;ige  which  wriuld  flow  from  furtluT  engagenieiit-,  even 
thouuh  they  Acre  merely  declaratory  f)f  iiitcrnatioMal  law.  entered  into 


PROPOSED  REVISION  OF  TREATY  OF  1799 


207 


with  the  Imperial  German  Government  in  regard  to  the  meaning-  of 
any  of  the  articles  of  these  treaties,  or  as  supplementary  to  them.  In 
these  circumstances,  therefore,  the  Government  of  the  I'nited  States 
declines  to  enter  into  the  special  protocol  proposed  by  the  Imperial 
Government. 

I  feel  constrained  in  view  of  the  circumstances  to  add  that  this  Gov- 
ernment is  seriou^Iy  considering  whether  or  not  the  treaty  of  1 828 
and  tlie  revived  articles  of  the  treaties  of  178.=;  and  17W  have  not  been 
in  effect  abrogated  by  the  German  Ciovernment's  tlagnmt  violations  of 
their  provisions,  for  it  would  he  manifestly  unjust  and  ine(|uitable  to 
require  one  party  to  an  agreement  to  observe  its  stipulations  and  to 
permit  the  other  party  to  di-regard  them.  It  would  ap[)ear  that  the 
mutuality  of  the  undertaking  has  been  destroyed  by  the  conduct  of  the 
German  authorities. 
.\ccept,  etc., 

ROBRRT    La.NSI.VG. 


-'Ti^f^ 


1^^ 


